Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Current Approaches to Sustainable Agriculture in Smallholder Farming System -- Chapter 1: Impact of Future Climate Change on Agriculture, Livestock Production and Aquaculture: Challenges and Policy -- 1 Impact of Climate Change -- 2 Climate Change: Global status -- 3 Climate Change Impacts in South Asia and India -- 3.1 Floods -- 3.2 Droughts -- 3.3 Biotic Stresses, Biosafety and Biosecurity -- 3.4 Post-Harvest Losses, Value Addition and Value Chain Management -- 3.5 Secondary Agriculture, Renewable Energy, Smallholder and Marginal Farmers -- 4 Climate Change Impact on Indian Agriculture -- 5 The Changing Socio-Economic Environment -- 6 Indian Agriculture - Past, Present and Future -- 7 Policy and Institutional Issues -- 7.1 Investment in Agricultural Research -- 7.2 Human Resources -- 7.3 Gender Dimension -- 7.4 Collaboration and Coordination at National and International Level -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Smallholder Agricultural System Under Climate Change Scenario -- Chapter 2: Managing Agricultural Nitrogen Losses in Crop Production and Mitigation of Climate Change Effects -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Nitrogen and Climate Change -- 2 Major Factors Leading to High Risk of Nitrogen Losses in Agriculture -- 2.1 Soil Characteristics -- 2.2 Temperature, Moisture, and Aeration -- 3 Management Strategies to Reduce Nitrogen Losses from Agricultural Lands While Maintaining Crop Production -- 3.1 Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency -- 3.2 Nitrification Inhibitors -- 3.3 Controlled- and Slow-Release Fertilizers -- 3.4 Diagnostic and Decision Support Tools -- 3.4.1 Remote Sensors and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.4.2 Use of Airborne and Satellite Imagery. , 3.4.3 Web, Computer, and Phone-Based Decision Support Tools -- 3.5 Use of Cover Crops -- 3.6 Adoption of Conservation Tillage -- 3.7 Manure Application and Management -- 3.8 Site-Specific Nutrient Management -- 3.9 Stakeholder Involvement and Integration -- 4 Tools for Integrated Management of Nitrogen -- 4.1 National Nitrogen Strategy -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Critical Analysis and Evaluation of Groundnut Value Chain for Revamping Its Production for Global Food Security -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Groundnut Value Chain and Its Development -- 3 Components of the Value Chain -- 3.1 Input Suppliers -- 3.2 Producers -- 3.2.1 Recommended Nutrients for Groundnuts -- 3.2.1.1 Primary Nutrients -- 3.2.1.2 Secondary nutrients -- 3.3 Traders -- 3.4 Processing -- 3.5 Exporters -- 3.6 Consumers -- 3.7 Linking Producers to Markets -- 4 Conclusion and Prospects -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4: Aluminum Uptake, Callose Accumulation, and Invertase Activity in Lowland and Upland Rice Genotypes in Relation to Aluminum Stress Tolerance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Plant Material and Treatment Levels -- 2.2 The Impact of Morin Staining in the Localization of Al in Roots -- 2.3 Hematoxylin Staining in the Detection of the Accumulated Al in Root Tips -- 2.4 Determination of Loss of Plasma Membrane Integrity -- 2.5 Eriochrome Cyanine R Staining -- 2.6 Histochemical Detection of Callose in Root Tissues -- 2.7 Measurement of Callose Content -- 2.8 Analysis of Invertase Activity -- 2.9 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 The Impact of Morin Staining in the Localization of Al in Roots -- 3.2 Determination of Aluminum Uptake -- 3.3 The Damage in a Membrane Formed Due to Al in Root Tips -- 3.4 Eriochrome Cyanine R Staining -- 3.5 Callose Accumulation -- 3.6 Invertase Activity Assay -- 4 Discussion -- References. , Chapter 5: Gender Issues in Farming: Challenging Socially Embedded Positions in Agrarian Context -- 1 Gender: A Social Construct -- 2 Gender Roles in Agriculture -- 2.1 Gender and Natural Resource Management -- 2.2 Gender and Livestock -- 2.3 Gender Participation in Value Chains -- 3 Gender Issues in Agriculture -- 3.1 Women: The Invisible Farmers -- 3.2 Time Poverty -- 3.3 Few Formal Work Opportunities and Low Wages/Income -- 3.4 Limited Accessibility to Extension Services and Trainings -- 3.5 Women Suffer Restricted Mobility -- 3.6 Identity Crisis as a Farmer of Farmer's Wives -- 3.7 Limited Cooperative Membership -- 3.8 Inequitable Decision-Making -- 3.9 Women-Headed Households Are Resource-Poor Households -- 3.10 Heavy Workloads and Ignored Occupational Health -- 4 Strategies for Mainstreaming Gender Concerns in Agriculture and Allied Sectors -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Characterization and Appraisal of Crop-Based Farming System for Sustainable Development of Agriculture -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methodology -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Satellite Data and Pre-processing Analysis -- 2.3 Field-Based Investigations -- 2.4 Statistical Investigations -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 3.1 Major Cropping Systems -- 3.2 Variability and Spatial Distribution of Soil Nutrients -- 3.3 Crop Yields with Irrigation Intensity -- 3.4 Land Resource and Land Utilization Index -- 3.5 Complex Relation of LUI and Systems Production -- 3.6 Crop Yield and Regression Analysis -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: A Perspective View of Nitrogen: Soil, Plants and Water -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nitrogen in Soil-Plant Systems -- 2.1 Forms of Nitrogen in Soil -- 2.2 Functions of Nitrogen in Plants -- 2.3 Nitrogen Status in Indian Soils -- 3 Nitrogen Sources for Crops -- 3.1 Crop Residue -- 3.2 Manure -- 3.3 Fertilizers -- 3.4 Biofertilizers. , 4 Nitrogen in Soil -- 4.1 Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen -- 4.1.1 Aminization -- 4.1.2 Ammonification -- 4.1.3 Nitrification -- 5 Nitrogen Conversion After Fertilizer Application -- 6 Nitrogen Losses -- 6.1 Denitrification -- 6.2 Volatilization -- 6.3 Leaching -- 7 Nitrogen Pollution -- 7.1 Atmospheric Pollution -- 7.2 Groundwater Pollution -- 7.3 Eutrophication -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Advanced Technology in Agriculture for Smart Faming -- Chapter 8: Resilience Against Salt Tolerance in Rice Cultivars, Using Various Strategies of Conventional Breeding, Molecular Breeding and Transgenic Approaches -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rice and Salinity -- 3 Conventional Approaches to Development of Salt-Tolerant Rice Cultivars -- 4 Molecular Breeding for Incorporation of Salt Tolerance in Rice Cultivars -- 5 Transgenic Approaches to Salinity Tolerance in Rice -- 6 Future Prospects and Challenges -- References -- Chapter 9: Geoinformation for Land Suitability Modelling for Climate-Smart Farming in Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Land Suitability Mapping -- 3 Available GIS Models for Land Suitability Assessment -- 4 Climate-Smart Farming -- 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 10: Climate Change Adaptation: Remote Sensing-Based Flood Crop Loss Assessment to Support Crop Insurance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Study Location -- 2.2 Datasets and Processing -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Flood Events and Their Impact on Agriculture -- 3.2 Agricultural Insurance -- 3.3 Flood Analysis -- 4 Conclusion and Policy Implications -- References -- Part IV: Livestock Production: Technology Development, Transfer and Opportunities -- Chapter 11: Smallholder Pig Value Chains Development and Livelihood Security -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Future of Pig Farming -- 2 Pigs as Resources -- 3 Present Scenario of Pig and Pig Products. , 3.1 Pigs in Global Economy -- 3.2 Contribution of Pigs to Indian Economy -- 4 Scientific Pig Farming -- 4.1 Breeding Management -- 4.2 Feeding Management -- 4.3 Housing Management -- 4.4 Health Management -- 4.5 Reproduction Management -- 4.6 Symptoms of Heat in Females -- 4.7 Signs of Approaching Farrowing -- 5 General Management -- 5.1 Neonatal Care in Pigs -- 5.2 Management of Pregnant and Lactating Females -- 5.3 Care of Sow During Gestation -- 5.4 Care During Farrowing -- 5.5 Care of Sows During Lactation -- 6 Capacity Development and Pig Production -- 6.1 Extension Services -- 6.2 Legislation -- 6.3 Veterinary Services -- 6.4 Financial Services -- 6.5 Input Supply Chains -- 6.6 Access to Markets -- 6.7 Transport -- 6.8 Organizational Options and Gender -- 7 Target Groups for Capacity Development -- 8 Livelihood Security and Pig Production -- 9 Way Forward -- 10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Revolutionizing Impact of Poultry Resources in Food Security and Rural Economy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Scenario -- 3 Indian Scenario -- 4 Small-Scale Poultry Farming -- 5 Genetic Resources -- 6 Egg and Poultry Meat as Valuable Food Source -- 7 Food Safety -- 8 Food Security -- 9 Impact of Poultry Produce on Food Security -- 10 Promoting Poultry Produce -- 11 Economic Contribution of Smallholder Poultry -- 12 Value Addition -- 13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Milk and Milk Product Safety and Quality Assurance for Achieving Better Public Health Outcomes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Quality and Safety Issues Associated with Milk and Milk Products -- 2.1 Chemical Hazards -- 2.1.1 Sources of Chemical Residues in Milk and Milk Products -- 2.1.2 Antibiotic Drugs -- 2.1.3 Bovine Growth Hormone -- 2.1.4 Steroid Hormones -- 2.1.5 Pesticides and Insecticides -- 2.1.6 Mycotoxins -- 2.1.7 Nitrates and Nitrites -- 2.1.8 Heavy Metals. , 2.2 Microbial Hazards.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Series -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- 1. Research Directions in Al Algorithms and Systems -- 2. An Arm Perspective on Hardware Requirements and Challenges for Al -- 3. The New Era of Al Hardware -- 4. Al and the Opportunity for Unconventional Computing Platforms -- 5. Thermodynamic Computing -- 6. Brain-like Cognitive Engineering Systems -- 7. BRAINWAY and nano-Abacus Architecture: Brain-inspired Cognitive Computing Using Energy Efficient Physical Computational Structures, Algorithms and Architecture Co-Design -- 8. The Loihi Neuromorphic Research Chip -- 9. RRAM Fabric for Neuromorphic Computing Applications -- About the Editors -- About the Authors.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Advanced Approaches to Sustainable Agriculture in Smallholder Farming System -- Chapter 1: Drone Technology in Sustainable Agriculture: The Future of Farming Is Precision Agriculture and Mapping -- 1 Drone Technology at a Glance -- 2 Application Areas of Drone in agriculture -- 3 Crop Health Assessment -- 4 Crop Surveillance -- 5 Monitoring Field Conditions -- 6 Spray Application -- 7 Monitoring Irrigation and Water Requirement -- 8 Scaring Birds -- 9 Planting and Seeding -- 10 Crop Damage Assessment -- 11 Indian Scenario -- 12 Drone Policy in India -- 13 Way Forward -- References -- Part II: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Smallholder Agricultural System under Climate Change Scenario -- Chapter 2: Revolutionizing Crops and Soil Resources' Resilience to Climate Change: A Case for Best-Fit Agronomic Practices in Low and High Input Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Effect of Climate Change on Crops and Cropping Systems -- 1.2 Low and High Input Production Systems -- 2 Enhancing Crops' Resilience to Climate Change -- 2.1 Gene Modification -- 2.2 Spacing -- 2.3 Rainfall Characterization -- 2.4 Drought Tolerance Crops -- 2.5 Supplemental Irrigation -- 2.6 Green House -- 2.7 Soil Management Practices -- 2.8 Ridging and Tie-Rides -- 2.9 Minimum Tillage and Mulch -- 2.10 Organic and Inorganic Resources -- 2.11 Zai Pits -- 2.12 Cover Cropping -- 2.13 Cereal-Legume Systems -- 3 Policy and Legal Frameworks for Resilient Crops Production Systems -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Drought-Resilient Climate Smart Sorghum Varieties for Food and Industrial Use in Marginal Frontier Areas of Kenya -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Traits Favoring Sorghum Production in Kenya -- 3 Challenges in Sorghum Production -- 4 Effect of Drought on Sorghum Grain and Malting Quality. , 4.1 Grain Quality -- 4.2 Malt Quality -- 5 Opportunities for Sorghum Research in Kenya -- 6 Approaches for Resolving Sorghum Shortage and Need for Research -- References -- Chapter 4: Optimizing Nitrogen Management for Improved Productivity, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Food and Nutrition Security: African Context Perspectives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Role of Nitrogen in Soil and Food Productivity in SSA -- 2.2 Nitrogen and Crop Productivity -- 2.3 Key Nitrogen Management Indicators: Nitrogen Use Efficiencies and Budgets -- 2.4 Fertilizer Subsidy, Socio-economic Status on Adoption of Integrated N and Other Input Management -- 2.5 Policies and Institutions Influencing N Consumption and Management -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Soil Carbon Pools Under Different Farming Practices -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Sites and Farming Practices -- 2.2 Soil Sampling and Analyses -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 EC, pH, and Bulk Density -- 3.2 Different SOC Pools -- 3.3 Microbial Biomass Carbon (MBC) -- 3.4 Carbon Stock -- 3.5 Active Pool of Carbon -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Effect of Conservation Agriculture on Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Origin of Conservation Agriculture -- 3 Fundamentals of CA, Its Principles, and Drivers -- 4 Global and National Status of CA -- 4.1 Global Status -- 4.2 Adoption of CA India -- 5 Prospects and Constraints in Adoption of CA Systems -- 5.1 Constraints in Adopting CA -- 6 Resource Efficiencies, Particularly Energy Budgeting in CA -- 6.1 Crop Establishment Strategies Based on Tillage and the Energy Relationship -- 6.2 Crop Residue Retention and Energy Relations -- 6.3 Cropping System and Energy Relations -- 6.4 Energy-Economics Relationship. , 7 Scope of Climate Resilience and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGs) Mitigation Through CA Adoption -- 8 Indices of Soil Health and Carbon Sequestration Potential Under CA Systems -- 9 The Impact of Conservation Agriculture on Soil Properties -- 9.1 Physical Properties -- 9.2 Soil Moisture Content -- 9.3 Exchangeable Ca, Mg, and Micronutrients -- 9.4 Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon (SMBC) -- 9.5 Soil Enzymatic Activities -- 10 Conclusion -- 11 Future Prospects and Critical Areas of Research -- References -- Chapter 7: Plant Molecular Farming: A Marvelous Biotechnological Approach in Agricultural Production -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Plants as Production System of Plant Molecular Farming -- 2.1 Suspension Culture of Model Plants -- 2.2 Advantages of Plant System for Protein Production -- 3 Biomolecules Production in Transgenic Plants -- 3.1 Expression of Recombinant Biomolecules in Plant -- 3.2 Antibody Production in Plants -- 3.3 Edible Vaccine Production -- 4 Commercial and Economic Opportunities for Plant Molecular Farming in Future -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Advanced Technology in Agriculture for Smart Faming -- Chapter 8: Examining the Outcome of Coupling Machine Learning with Dual Polarimetric SAR for Rice Growth Mapping -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Test Site -- 2.2 Datasets -- 2.3 Data Preprocessing and Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Backscatter Characteristics -- 3.2 Polarimetric Decomposition -- 3.3 Baseline Accuracy -- 3.4 Accuracy Based on the Augmented Dataset -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Mapping Prominent Cash Crops Employing ALOS PALSAR-2 and Selected Machine Learners -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Research Site and Dataset -- 2.2 Procedure of Analyses -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Variable Importance -- 3.2 Comparing Accuracy of All Variables and the Best Subset. , 3.3 Map of the Best Algorithms -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Crop Assessment and Decision Support Information Products Using Multi-sensor and Multi-temporal Moderate Resolution Satellite Data -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Significance of Wheat in Indian Economy -- 1.2 Crop Inventory -- 1.3 Crop Forecasting and Acreage Estimation -- 2 Location of Study Area -- 3 Material and Methodology -- 3.1 Data Used -- 3.1.1 Remote Sensing Data -- 3.2 Indices Generation -- 3.2.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.2.2 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) -- 3.2.3 Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) -- 3.3 Crop Classification -- 3.3.1 Supervised Classification: -- 3.3.2 Unsupervised Classification: -- 3.4 Spectral Matching Techniques (SMTs) -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Wheat Mapping with Finer Resolution -- 4.2 Wheat Crop Distribution Among the Villages -- 4.3 Mapping Early Sown and Normal Sown Wheat Area -- 4.4 Wheat Crop Condition Analysis -- 4.5 NDVI and LSWI Profiles of Wheat Crop -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Part IV: Livestock Production: Technology Development, Transfer and Opportunities -- Chapter 11: Application of Information and Electronic Technology for Best Practice Management in Livestock Production System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Information and Communication Technologies -- 2.1 Dissemination of Information on Livestock Farm Management -- 2.2 Dissemination of Livestock Health Information and Disease Surveillance -- 2.3 Telemedicine Services -- 2.4 Early Warning System for Disaster Management -- 2.5 Food Safety and Traceability System -- 2.6 Enhanced Access to Market -- 2.7 Financial Insertion -- 3 Animal Identification and Traceability System -- 3.1 Traditional Identification System -- 3.2 Visual Biometric Identification System -- 3.3 Image-Based Animal Identification System. , 3.4 Feature-Based Animal Breed Identification -- 3.5 Deep Learning-Based Animal Identification System -- 4 Internet of Things -- 5 Wireless Sensor Networks -- 5.1 Biometric Sensors -- 5.1.1 Noninvasive -- Stationary Sensors in the Farm Area -- Mobile Sensors Attached to the Bodies of the Animals -- 5.1.2 Invasive -- 5.2 Applications of Various Sensors -- 5.2.1 Image Capturing Sensors -- 5.2.2 Sound Capturing Sensors -- 5.2.3 Biosensing Sensors -- 5.3 Big Data Analytics -- 6 Artificial Intelligence -- 6.1 Automated and Intelligent Field Scout (AIFS) -- 6.2 Machine Learning -- 6.2.1 Machine Learning Models for Feature Extraction -- 6.2.2 Regression Analysis in Machine Learning -- 6.2.3 K Nearest Neighbor Algorithm to Predict Production -- 6.2.4 Applications of Machine Learning in Artificial Intelligence-Based Livestock Farming System -- 7 Drones or Unmanned Air Vehicle -- 8 Robots -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Mobilizing Pig Resources for Capacity Development and Livelihood Security -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scope of Piggery Sector -- 3 Bottlenecks in Piggery Sector -- 3.1 Insufficiency of Quality Germplasm -- 3.2 Shortage of Feed Resources -- 3.3 Diseases -- 3.4 Veterinary Services -- 3.5 Safe Pork Production and Facility of Hygienic Slaughterhouse -- 3.6 Lack of Skilled Labour -- 3.7 Climate Change -- 4 Strategies to Tap the Potential of Piggery Sector -- 4.1 Production Cost Reduction -- 4.1.1 Non-Conventional Feed Resources (NCFR) -- 4.1.2 Precision Feeding -- 4.2 Pig Productivity Improvement -- 4.2.1 Exotic Breeds -- 4.2.2 Indigenous Breeds -- 4.2.3 Crossbred Varieties -- 4.3 Household Return Hike -- 4.4 Strengthening of Marketing Chain -- 4.5 Control of Emerging Disease and Prevention -- 4.6 Development of Local Cooperatives for Pig Farming -- 4.7 Institutional Support -- 4.8 Science and Technology-Driven Intervention. , 4.8.1 Introduction of Area-Specific Need-Based improved breeds.

Note: Front Cover -- Ecosystem-Based Adaptation -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the author -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Defining disaster -- 1.1.1 Hazard -- 1.1.2 Risk -- 1.2 Definition of disaster -- 1.2.1 Toward consensual definition -- 1.3 Hazard-disaster linkages -- 1.4 Disaster, vulnerability, and resilience -- 1.5 Toward disaster risk reduction -- 1.6 Hyogo framework for action -- 1.7 Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction -- 1.8 Ecosystem-based adaptation for disaster risk reduction -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 2 Challenge of climate change -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Defining climate -- 2.2.1 Climate and weather -- 2.3 Climate system -- 2.3.1 Atmosphere -- 2.3.2 Hydrosphere -- 2.3.3 Cryosphere -- 2.3.4 The lithosphere -- 2.3.5 The biosphere -- 2.4 Defining climate change -- 2.4.1 Definition of climate change -- 2.5 Abrupt climate change -- 2.6 Global warming -- 2.6.1 Global warming versus climate change -- 2.6.2 Global warming and Anthropocene -- 2.7 Anthropogenic drivers of climate change -- 2.7.1 Economic growth -- 2.7.2 Urbanization -- 2.7.3 Consumption -- 2.8 Extreme weather events -- 2.8.1 Extreme cold events -- 2.8.2 Extreme heat events -- 2.8.3 Droughts -- 2.8.4 Extreme snow and ice storms -- 2.8.5 Tropical cyclones -- 2.8.5.1 Extratropical cyclones -- 2.8.6 Wildfires -- 2.9 Impacts of climate change -- 2.10 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 3 Ecosystem-based adaptation approach: concept and its ingredients -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Concept of ecosystem-based adaptation -- 3.2.1 Defining ecosystem-based adaptation -- 3.3 Ecosystem-based adaptation's ingredients -- 3.3.1 Adaptation -- 3.3.1.1 Need for adaptation -- 3.3.1.2 Adaptive capacity -- 3.3.1.3 Limits to adaptation -- 3.4 Ecosystem services -- 3.4.1 Classification of ecosystem services. , 3.4.1.1 Provisioning services -- 3.4.1.2 Regulating services -- 3.4.1.3 Sociocultural services -- 3.4.2 Ecosystem services and biodiversity -- 3.5 Ecosystem-based adaptation: costs and benefits -- 3.5.1 Costs and benefits of adaptation -- 3.5.2 Costs and benefits of ecosystem-based adaptation -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 4 Coping with climate chang -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Mitigation -- 4.2.1 Climate risk -- 4.2.2 Internal determinants -- 4.2.3 Excludable benefits -- 4.2.4 Influence from above -- 4.2.5 Harnessing mitigation -- 4.2.6 International framework for climate change mitigation -- 4.2.6.1 The Kyoto Protocol -- 4.2.6.2 Paris Agreement on Climate Change -- 4.3 Adaptation -- 4.3.1 Delineating adaptation -- 4.3.2 Adaptation under Paris Agreement -- 4.3.3 Limits and barriers to adaptation -- 4.3.4 Evaluating climate change adaptation -- 4.4 Linkages between mitigation and adaptation -- 4.5 Geoengineering and climate change -- 4.5.1 Solar radiation management -- 4.5.2 Carbon dioxide reduction -- 4.5.2.1 Afforestation and reforestation -- 4.5.2.2 Soil carbon sequestration -- 4.5.2.3 Biochar -- 4.5.2.4 Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage -- 4.5.2.4.1 Aquatic bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage -- 4.5.2.5 Accelerated weathering -- 4.5.2.6 Ocean fertilization -- 4.5.2.7 Direct air capture -- 4.6 Loss and damage associated with climate change -- 4.6.1 Defining loss and damage -- 4.6.2 Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage -- 4.7 Ecosystems approach and climate change -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Toward water security -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water availability -- 5.3 Demand for water -- 5.4 Water quality -- 5.5 Water scarcity -- 5.5.1 Physical water scarcity -- 5.5.2 Economic water scarcity -- 5.5.3 Social water scarcity -- 5.5.4 Technological water scarcity. , 5.6 Water and climate change -- 5.6.1 Water and extreme weather events -- 5.7 Securing water -- 5.7.1 Defining water security -- 5.7.2 Gender and water security -- 5.7.3 Integrated water resource management -- 5.7.4 Water-energy-food security nexus -- 5.7.4.1 Water-energy -- 5.7.4.2 Water-food nexus -- 5.7.4.3 Energy-food nexus -- 5.7.5 Water security and nature-based solutions -- 5.7.5.1 Ecosystem-based adaptation and water security -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 6 Toward sustainable food security -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Hunger -- 6.2.1 Defining hunger -- 6.3 Toward food security -- 6.3.1 Definition of food security and its evolution -- 6.3.1.1 Impact of the World Food Summit, 1996 -- 6.4 Food security and climate change -- 6.4.1 Climate change, climate drivers, and food security -- 6.4.2 Climate change and food availability -- 6.4.2.1 Climate change and smallholder farming systems -- 6.4.3 Climate change and access to food -- 6.4.4 Climate change and food utilization -- 6.4.4.1 Climate change and food quality -- 6.4.5 Climate change and food stability -- 6.5 Adaptation options -- References -- Further reading -- 7 Sustainable smart cities -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Urbanization and sustainable development -- 7.2.1 Local sustainable development -- 7.3 Sustainable urban development -- 7.4 Livable cities -- 7.5 Eco-cities -- 7.6 Toward sustainable smart cities -- 7.6.1 Sustainable concept -- 7.6.2 "Smart" concept -- 7.6.3 "Cities" concept -- 7.6.4 Defining a smart city -- 7.6.5 Dimensions of a smart city -- 7.6.5.1 Smart mobility -- 7.6.5.2 Smart economy -- 7.6.5.2.1 Digital economy -- 7.6.5.2.2 Competitive economy -- 7.6.5.3 Smart governance -- 7.6.5.4 Smart environment -- 7.6.5.4.1 Tackling urban climate change -- 7.6.5.4.2 Urban waste management -- 7.6.5.5 Circular economy -- 7.6.5.6 Smart people -- 7.6.5.7 Smart living. , 7.6.5.7.1 Adequate housing -- 7.6.5.7.2 Social inclusion -- 7.6.5.8 Social protection -- 7.7 Ecosystem-based adaptation for smart cities -- 7.8 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 8 Sustaining life below water -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Environmental stressors -- 8.2.1 Ocean warming -- 8.2.2 Global sea level rise -- 8.2.2.1 Impact of sea level rise on global areas -- 8.2.3 Ocean acidification -- 8.2.4 Ocean deoxygenation -- 8.3 Anthropogenic stressors -- 8.3.1 Marine microplastic pollution -- 8.3.2 Oil-spills pollution -- 8.3.3 Overfishing -- 8.3.4 Greenhouse gases -- 8.3.5 Land-based sources of marine pollution -- 8.4 Ecosystem-based management for oceans -- 8.4.1 Ecosystem-based approach versus ecosystem-based management -- References -- Further reading -- 9 Preserving life on Earth -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Freshwater ecosystems -- 9.2.1 Climate change and freshwater ecosystems -- 9.3 Conserving forests -- 9.3.1 Deforestation -- 9.3.2 Impact of droughts -- 9.3.3 Forest degradation -- 9.3.4 Wild and forest fires -- 9.3.5 Forest fragmentation -- 9.4 Sustainable land use -- 9.4.1 Land degradation -- 9.4.2 Desertification -- 9.5 Conserving mountain ecosystems -- 9.6 Protecting biodiversity -- 9.7 Genetic resources -- 9.7.1 Types of genetic resources -- 9.7.1.1 Plant genetic resources -- 9.7.1.2 Animal genetic resources -- 9.7.1.3 Forest genetic resources -- 9.7.1.4 Aquatic and marine genetic resources -- 9.7.1.4.1 Aquatic genetic resources -- 9.7.1.4.2 Marine genetic resources -- 9.7.1.5 Access and benefits sharing -- 9.8 Conservation of wildlife -- 9.8.1 Threats to wildlife species -- 9.8.1.1 Human-wildlife conflict -- 9.8.1.2 Habitat loss -- 9.8.1.3 Wildlife trafficking -- 9.8.1.4 Wildlife, climate Change, and invasive alien species -- 9.9 Preventing invasive aliens species on land and water -- 9.9.1 Defining invasive alien species. , 9.9.2 Invasive alien species and climate change -- 9.9.3 Regulatory framework for invasive alien species -- References -- Further reading -- 10 Mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Concept of mainstreaming -- 10.2.1 Categories of mainstreaming climate change adaptation -- 10.2.1.1 Programmatic mainstreaming -- 10.2.1.2 Managerial mainstreaming -- 10.2.1.3 Organizational mainstreaming -- 10.2.1.4 Regulatory mainstreaming -- 10.2.1.5 Directed mainstreaming -- 10.3 Mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation into policy process -- 10.4 Entry points for mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation -- 10.4.1 Mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation in national adaptation plan -- 10.4.2 Mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation into sectoral adaptation plan -- 10.4.3 Mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation into local and community planning processes -- 10.5 Mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation in G-20 countries -- 10.6 Mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation in Sweden -- 10.7 Mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation in Bangladesh -- 10.8 Mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation in India -- 10.8.1 India's move toward climate change policy -- 10.8.2 From water-energy-food nexus approach to ecosystem-based adaptation -- 10.8.3 Mainstreaming/integrating ecosystem-based adaptation into Meghalaya -- 10.8.4 Integrating ecosystem-based adaptation into Arunachal Pradesh -- 10.8.5 Integrating ecosystem-based adaptation into the Indian Himalayan Region -- 10.9 Emerging lessons of mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation -- 10.10 Barriers to mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation -- 10.11 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 11 Conclusion -- 11.1 Natural disasters versus human-induced disasters -- 11.2 Tackling global warming -- 11.2.1 Greenhouse gases -- 11.3 Global outlook for biodiversity. , 11.4 Global outlook for life on Earth.