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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The anammoxosome: an intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox bacteria (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 233 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Anammox bacteria belong to the phylum Planctomycetes and perform anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox); they oxidize ammonium with nitrite as the electron acceptor to yield dinitrogen gas. The anammox reaction takes place inside the anammoxosome: an intracytoplasmic compartment bounded by a single ladderane lipid-containing membrane. The anammox bacteria, first found in a wastewater treatment plant in The Netherlands, have the potential to remove ammonium from wastewater without the addition of organic carbon. Very recently anammox bacteria were also discovered in the Black Sea where they are responsible for 30–50% of the nitrogen consumption.This review will introduce different forms of intracytoplasmic membrane systems found in prokaryotes and discuss the compartmentalization in anammox bacteria and its possible functional relation to catabolism and energy transduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2004.01.044
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New concepts of microbial treatment processes for the nitrogen removal in wastewater (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology reviews 27 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Many countries strive to reduce the emissions of nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrate, NOx) to the surface waters and the atmosphere. Since mainstream domestic wastewater treatment systems are usually already overloaded with ammonia, a dedicated nitrogen removal from concentrated secondary or industrial wastewaters is often more cost-effective than the disposal of such wastes to domestic wastewater treatment. The cost-effectiveness of separate treatment has increased dramatically in the past few years, since several processes for the biological removal of ammonia from concentrated waste streams have become available. Here, we review those processes that make use of new concepts in microbiology: partial nitrification, nitrifier denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (the anammox process). These processes target the removal of ammonia from gases, and ammonium-bicarbonate from concentrated wastewaters (i.e. sludge liquor and landfill leachate). The review addresses the microbiology, its consequences for their application, the current status regarding application, and the future developments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00039-1
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The anaerobic oxidation of hydrazine: a novel reaction in microbial nitrogen metabolism (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 158 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hydrazine is rarely found as an intermediate in microbial nitrogen conversions. In this study the conversion of hydrazine by the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) culture, in which hydrazine has been proposed as an intermediate, was investigated. This study demonstrated the biological nature of hydrazine conversion by the Anammox culture. In batch cultures with hydrazine it was observed that 3 mol N2H4 was disproportionated to 4 mol NH+4 and 1 mol N2. Hydrazine with nitrite as an electron acceptor showed a conversion of 3 mol N2H4 and 4 mol NO−2 to 5 mol N2, with a specific activity of 5.5 nmol min−1 (mg volatile suspended solids)−1. Addition of hydrazine to a biofilm reactor for 80 days showed that it was not possible to grow Anammox with hydrazine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12801.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    cbb3-type cytochrome oxidase in the obligately chemolithoautotrophic Thiobacillus sp. W5 (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 147 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A highly active cytochrome c oxidase has been purified 75-fold from the neutrophilic obligately autotrophic Thiobacillus sp. W5. UV/visible and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that the cytochrome c oxidase contains low-spin hemes c and low- and high-spin hemes b. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of heme b as the sole type of non-covalently bound heme. The combined data from atomic absorption spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance indicate the absence of CuA and suggest the presence of a bimetallic heme-copper redox center. These results show that Thiobacillus sp. W5 contains a cbb3-type oxidase, which is a member of the heme–copper oxidase family. The cbb3-type oxidase was the only cytochrome oxidase expressed in aerobically and micro-aerobically grown Thiobacillus sp. W5 cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10231.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined nitrification-denitrification processes (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology reviews 15 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract: Nitrification and denitrification have traditionally been regarded as essentially separate phenomena, carried out by different bacteria in segregated areas of soil, sediments, water or reactors. However, research in the 1980s and 1990s has established that nitrifiers and denitrifiers are not as metabolically fastidious as previously thought, and strict segregation is not necessary. Moreover, some bacteria are able to convert NH44 and other reduced nitrogen compounds to nitrogen gas and the gaseous nitrogen oxides in combined nitrification/denitrification processes. Such organisms are of interest for wastewater treatment for two opposing reasons. Firstly, the idea of single-stage nitrogen removal has obvious attractions for system design. Secondly, N2O is a serious pollutant, implicated in virtually all current environmental problems (e.g. acid rain, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00129.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology reviews 22 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: From recent research it has become clear that at least two different possibilities for anaerobic ammonium oxidation exist in nature. ‘Aerobic’ ammonium oxidizers like Nitrosomonas eutropha were observed to reduce nitrite or nitrogen dioxide with hydroxylamine or ammonium as electron donor under anoxic conditions. The maximum rate for anaerobic ammonium oxidation was about 2 nmol NH+4 min−1 (mg protein)−1 using nitrogen dioxide as electron acceptor. This reaction, which may involve NO as an intermediate, is thought to generate energy sufficient for survival under anoxic conditions, but not for growth. A novel obligately anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) process was recently discovered in a denitrifying pilot plant reactor. From this system, a highly enriched microbial community with one dominating peculiar autotrophic organism was obtained. With nitrite as electron acceptor a maximum specific oxidation rate of 55 nmol NH+4 min−1 (mg protein)−1 was determined. Although this reaction is 25-fold faster than in Nitrosomonas, it allowed growth at a rate of only 0.003 h−1 (doubling time 11 days). 15N labeling studies showed that hydroxylamine and hydrazine were important intermediates in this new process. A novel type of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase containing an unusual P468 cytochrome has been purified from the Anammox culture. Microsensor studies have shown that at the oxic/anoxic interface of many ecosystems nitrite and ammonia occur in the absence of oxygen. In addition, the number of reports on unaccounted high nitrogen losses in wastewater treatment is gradually increasing, indicating that anaerobic ammonium oxidation may be more widespread than previously assumed. The recently developed nitrification systems in which oxidation of nitrite to nitrate is prevented form an ideal partner for the Anammox process. The combination of these partial nitrification and Anammox processes remains a challenge for future application in the removal of ammonium from wastewater with high ammonium concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00379.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrification, denitrification and growth in artificial Thiosphaera pantotropha biofilms as measured with a combined microsensor for oxygen and nitrous oxide (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 17 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract: Cells of the aerobic denitrifier and heterotrophic nitrifier Thiosphaera pantotropha and of the traditional denitrifier Paracoccus denitrificans were immobilized in a 1.5 mm thick agar layer (biofilm) and submersed in liquid medium. A combined microsensor for O2 and N2O was used to record microprofiles of these two species in biofilms where the reduction of N2O was inhibited by acetylene. Nitrification in T. pantotropha was not affected by the addition of acetylene and by using a diffusion-reaction model to simulate the N2O profiles it was possible to calculate depth profiles of both nitrification and denitrification. The validity of the calculations when both nitrification and denitrification were operating in concert was confirmed by performing identical calculations on data obtained for a P. denitrificans biofilm. At high NO3− concentrations, part of the NO3− reduced by T. pantotropha biofilms was reduced only to NO2− and N2O production thus did not reflect total NO3− reduction. When NO2− and no NO3− was present in the water above the biofilm N2O production was recorded in the anoxic zone directly below the oxic zone. Nitrous oxide production was never detected in the oxic zone of the biofilms, although aerobic denitrification was described for the original isolate of this bacterium. The growth rate of T. pantotropha in the oxic region of the biofilms was estimated to be 0.42 h−1 which is slightly higher than rates previously obtained in liquid culture. In the T. pantotropha biofilms nitrification was calculated to account for more than 50% of the O2 consumption whereas this process only consumed about 10% of the O2 in liquid culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00137.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerobic conversion of dimethyl sulfide and hydrogen sulfide by Methylophaga sulfidovorans: implications for modeling DMS conversion in a microbial mat (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 22 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Methylophaga sulfidovorans is an obligately methylotrophic, DMS-oxidizing organism, isolated from microbial mat sediment. DMS and H2S, both present in marine microbial mats, can be used as energy sources by this organism. In batch cultures of M. sulfidovorans, sequential H2S and DMS utilization occurred. In energy-limited continuous cultures, with DMS, methanol and H2S as substrates, mixotrophic growth of M. sulfidovorans was observed, showing that at low concentrations these substrates can be used simultaneously. Oxygen and H2S uptake experiments showed that the critical concentration at which sulfide inhibition of DMS oxidation occurred was between 15 and 40 μmol l−1. Also in crude enrichments of DMS oxidizers a decrease of 50% in DMS-oxidizing capacity for about 200 μmol l−1 H2S was observed. The new physiological data obtained with the pure cultures of M. sulfidovorans were incorporated in a compartment model of a microbial mat and gave improved predictions of DMS profiles and DMS emissions from the mat, both when phototrophic activity is present (day) and when it is absent (night).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00367.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic oxidation of thiosulfate to tetrathionate by obligately heterotrophic bacteria, belonging to the Pseudomonas stutzeri group (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A number of strains of heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from various environments on the basis of their potential to oxidize inorganic sulfur compounds to tetrathionate. The isolates were screened for the ability to oxidize thiosulfate under denitrifying conditions. Many of them could grow anaerobically with acetate and nitrate, and eight strains could oxidize thiosulfate to tetrathionate under the same conditions. In batch cultures with acetate as carbon and energy source, most active anaerobic thiosulfate oxidation occurred with N2O as electron acceptor. The level of anaerobic thiosulfate-oxidizing activity in cultures and cell suspensions supplied with nitrate correlated with the activity of nitrite reductase in cell suspensions. Some strains converted thiosulfate to tetrathionate equally well with nitrite, nitrate and N2O as electron acceptors. Others functioned best with N2O during anaerobic thiosulfate oxidation. The latter strains appeared to have a lower level of nitrite reductase activity. Thiosulfate oxidation under anaerobic conditions was much slower than in the presence of oxygen, and was obviously controlled by the availability of organic electron donor. The strains had DNA-DNA similarity levels higher than 30%. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of four selected isolates showed their affiliation to specific genomovars of Pseudomonas stutzeri and the proposed new species, Pseudomonas balearica. As shown by 16S rRNA sequence analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization, the previously misnamed ‘Flavobacterium lutescens’ (ATCC 27951) is also a P. stutzeri strain which can oxidize thiosulfate to tetrathionate aerobically and anaerobically in the presence of N2O. The data suggest that tetrathionate-forming heterotrophic bacteria, in particular those belonging to the P. stutzeri‘superspecies’, can play a much more significant role in the biogeochemical cycles than was previously recognized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00640.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular microbial diversity in a nitrifying reactor system without sludge retention (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 27 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Recently, the single reactor system for high activity ammonia removal over nitrite (SHARON) process was developed for the removal of ammonia from wastewater with high ammonia concentrations. In contrast to normal systems, this nitrifying reactor system is operated at relatively high temperatures (35°C) without sludge retention. Classical methods to describe the microbial community present in the reactor failed and, therefore, the microorganisms responsible for ammonia removal in this single reactor system were investigated using several complementary molecular biological techniques. The results obtained via these molecular methods were in good agreement with each other and demonstrated successful monitoring of microbial diversity. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA PCR products proved to be an effective technique to estimate rapidly the presence of at least four different types of bacteria in the SHARON reactor. In addition, analysis of a 16S rRNA gene library revealed that there was one dominant (69%) clone which was highly similar (98.8%) to Nitrosomonas eutropha. Of the other clones, 14% could be assigned to new members of the Cytophaga/Flexibacter group. These data were qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed by two independent microscopic methods. The presence of about 70% ammonia oxidizing bacteria was demonstrated using a fluorescent oligonucleotide probe (NEU) targeted against the 16S rRNA of the Nitrosomonas cluster. Electron microscopic pictures showed the typical morphology of ammonia oxidizers in the majority of the cells from the SHARON reactor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00540.x
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