Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- Introduction -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- Chronology of the Aral Sea Events from the 16th to the 21st Century -- References -- List of Abbreviations.

Note: Intro -- Series Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- Turkmenistan: Landscape-Geographical Features, Biodiversity, and Ecosystems -- 1 General Information -- 2 Landscape and Environmental Peculiarities of the Territory -- 3 Deserts and Their Biodiversity -- 4 Mountains and Their Biodiversity -- 5 Oases and Their Biodiversity -- 6 Ecosystems -- References -- The Karakum Desert -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Landforms -- 3 Climate -- 4 Water Resources -- 5 Soils -- 6 Vegetation -- 7 Animals -- 8 Economy -- References -- Climate Change in Turkmenistan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Past and Present Climate and Water Resources -- 2.1 Climate and Physical Environments -- 2.2 Hydrological Network -- 2.3 Climate Change in the Past -- 3 Future Climate Change Projections -- 4 Land Use and Land Cover Changes -- 5 Future Outlook -- References -- Water Resources of Turkmenistan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 River Flow Resources -- 3 Temporary River Flow -- References -- The Caspian Sea and Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Caspian Sea -- 2.1 Geological History -- 2.2 Physical and Geographical Characteristics -- 2.3 Bottom Relief and Sediments -- 2.4 Climate -- 2.5 Water Budget -- 2.6 Sea Level -- 2.7 Water Circulation -- 2.8 Temperature and Salinity -- 2.9 Fauna and Fishery -- 3 Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay -- 3.1 Physical and Geographical Characteristics -- 3.2 Chemical Industry at the Bay -- 3.3 Period of Desiccation -- 3.4 Period of Revival -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Karakum Canal: Artificial River in a Desert -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of the Karakum Canal Project -- 3 Description of the Karakum Canal -- 4 Importance of the Karakum Canal -- References -- Sarykamysh Lake: Collector of Drainage Water - The Past, the Present, and the Future -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Geographic Features -- 2.2 Regional Climate Characteristics. , 2.3 Geological History of the Sarykamysh -- 2.4 Human Presence Impact -- 2.5 Landscapes and Geomorphology of Sarykamysh Depression -- 2.6 Soil, Flora and Fauna -- 2.7 Sarykamysh: Contemporary State -- 3 Materials -- 3.1 Maps -- 3.2 Satellite Images -- 3.3 Altimeters -- 3.4 Local Data -- 3.5 Water Samples -- 4 Methods -- 4.1 Topographic Structure Analysis -- 4.2 Morphological Development of the Lake -- 4.3 Water Balance -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Water Analysis -- 5.2 Retroactive Analysis -- 5.3 Forecast -- 5.3.1 No Inflow Scenario -- 5.3.2 Lake´s Expansion Scenarios -- 5.3.3 International Border Exposure -- 5.3.4 Lake´s Viability -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Groundwaters and Salinization of Soils in Turkmenistan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Groundwaters -- 2.1 Amudarya Area -- 2.2 Dashoguz Velayat -- 2.3 Lebap Velayat -- 2.4 Mary Velayat -- 2.5 Akhal Velayat -- 3 Soil Salinity -- 3.1 Salinization of Soils -- 3.2 Dashoguz Velayat -- 3.3 Akhal Velayat -- 3.4 Mary Velayat -- 3.5 Lebap Velayat -- 3.6 Balkan Velayat -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Forecast of the Water-Salt Balance in the Turkmen Lake Altyn Asyr -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Altyn Asyr Lake Project -- 3 The Sarykamysh Lake Water Balance -- 4 The Altyn Asyr Lake Water Balance -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- The Turkmen Lake Altyn Asyr -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Collector-Drainage Waters -- 3 Karashor Depression -- 4 Project ``The Turkmen Lake Altyn Asyr´´ -- 5 Value and Prospects of the Project -- 6 Satellite Monitoring of the Altyn Asyr Lake Construction -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Three-Dimensional Digital Elevation Model of the Karashor Depression and Altyn Asyr Lake -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission -- 3 Digital Elevation Model of the Karashor Depression -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Satellite Monitoring of the Caspian Sea, Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, Sarykamysh and Altyn Asyr Lakes, and Amu Darya River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Caspian Sea -- 3 Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay -- 4 Altyn Asyr Lake -- 5 Sarykamysh Lake -- 6 Amu Darya River -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Present-Day Condition of Ichthyofauna in Reservoirs of Turkmenistan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Amudarya River -- 3 The Sarykamysh Lake -- 4 The Turkmen Lake ``Altyn Asyr´´ -- 5 The Karakum Canal -- 6 The Khauzkhan Reservoir -- 7 The Saryyazyn Reservoir and the Murghab River -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Wetland Birds of the Hydrographic Network of Altyn Asyr -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Habitat Transformation of Wetland Birds in Connection with the Development of the Hydrographic Network of Altyn Asyr -- 3 Composition and Status of Wetland Birds -- 4 Population Dynamics -- 5 The Role of the Lake as a Promising Wetland of the Hydrographic Network of Altyn Asyr and as One of the Important Birds´ Areas of Turkmenistan -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- International Cooperation of Turkmenistan in the Water Sector -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Transboundary Waters -- 3 Historical Perspective -- 4 Main Issues -- 5 Formal and Informal Interactions -- 6 Bilateral and Multilateral Relations -- 6.1 Bilateral Relations -- 6.2 Multilateral Relations -- References -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Vol-7_FM_o -- Hec_698_Ch-1_o -- Introduction -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-2_o -- : History of Investigation and Exploration of the Aral Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Antique and Medieval Notions of the Aral Sea -- 3 Early Period in Geographical Investigation of the Aral -- 4 Hydrographic and Cartographic Investigations in the Aral Region -- 5 Regular Research on the Aral Sea -- 6 Exploration of Environmental Changes in the Aral Region and the Aral Sea -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-3_o -- : Paleogeographical History of the Aral Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Evolution of the Aral Sea -- 2.1 Prehistory of the Aral Sea Basin -- 2.2 History of the Aral Sea -- 3 Geological Setting -- 3.1 Structural Setting -- 3.2 Stratigraphy of the Upper Pliocene and Quaternary Sequences -- 4 Topography of the Sea Bottom and Coasts -- 4.1 Topography of the Aral Depression -- 4.2 Morphology of Coasts -- 4.3 Terraces of the Aral Sea -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-4_o -- The Aral Sea Under Natural Conditions (Till 1960) -- Introduction -- Physico-Geographical Conditions -- Hydrometeorology -- Hydrology -- Marine Chemistry -- Conclusions -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-5_o -- : Socio-Economic Conditions of the Aral Sea Region Before 1960 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Socio-Economic Conditions in the Aral Area -- 2.1 Medico-Biological Situation -- 2.2 Fishery -- 2.3 Musk Rat Farming -- 2.4 Water Transport -- 2.5 Recreation -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-6_o -- Reasons for the Environmental and Socio-Economic Crisis -- Introduction -- Inherited Ideology of Land Development -- Cottonization -- Water Problems -- Conclusions -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-7_o -- : Regional Climate Variability -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Present-Day Climate -- 2.1 Solar Radiation -- 2.2 Atmospheric Circulation -- 2.3 Air Temperature -- 2.4 Air Humidity -- 2.5 Precipitation. , 3 Climate Variations -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-8_o -- Chapter : Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers and Their Deltas -- Introduction -- Amudarya River -- General Information -- Natural Water Resources of the Amudarya -- Control and Utilization of Water Resources -- Water Consumption -- River Channel Losses -- Inflow to the Delta Summit and Water Losses in the Delta -- Inflow to the Aral Sea -- Syrdarya River -- General Information -- Natural Water Resources of the Syrdarya -- Losses of Water in the Channel and in the Delta of the Syrdarya River -- Control and Utilization of Water Resources -- Water Consumption -- Inflow to the Delta Summit and to the Aral Sea -- Deltas of the Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers -- Delta of the Amudarya River -- Delta of the Syrdarya River -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-9_o -- : Physical Oceanography of the Large Aral Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 3 Thermohaline Structure -- 4 Circulation and Interbasin Exchanges -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-10_o -- Chapter : Satellite Monitoring of the Aral Sea Region -- Introduction -- Morphometric Parameters and Estimating Salinity -- Long-Term Variability of Sea Level -- Temporal Variations of SST -- Ice Cover -- Various Phenomena in the Water and Atmosphere from Satellite Imagery -- Ice -- Wind Effected Phenomena -- Upwelling and Mesoscale Circulation -- Dust/Salt Storms -- River Inflow into the Aral Sea -- Atmospheric Precipitation over the Rivers´ Catchment Areas -- Normalized Difference Vegetation Index -- Changes in Landscapes -- Conclusions -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-11_o -- Aral Sea Level Variability -- Introduction -- Present-Day Aral Sea Level Variability and Water Balance -- Modern Aral Sea Crisis -- Present-Day Water Balance of the Aral Sea -- Conclusions -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-12_o. , Chapter : Ice Conditions from Historical and Satellite Observations -- Introduction -- Historical Observations of Ice Regime -- Microwave Satellite Observations of the Ice Regime -- Satellite Data Used -- Satellite Altimetry -- SSM/I Data -- Geographical Selection -- Ice Discrimination Methodology -- Altimetry Data -- Passive Microwave Data -- Combination of Altimetric and SSM/I Data -- Ice Regime from Historical and Satellite Observations -- Spatial Patterns of Ice Formation, Development and Decay -- Interannual Variability of Ice Events and Severity of Ice Conditions -- First Ice Appearance -- Formation of Stable Ice Cover -- First Open Water Observed -- 100% Open Water -- Winter Duration -- Severity of Ice Conditions -- Ice Regime Parameters and Their Relation to Various Factors -- Air Temperature -- Salinity and Sea Depth -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-13_o -- : Chemistry of the Large Aral Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Ionic Composition: Changes Compared with the Predesiccation Period -- 3.2 Ionic Composition: Interannual Changes During 2002-2008 -- 3.3 Ionic Composition: Vertical Structure -- 3.4 Dissolved Oxygen and Hydrogen Sulfide -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-14_o -- Biodiversity -- Introduction -- Phytoplankton -- Zooplankton -- Propagation of A. parthenogenetica in the Large Aral Sea -- Spatial Distribution of Artemia -- Vertical Distribution of Artemia -- Feeding Habits of Artemia -- Reproductive Characteristics -- Artemia Cysts -- Life Cycle of the Aral Artemia -- Bacterioplankton -- Changes in Benthic Communities of the Large Aral Sea During a Period of Hypersalinisation (2002-2008) -- Macrozoobenthos -- Macrophytobenthos and Microphytobenthos, Microepiphyton -- Structure of Coenosis in Coastal and Shallow Water (< -- 2m Water Depth) -- Macrophytes. , Microphytes and Microepiphytes -- Changes of Shoal Coenoses -- Changes of Coenoses Below 2m Water Depth (Microphytobenthos of the Bottom Surface) -- Influence of Salinity in the Shallow and Deep Areas on Flora of Crystal Crusts -- General Changes of Microalgae Flora -- Adaptation of Benthic Microalgae to Environment Changes -- Specific Adaptation to Depth and Salinity Stratification Across the Basins and in the Channel -- Oxygen-Deficient and Hydrogen-Sulphide Conditions -- Short Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-15_o -- : Archaeology and Its Relevance to Climate and Water Level Changes: A Review -- 1 Research History -- 2 General Evolution of Human Settlement -- 2.1 Settlement from Archaeological Remains -- 2.2 Historical Written Sources -- 3 Water Levels and Climate Based on Archaeological Data and Written Sources -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-16_o -- Creeping Environmental Disasters: Central Asia's Aral Seas -- The Aral Sea Crisis Is a Global Problem, or Is It? -- Coping with Creeping Changes -- Was the Construction of the Karakum Canal a Bad Idea? -- Aral Sea: From Science to Policy -- The Aral Seas: Ethics and Equity -- The Impacts of Society on the Sea -- Is There a Way Forward? -- Have Government Placed a High Priority on Saving the Aral Sea? -- The Aral Sea as an Environmental ``Hotspot´´ -- Conclusions -- References -- Hec_698_Ch-17_o -- Conclusions -- References -- Hec_698_Index_o -- : Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas -- Eighteenth Century -- Nineteenth Century -- Twentieth Century -- Twenty-First Century -- List of Abbreviations -- Bibliography.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Contents -- Introduction to Part I: The International Context -- References -- History, Sources and Volumes of Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea -- 3 Sources of Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea -- 3.1 Shipping -- 3.2 Oil and Gas Platforms -- 3.3 Ports and Oil Terminals -- 3.4 Land-Based Sources -- 3.5 Military Conflicts -- 3.6 Natural Oil Seeps -- 3.7 Atmosphere -- 4 Volumes of Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Shipping and Oil Transportation in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction: A fast Changing Activity -- 2 Sources of Oil Spills in the Mediterranean -- 2.1 Marine Sources -- 2.2 Inland Sources -- 2.3 Shipping Routes -- 2.4 The Mediterranean Perspective -- 3 Inventory of Past Oil Spills in the Mediterranean -- 3.1 Accidental Spills -- 3.2 Operational Spills -- 3.3 The Possible Contribution of Satellite Imagery -- 4 Regional Cooperation -- 4.1 The Mediterranean Blue Plan -- 4.2 The Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre -- 4.3 The EuroMed Partnership -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Oil and Gas Production in the Mediterranean Sea -- 2.1 Greece -- 2.2 Montenegro -- 2.3 Italy -- 2.4 Croatia -- 2.5 Israel -- 2.6 Palestine -- 2.7 Cyprus -- 2.8 Egypt -- 2.9 Libya -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Oil Spill Intervention in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Oil Spill Intervention in an International Context -- 2.1 The OPRC Convention -- 2.2 The Intervention Convention -- 2.3 The Barcelona Convention and Regional Cooperation -- 2.4 MARPOL 73/78 -- 3 Mediterranean Zones and National Legislation on Oil Spills. , 3.1 Maritime Zones of the Mediterranean Sea -- 3.2 Intervention and National Contingency Plans -- 4 Examples of a (Potential Spill) Intervention Plan for the Mediterranean -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- The International Maritime Organization and Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Definition of ``Oil´´ and ``Pollution´´ -- 3 Sources of Oil Pollution at Sea -- 3.1 Operational Pollution and Accidental Pollution -- 3.2 Effects of Vessel Source Pollution -- 4 Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea -- 4.1 An Overview of Mediterranean Maritime Traffic -- 4.2 Mediterranean Oil Tankers and Illicit Vessel Discharges -- 5 IMO and the Mediterranean Sea -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- The Barcelona Convention and Its Role in Oil Pollution Prevention in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The UNEP Regional Seas Programme and the Mediterranean Action Plan -- 2.1 MAP Regional Activity Centres -- 2.2 Mediterranean Pollution Assessment and Control Programme (MED POL) -- 2.3 Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea (REMPEC) -- 3 Overview of the Barcelona Convention and Its Key Components -- 3.1 The Barcelona Convention -- 3.2 Summary of the Protocols to the Barcelona Convention -- 3.3 Key Components of the Barcelona Convention -- 3.3.1 Liability and Compensation Framework for Pollution: The Backdrop -- 3.3.2 Guidelines on Liability and Compensation -- 4 Overview of the Protocols of the Barcelona Convention with Relevance to Oil Pollution -- 4.1 The Dumping Protocol and Its Main Requirements -- 4.2 The Prevention and Emergency Protocol and Its Main Requirements -- 4.3 The Land-Based Sources Protocol and Its Main Requirements -- 4.4 The Offshore Protocol and Its Main Requirements -- 4.5 Tabular Comparison with Other Protocols -- 5 Summary -- References. , The Role of REMPEC in Prevention of and Response to Pollution from Ships in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 REMPEC and Its Mandate -- 3 The Role of REMPEC in Pollution Prevention -- 3.1 Effective Maritime Administration Activities -- 3.2 Activities Dealing with Illicit Discharges of Oil and Other Hazardous or Noxious Substances -- 3.3 Activities Dealing with Port Reception Facilities -- 3.4 Guidelines for Pleasure Craft and for Places of Refuge -- 4 The Role of REMPEC in Marine Pollution Response and Preparedness -- 4.1 Response Activities of REMPEC -- 4.1.1 Remote Assistance -- 4.1.2 On-Site Assistance -- 4.2 Preparedness Activities of REMPEC -- 4.2.1 Contingency Planning -- 4.2.2 Mediterranean Overview -- 4.2.3 Capacity Building -- 4.2.4 Guidelines and Tools -- 4.2.5 Involvement of REMPEC in MEDESS-4MS and POSOW -- 4.2.6 Government and Industry Cooperation -- 5 Summary -- References -- European Maritime Safety Agency Activities in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of the European Maritime Safety Agency -- 2.1 Establishment of EMSA -- 2.2 The Developing Role of EMSA -- 3 EMSA Operational Tasks -- 3.1 Pollution Response Service -- 3.2 Stand-by Oil Spill Response Vessels in the Mediterranean -- 3.3 Pollution Preparedness and Response Exercises in the Mediterranean -- 4 EMSA Earth Observation Services -- 4.1 CleanSeaNet Service -- 4.2 CleanSeaNet in the Mediterranean -- 4.3 Satellite Imagery and CSN Post-2011 -- 5 EMSA CSN First Generation Data by Mediterranean EU Member State, 2007-2011 -- 5.1 Cyprus -- 5.2 Croatia -- 5.3 Greece -- 5.4 Italy -- 5.5 Malta -- 5.6 France -- 5.7 Spain -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Modeling of Oil Pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Main Oil Pollution Incidents in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. , 3 Oil Spill Modeling in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Review -- 4 The MEDSLIK Oil Spill Modeling System -- 4.1 The Lebanon Oil Pollution Crisis -- 5 The POSEIDON Oil Spill Model -- 5.1 POSEIDON OSM Test Cases -- 6 MEDSLIK-II: A Community Oil Spill Model for the Mediterranean -- 6.1 The MEDSLIK II Test Case: The Case of Costa Concordia -- 7 Oil Spill Risk Mapping -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Modeling of Oil Pollution in the Western Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Main Oil Pollution Incidents in the Western Mediterranean Sea -- 3 Oil Spill Modeling in the Western Mediterranean Sea: A Review -- 4 The MOTHY Operational System -- 4.1 The Haven Accident Test Case -- 5 The Bonifacio Oil Spill Operational Mode -- 5.1 The Porto Torres Oil Spill Test Case -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Projects on Oil Spill Response in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Roles of Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea and European Maritime Safety Agen... -- 2.1 The Role of Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea -- 2.2 The Role of European Maritime Safety Agency -- 3 Funding for Oil Spill Response -- 3.1 Funded Projects Overview -- 3.1.1 Kill Spill Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.2 EU-MOP Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.3 HoverSpill Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.4 METANE Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.5 MOST Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.6 MEDESS-4MS Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.7 TOSCA Project -- General Information. , Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.8 NEREIDS Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.9 PREMARPOL Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.10 Mediterranean Pollution Control Project -- General Information -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.11 ARGOMARINE Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.12 HAZADR Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.13 RAOP-MED Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.14 PRIMI Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.15 URready4OS Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.16 MEDSLIK-II Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Online Sources -- Oil Spill Beaching Probability for the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology and Simulation Setup -- 3 Beaching Probability Maps -- 3.1 Beaching Maps from One Single Point -- 3.2 Beaching Maps for a Traffic Line -- 3.3 Beaching Maps for the Whole Mediterranean Basin -- 4 Summary -- References -- Conclusions for Part I: The International Context -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- HELCOM Actions to Eliminate Illegal and Accidental Oil Pollution from Ships in the Baltic Sea -- 1 Introduction to HELCOM -- 2 International Regulations for Shipping -- 3 Oil Spills in the Baltic Sea -- 3.1 Shipping Activities -- 3.2 Shipping Accidents -- 3.3 Assessment of Risk of Major Oil Pollution -- 3.4 Illegal Oil Discharges -- 4 Impact of Oil on Marine Environment and Its Assessment in the Context of Good Environmental Status -- 4.1 Impacts on Lower Trophic Levels -- 4.2 Oil Spills Destroy Fish Larvae -- 4.3 Seabirds Are Sensitive to Small Oil Spills -- 4.4 Marine Mammals Accumulate Hazardous Substances from Oiled Prey -- 4.5 Ecosystem Effects -- 4.6 How to Measure the Good Environmental Status as Regards the Oil Pollution? -- 5 Regional Work to Prevent and Combat Oil Spills -- 5.1 Safety of Navigation -- 5.2 Response to Oil Pollution -- 5.3 Enforcement of Anti-discharge Regulations -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- European Maritime Safety Agency CleanSeaNet Activities in the Baltic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Oil Spill Monitoring and the CleanSeaNet Service -- 3 The Use of SAR Images in the Baltic Sea -- 3.1 Environmental Considerations -- 3.1.1 Algae Bloom -- 3.1.2 Sea Ice -- 4 Potential Oil Spill Statistics -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Oil Pollution in Waters of Finland -- 1 Geography and Maritime Traffic -- 2 Pollution Response Authorities and Their Roles -- 2.1 Organization of Pollution Response in Finland -- 2.2 Surveillance of Pollution from Ships -- 3 Oil Pollution Monitoring Practice and Existing Systems -- 3.1 Aerial Surveillance -- 3.2 Satellite Monitoring -- 4 Amount of Oil Pollution -- 4.1 Maritime Accidents -- 4.2 Operational Discharges from Vessels. , 4.3 Penalties for Oil Discharges -- 5 Impact on the Environment -- 6 Principles of the Oil Pollution Response Activities -- 7 Way Forward -- References -- The German Operational Monitoring System in the Baltic Sea: Sensors, Methods and Example Data -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The German Part of the Baltic Sea -- 2 History and Projects -- 3 Monitoring System and Sensors -- 3.1 Airborne Sensors -- 3.2 Spaceborne Sensors -- 3.3 Combined Monitoring System -- 4 Example Data -- 4.1 Mono-frequent SAR Data -- 4.2 Multi-frequent SAR Data -- 4.3 Airborne Surveillance Data -- 4.4 Statistics -- 4.4.1 ``Clean Seas´´ Statistics -- 4.4.2 Combined Statistics -- 5 Summary -- References -- Oil Pollution in Waters of Latvia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Anthropogenic and Natural Sources of Oil Pollution -- 2.1 Oil Terminals and Ports -- 2.2 Ship Routes -- 2.3 Trans-Boundary Pollution -- 3 Oil Pollution Monitoring Practice and Existing Systems -- 4 Amount of Oil Pollution -- 4.1 Oil Pollution in Port Areas -- 4.2 Oil Pollution in the Sea -- 5 Impact on the Environment -- 6 Combating Oil Pollution Practice -- 7 Unsolved Problems -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Oil Pollution in Waters of Lithuania -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Monitoring of Oil Pollution in Lithuania -- 2.1 Area Description -- 2.2 National Monitoring Cruises -- 2.3 Total Oil Hydrocarbons -- 2.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 2.5 Oil-Oxidizing Bacteria -- 3 Evaluation of the Environmental State of the Sea Area in the Lithuanian Territorial Waters and Economic Zone Adjacent to the... -- 4 Environmental Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity Studies After the Butingė Oil Spill -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Satellite Monitoring of Oil Pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Satellite Monitoring of the Southeastern Baltic Sea in 2004-2005 -- 2.1 Goals, Objectives, and Methodology. , 2.2 Examples of Oil Pollution -- 2.3 General Results of Satellite Monitoring -- 3 Satellite Monitoring of the Southeastern Baltic Sea in 2006-2012 -- 4 Alternative Satellite Monitoring of the Southeastern Baltic Sea in 2009-2011 -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Seatrack Web: The HELCOM Tool for Oil Spill Prediction and Identification of Illegal Polluters -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What Is Seatrack Web? -- 1.2 Seatrack Web and HELCOM -- 2 System Overview -- 3 Input Data and Forcing -- 3.1 Meteorological and Hydrodynamic Forcing -- 3.2 Other Input Data -- 3.2.1 AIS Data -- 3.2.2 Satellite Data -- 4 Drift Model -- 4.1 Spreading -- 4.1.1 Turbulent Mixing -- 4.1.2 Stokes´ Drift -- 4.1.3 Horizontal Gravity-Induced Surface Spreading -- 4.1.4 Vertical Dispersion by Breaking Waves -- 4.1.5 Buoyancy-Induced Vertical Velocities -- 4.1.6 Ice Drift, Wind Drag, and Boundary Interaction -- 4.2 Weathering Model -- 4.2.1 SINTEF Model -- 4.2.2 Original Seatrack Web Model -- 5 Client/Server Java Application -- 5.1 Java Client and Graphical User Interface -- 5.2 Java Servlet -- 6 Usage and Results -- 6.1 Model Output -- 6.2 Using Seatrack Web -- 6.3 Examples of Results -- 7 Future Developments -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Seatrack Web: A Numerical Tool for Environmental Risk Assessment in the Baltic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Risk Assessment -- 3 Case Study 1: Lukoil D-6 Oil Platform -- 4 Case Study 2: Main Ship Route in the Baltic Sea -- 5 Case Study 3: Nord Stream Gas Pipeline -- 6 Marine Protected Areas in the Baltic Sea -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Satellite Monitoring of the Nord Stream Gas Pipeline Construction in the Gulf of Finland -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Motivation for Satellite Monitoring of the NSGP -- 2.1 Oil Pollution -- 2.2 Suspended Matter -- 2.3 Algal Bloom -- 2.4 Thermal Effects. , 3 Observation of Oil Pollution Along the NSGP Route -- 4 Monitoring of Suspended Matter, Thermal Effects, and Algal Bloom -- 4.1 Suspended Matter -- 4.2 Thermal Effects -- 4.3 Algal Bloom -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Foreword -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- The Adriatic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coasts -- 3 Bottom Relief and Sediments -- 4 Climate -- 5 Wind and Waves -- 6 Hydrology -- 7 Currents -- 8 Flora and Fauna -- 9 Sea Resource Management -- References -- Physical and Geographical Description of the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical Features -- 2.1 Morphogenesis and Geomorphological Characteristics -- 2.2 Climatological Characteristics -- 2.3 Hydrographic and Hydrological Characteristics -- 3 Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation -- 4 Hydrographic and Oceanographic Characteristics of the Boka Kotorska Bay Aquatorium -- 4.1 Bathymetric Characteristics -- 4.2 Physical Characteristics -- 4.2.1 Sea Temperature -- 4.2.2 Salinity -- 4.2.3 Oxygen Concentration -- 4.2.4 Oxygen Saturation -- 4.2.5 Colour -- 4.2.6 Transparency -- 4.2.7 Circulation -- 4.2.8 Tides -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Morphobathymetry of Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Setting -- 3 Data and Methods -- 3.1 High Resolution Multibeam Bathymetry -- 3.2 High Resolution Reflection Seismic -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Morphobathymetry and Sedimentary Infilling Geometries -- 4.1.1 Herceg Novi Bay -- 4.1.2 Tivat Bay -- 4.1.3 Morinj-Risan-Kotor Bay -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Marine Chemistry of the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physicochemical Characteristics of Seawater -- 3 Heavy Metals -- 3.1 Heavy Metals in Seawater -- 3.2 Heavy Metals in Sediment -- 3.3 Heavy Metals in Biota -- 3.3.1 Mytilus galloprovincialis -- 3.3.2 Posidonia oceanica -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Estimation of Air Pollution from Ships in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Cruise Ship Traffic in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 3 Methodology for Quantification of Pollutant Emission -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Metal Pollution and Ecotoxicology of the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metal Pollution in Sediments in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 3 Assessment of Metal Contamination -- 3.1 Enrichment Factor (EF) -- 3.2 Metal Pollution Index (MPI) -- 3.3 Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo) -- 4 Biomonitoring and Biomarkers in Boka Kotorska Bay -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Bacterial Diversity of the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Flow Cytometry Analysis of Heterotrophic Communities -- 3 Determination of Heterotrophic Bacteria Abundance by Epifluorescence Microscopy -- 4 Bacteria Analysed by CARD FISH Method -- 5 Microbial Communities in Sediment Analysed by Next Generation Sequencing -- 6 Indicators of Faecal Contamination in the Sea -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Phytoplankton Community and Trophic State in Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 3 Phytoplankton -- 3.1 Diatoms -- 3.2 Dinoflagellates -- 3.3 Coccolithophorids -- 3.4 Silicoflagellates -- 3.5 Other Groups -- 4 Trophic State in Boka Kotorska Bay -- 5 Conclusions -- Appendix: Images of the Phytoplankton Taxa Noticed During Research from 2009 to 2010 in Boka Kotorska Bay -- References -- Phytobenthos in the Boka Kotorska Bay: State of Knowledge and Threats -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Macroalgae -- 3 Seagrass -- 4 Threats -- 5 Conclusions -- Annex -- References -- Zooplankton Community in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Microzooplankton -- 4 Investigation Carried Out from 1981 to 1982 (Krsinić and Viličić [25]) -- 5 Investigation Carried Out in Spring 2013 (Lučić [26]) -- 6 Mesozooplankton -- 7 Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates -- 8 Cnidarians. , 9 Hydrozoans -- 10 Siphonophores -- 11 Cladocerans -- 12 Copepods -- 13 Pteropods -- 14 Chaetognaths -- 15 Pelagic Tunicates -- 16 Appendicularians -- 17 Thaliaceans -- 18 Gelatinous Blooms -- 19 Merozooplankton -- 20 Conclusions -- References -- Characteristics of the Zoobenthos in Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Benthic Biocoenosis in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 3 The Diversity of Zoobenthos Assemblages -- 4 Non-indigenous (Alien or Nonnative) Species -- 5 Threats to Zoobenthic Diversity and Protection -- 6 Conclusion -- Appendix 1: List of Zoobenthos Species Diversity from the Boka Kotorska Bay According to Literature Data -- Appendix 2: List of Macromollusca from the Boka Kotorska Bay (Source: Stjepčević, 1967) -- References -- Composition and Distribution of Ichthyoplankton in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Trophic Status -- 4 Materials and Methods -- 5 Results -- 6 Ichthyoplankton Diversity -- 7 Discussion -- References -- Marine Invertebrates of Boka Kotorska Bay Unique Sources for Bioinspired Materials Science -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biocalcifiers -- 3 Biosilica Producing Organisms -- 4 Demosponges of Boka Kotorska Bay, and Their Biomimetic and Biotechnological Potential -- 5 Spongin and Chitin as Structural Biopolymers with Perspectives of Application in Biomedicine and Technology -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- The History of Fishery in Boka Kotorska Bay and Traditional Types of Fishery -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Boat and Fishing Gear Types -- 3 Nighttime Fishing Under the Candle Using Seine Nets -- 4 Relations in Fishery -- 5 Current State of Affairs in Fishery in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- References -- Occurrence and Distribution of Crustacean Decapoda in Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Study Area -- 1.2 Historic Review -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 List of Species -- 4 Discussion. , References -- Mariculture in the Boka Kotorska Bay: Tradition, Current State and Perspective -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Mariculture in Montenegro -- 3 Current State of Montenegrin Marine Aquaculture: Species, Technologies and Production -- 4 Problems and Possible Threats in Mariculture Development -- 5 Prospects of Mariculture Sector Development in Montenegro -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Cetaceans in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Presence of Cetacean in the South Adriatic Sea -- 2.1 The Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) -- 2.2 The Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) -- 2.3 The Short-Beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) -- 2.4 The Cuvier´s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris) -- 2.5 The Risso´s Dolphin (Grampus griseus) -- 2.6 The Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) -- 2.7 The Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) -- 3 Cetacean Species in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 4 Stranding of Cetaceans in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Diversity of Vascular Flora of Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characteristics of Vegetation in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 3 Balkan Endemic Plants in the Flora of Boka Kotorska -- 4 Protected and Rare Species of Vascular Plants in the Flora of Boka Kotorska Bay -- 5 The Decorative Flora of the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Regional Climate Change in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 3 Air Temperature -- 4 Sea-Level Pressure -- 5 Atmospheric Precipitation -- 6 Snow Cover -- 7 Wind Speed -- 8 Cloud Cover -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Satellite Remote Sensing of the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Optical Imagery -- 3 Sea Surface Temperature -- 4 Chlorophyll-a -- 5 SAR Imagery -- 6 Forest Fires -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Tourism in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Natural Attractions of the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 3 Cultural-Historical Monuments of the Boka Kotorska Region -- 4 Beginning of Tourism Development in the Boka Kotorska Region -- 5 Tourism Development in the Area of the Boka Kotorska in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century -- 6 Current Tourism Situation in the Boka Kotorska Region -- 6.1 Tourism Development Prospects in the Boka Kotorska Region -- 6.2 Current State of Affairs -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Agriculture in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of Agricultural Development in Montenegro and the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 2.1 Overview of Agricultural Development in Montenegro -- 2.2 Regional Population Structure in Montenegro -- 2.3 Demographic and Economic Aspect of Agricultural Development in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 2.4 Geographical and Climatic Conditions in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 2.5 Rural Area -- 2.6 Agricultural Holding -- 3 Natural Conditions and Production Resources of Agriculture in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 3.1 Natural Conditions -- 3.2 Agriculture on the Territory of the Municipality of Herceg Novi, Kotor and Tivat -- 3.3 Agricultural Production Potential by Municipalities -- 3.3.1 Plant Production -- 3.3.2 Livestock Farming -- 3.3.3 Demographic Indicators by Municipalities -- 4 Possible Agricultural Development Directions for the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Boka Kotorska Bay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Boka Kotorska -- 3 The Vulnerability Assessment of the Boka Kotorska -- 3.1 Sutorina River Mouth -- 3.2 Kostanjica-Risan -- 3.3 North-Western Part of Vrmac -- 3.4 Tivat Saltpans -- 4 Establishment of a Basis for Maritime Spatial Planning -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Conclusions -- Erratum to: Metal Pollution and Ecotoxicology of the Boka Kotorska Bay -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Series Preface -- Foreword -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Paleohistory -- 3 Sediments -- 4 Salinity -- 5 Temperature -- 6 Water Structure and Dynamics -- 7 Flora and Fauna -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Physical-Geographical Characteristics of the Coast of Montenegro -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geotectonic Relations with a Lithological Basis -- 2.1 The Adriatic Zone -- 2.2 The Zone of Paraautochthonous and Coastal Flysch -- 2.3 Budva-Cukali Cover -- 2.4 The Deep Karst Zone -- 3 Mountains -- 3.1 Orjen -- 3.2 Lovćen -- 3.3 Sutorman -- 3.4 Rumija -- 4 Extensions -- 4.1 Sutorina -- 4.2 Grbaljsko Field -- 4.3 Mrkovsko Field -- 4.4 Ulcinjsko Field -- 4.5 Buljarica -- 4.6 Spičansko Field -- 4.7 Barsko Field -- 4.8 Goransko Field -- 5 The Bay of Kotor -- 6 The Bay of Traste -- References -- Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Picoplankton Community in the Central and Southern Adriatic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Investigated Area: The Adriatic Sea -- 2.1 Autotrophic Picoplankton -- 2.2 Heterotrophic Bacteria and Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophs -- 2.3 Biomass Distribution from the Coast Towards the Open Sea -- 3 Ecological Factors Affecting the Picoplankton Community -- 3.1 Salinity -- 3.2 Nutrients -- 3.3 Water Mass Movement -- 3.4 Predation -- 3.5 Temperature -- 4 Anthropogenic Pollutants -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Dynamics of Prokaryotic Community in the Montenegrin Part of the South Adriatic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Abundance of Heterotrophic Bacteria -- 3 Contribution of HNA and LNA Bacteria in Heterotrophic Bacteria Community -- 4 Abundance of Prochlorococcus -- 5 Heterotrophic Nanoflagellates and Regulation Mechanisms in the Prokaryotic Community -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Distribution of Phytoplankton in Montenegrin Open Waters -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Offshore Area of the South Adriatic Sea -- 3 Phytoplankton Distribution in the Open Sea Area of Montenegro -- 3.1 Diatoms -- 3.2 Dinoflagellates -- 3.3 Coccolithophores -- 3.4 Silicoflagellates -- 3.5 Other Groups -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Zooplankton in Montenegrin Adriatic Offshore Waters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Total Zooplankton Abundance -- 4 Diversity of Zooplankton Taxa -- 5 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Summer Assemblage of Ichthyoplankton in South-Eastern Adriatic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Spatial Distribution and Abundance of Ichthyoplankton -- 3.2 Hydrography -- 3.2.1 Temperature and Salinity at 5 m Depth -- 3.2.2 Temperature and Salinity at 20 m Depth -- 3.2.3 Average Values of Temperature and Salinity in the Water Column from 0 to 20 m Depth -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Influence of Pollution on the Early Life Stages of Fishes -- References -- Macrozoobenthic Species as a Part of the Benthic Communities Along the Montenegrin Adriatic Coast -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Threats to Zoobenthic Diversity and Protection -- 5 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Recruitment and Growth of the Fan Mussel Pinna nobilis in the Montenegrin Adriatic Coast and Comparison with the Western Medit... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 The Study Areas -- 2.1.1 The Boka Kotorska Bay, Montenegro -- 2.1.2 The Embiez Archipelago, France -- 2.2 Larvae Collection -- 2.3 Monitoring of Recruit´s Growth -- 2.3.1 Monitoring of Environmental Parameters -- 2.4 Statistical Analyses -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Production of the Sites -- 3.1.1 Recruitment in the Boka Kotorska Bay, Montenegro -- 3.1.2 Recruitment in the Embiez Archipelago, France -- 3.2 Growth of Recruits. , 3.2.1 Growth of P. nobilis Recruits in the Boka Kotorska Bay, Montenegro -- Environmental Parameters -- 3.2.2 Growth of P. nobilis Recruits in the Embiez Archipelago, France -- 3.2.3 Growth Rate Comparison Between the Sites in the Boka Kotorska Bay, Montenegro and the Embiez Archipelago, France -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Impact of Anthropogenic Pressure and Marine Pollution on Development of P. nobilis in Montenegrin Adriatic Coast -- References -- A Checklist of the Benthic Marine Macroalgae in Montenegrin Coastal Waters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Taxa Excludenda -- 3.1.1 Cystoseira sauvageuana Hamel -- 3.1.2 Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfuss -- 3.2 Alien Species -- 4 Threats -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Marine Habitats of Special Importance Along the Montenegrin Coast -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Posidonia oceanica Meadows -- 3 Coralligenous Assemblages -- 4 Marine Caves -- 5 Vulnerability and Threats -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Marine Fisheries in Montenegro: History, Tradition, and Current State -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History and Tradition -- 3 Current State of Montenegrin Fishery -- References -- Distribution of Certain Commercially Important Species in Small-Scale Fisheries Along the Montenegrin Coast -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Study Area -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Gillnets -- 3.2 Trammel Nets -- 4 The ``Ghost Fishing´´ Problem and Fixed Nets -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- ``HVAR´´ Expedition (1948-1949) in South-Eastern Adriatic (Croatia, Montenegro, Albania) -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 A Brief Outline of Historical Research of the Adriatic Sea -- 1.2 The ``HVAR´´ Expedition -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Marine Litter Issue -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- A Review of Studies on Set Gear Selectivity in the Adriatic Sea -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Gillnet -- 2.1 Target Species -- 2.2 Selectivity -- 3 Trammel Net -- 3.1 Target Species -- 3.2 Selectivity -- 4 Pots and Traps -- 4.1 Target Species -- 4.2 Selectivity -- 5 Marine Pollution Related to Set Nets -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Cartilaginous Fish of the Eastern Adriatic Sea: A Review of the Records from the Past Decade (2010-2019) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- References -- Occurrence and Distribution of Crustacean Decapoda Species in Montenegrin Territorial Waters with Special Attention to the Mos... -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Study Area -- 1.2 Historic Review -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 List of Species -- 4 Discussion -- References -- The Relevance of the Implementation of AZA According to the Principles and Standards of GFCM Guidelines in the Site Selection ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Environmental Study -- 3.1.1 Microbiological Analyses -- 3.1.2 Phytoplankton -- 3.1.3 Diversity of Benthic Communities (Phyto and Zoobenthos) -- 3.1.4 Rose Location -- 3.1.5 Dobreč Location -- 3.1.6 Mirista Locality -- 3.2 Hydrodynamics of Water Masses -- 3.2.1 Analysis of the Movement of Surface Sea Currents -- 3.2.2 Bathymetry -- 3.2.3 Tides -- 3.3 Analysis of Heavy Metals in Sediment -- 3.4 Sedimentological Analyses: Granulometric Composition of Sediment -- 3.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Ichthyoplankton -- 3.6 Traditional Fishing Zones -- 3.7 Analyses of Basic Data -- 3.7.1 Infrastructure -- 3.7.2 Archeological Sites -- 3.7.3 Water Supply, Sewerage and Energy -- 3.7.4 Marine Transport Route -- 3.7.5 Access to Ports and Airports -- 3.7.6 Potential Conflicts with Future Marine Protected Areas -- 4 Proposal of New Locations for Mariculture -- 4.1 Breeding Technology. , 4.2 Estimation of Production Capacity at the Rose Location -- 4.3 Estimation of Production Capacity at the Dobreč Locality -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Biological Resources of South Adriatic Aquatorium and Coastal Zone of Montenegro: Human Impact and Possibilities for Sustainab... -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Biodiversity -- 1.2 Benefits of Biodiversity -- 1.3 The Major Causes of Biodiversity Loss and Species Extinction -- 1.4 Sustainable Development -- 1.5 Biodiversity and Biological Resources as a Key Factor for Sustainable Development -- 1.6 Montenegro as Ecological State -- 2 The Main Geographical Characteristic of Coastal Zone of Montenegro and South Adriatic Aquatorium -- 3 The Main Characteristic of the Biodiversity of Montenegro -- 4 Review of the Basic Types of Ecosystems of the Mediterranean Part of Montenegro: Threat and Degree of Human Impact, Possibil... -- 4.1 Biological Resources of Marine Ecosystems -- 4.1.1 Biological Resources of Pelagic Species -- 4.1.2 Biological Resources of Benthic (Demersal) Species -- 4.1.3 Biological Resources of Small-Scale Fisheries -- 4.1.4 Biological Resources of Marine Aquaculture -- 4.2 Biological Resources of Freshwater Ecosystems -- 4.2.1 Biological Resources of Eutrophic Lakes - Skadar Lake -- 4.2.2 Biological Resources of Rivers -- 4.3 Biological Resources of Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 4.3.1 Biological Resources of Coastal Zone (Sand and/or Pebble Coastlines) -- 4.3.2 Biological Resources of Salt Marshes, Swards, and Mud Flats of Coastal Zones -- 4.3.3 Biological Resources of Forest and Scrub Ecosystems -- Biological Resources of Sclerophylls´ Evergreen Mediterranean Forests and Scrubs -- Biological Resources of Mediterranean Forests of Aleppo Pine and Stone Pine -- Biological Resources of Mediterranean Evergreen Scrub Vegetation. , Biological Resources of Sub-Mediterranean Deciduous Forest and Scrub Ecosystems.

Note: Intro -- Series Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sediments Characteristics -- 3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Seawater -- 3.1 Salinity -- 3.2 Temperature -- 3.3 Nutrients -- 3.4 Water Dynamics -- 4 Marine Pollution -- References -- Hydrographic and Oceanographic Characteristics of the Southern Part of the Adriatic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrographic Characteristics -- 2.1 Coast -- 2.2 Islands -- 2.3 Seabed -- 2.4 Tides -- 3 Oceanographic Characteristics -- 3.1 Currents -- 3.2 Sea Surface Temperature -- 3.3 Sea Surface Salinity -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Rivers of the Coast of Montenegro -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rivers of the Montenegrin Coast -- 3 The Catchment Area of the River Bojana in the Zone of the Montenegrin Coast -- 4 Flow Ranking -- 5 Morphometric Characteristics of Waterflows in the Observed Space -- 5.1 Adriatic Sea Basin from the Montenegrin Coast -- 5.2 Bojana River Basin -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Forests of the Coast of Montenegro -- 1 Introduction -- 2 State of the Forest -- 2.1 Forest Distribution -- 2.2 Tree Species Represented in Coastal Forests -- 2.3 Forest Communities -- 2.4 Typical Mediterranean Forest Related Natura 2000 Habitat Types -- 3 Risks -- 3.1 Forest Fires -- 3.2 Erosion Processes -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- The Agriculture of Adriatic Montenegrin Coast -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analysis of the Agricultural Situation in Montenegro and the Coastal Region -- 2.1 Overview of Agriculture Development in Montenegro -- 2.2 Overview of Agriculture Development in the Coastal Zone -- 2.2.1 Geographical and Climatic Conditions for Agriculture Development -- 2.2.2 Population Structure in Montenegro by Regions -- 2.2.3 Rural Areas -- 2.2.4 Agricultural Holding -- 3 Conditions for Agriculture Development in the Coastal Region. , 3.1 Natural Conditions for Agriculture Development in the Coastal Region -- 3.1.1 Bar -- 3.1.2 Budva -- 3.1.3 Herceg Novi -- 3.1.4 Kotor -- 3.1.5 Tivat -- 3.1.6 Ulcinj -- 3.2 Natural Resources for Agriculture Development -- 3.2.1 Agriculture of the Coastal Region -- 3.2.2 Plant Production -- 3.2.3 Livestock Farming -- 3.2.4 Demographic Indicators by Municipalities -- 4 Possible Agriculture Development Directions for the Coastal Region -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Regional Climate Change of the Adriatic Montenegrin Coast -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Variability -- 2.1 Examples of Storms in Montenegro and Their Consequences -- 3 Climate Change -- 4 Storms´ Classification and Vulnerability Assessment -- 4.1 Meteorological Measurements of Wind and Rain Data -- 4.2 Observation from the Ship and Instrumental Measurements of Waves -- 5 Vulnerability Assessment -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Trace Elements in Mussels from Montenegrin Coast: A Risk for Human Health -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Trace Elements Accumulation by Mussels: The Montenegrin Coast -- 2.1 Sampling of Mussels and Chemical Analysis -- 2.2 Comparison of the Results from the Montenegrin Coast -- 3 Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as a Seafood: Benefits and Risks -- 4 Human Exposure to Trace Elements via Consumption of Mussels -- 4.1 Target Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index -- 4.2 Maximum Allowable Mussel Consumption Rate -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Tetrodotoxin in Invasive Silver-cheeked Toadfish Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) in the Adriatic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Entry of Invasive Species into the Mediterranean Sea -- 3 Pufferfish Toxicity -- 3.1 Analysis of Tetrodotoxin in Pufferfish Tissue of the Adriatic Sea Specimens -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Some Results of Air Pollution from Passenger Ferries in the Boka Kotorska Bay. , 1 Introduction and Background -- 2 Regulatory Achievements -- 2.1 International Legislative Framework -- 2.2 National Legislative Framework -- 3 Bottom-Up Methodology: An Observation -- 3.1 Results of the Bottom-Up Approach from Corbett and Farrell [3] -- 3.2 Results of the Bottom-Up Approach from Tzannatos [28, 29] -- 3.3 Specifics of the Bottom-Up Approach Described in Eyring et al. [7] -- 3.4 Activity-Based Method from Nunes et al. [33] -- 3.5 Activity-Based Emissions from Dragović et al. [18] -- 3.6 Applied Methodology in Murena et al. [34] -- 4 Quantification of Ferry Emission in the Boka Kotorska Bay -- 4.1 Input Data -- 4.2 Load and Emission Factors Determination -- 4.3 Emission Calculation Formulation -- 5 Results -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Discourse Analysis of the Research Articles About Marine Environment Relating to the Adriatic Coast -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Background: Setting the Scene -- 3.2 Indicating Gaps and Flows -- 3.3 Presenting the Research -- 3.4 Marine or Maritime? -- 3.5 Presenting Conclusions -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Coastal Towns and Settlements of the Montenegrin Coast -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coastal Region -- 2.1 Regional and Landscape Characteristics -- 2.2 Sea Aquatorium -- 3 Montenegrin Coastal Towns -- 3.1 Typologies of Coastal Towns and Settlements of Montenegro -- 3.2 The Location of Coastal Towns and Settlements of Montenegro -- 3.2.1 Ulcinj -- 3.2.2 Bar -- 3.2.3 Budva -- 3.2.4 Tivat -- 3.2.5 Kotor -- 3.2.6 Herceg Novi -- 3.3 Coastal Settlements of Montenegro -- 3.4 Common Typological Characteristics of Houses at the Coast -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Tourism in Budva, Bar, and Ulcinj Area of Montenegrin Coast -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Attractions of Budva, Bar, and Ulcinj Riviera -- 3 Cultural Heritage of Budva, Bar, and Ulcinj Riviera. , 4 Early Tourism Development in the Area of Budva, Bar, and Ulcinj Riviera -- 5 Tourism Development in the Area of Budva, Bar, and Ulcinj Riviera in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century -- 6 The Future of Tourism in the Area of Budva, Bar, and Ulcinj Riviera -- 6.1 Characteristics of Current Tourism in the Area of Budva, Bar, and Ulcinj Riviera -- 6.2 Tourism Development Prospects in the Area of Budva, Bar, and Ulcinj Riviera -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Landscaped Green Areas of the Coast of Montenegro -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Hotels -- 3.1.1 Green Fund of the Hotel ``Kamelija´´: Park Ivović in Donja Lastva - Tivat -- 3.1.2 Green Fund of the Hotel ``Plavi horizont,´´ Lustica -- 3.1.3 Green Fund of the Hotel Complex ``Otrant,´´ Ulcinj -- 3.1.4 Green Fund of the Hotel ``Jadran,´´ Ulcinj -- 3.1.5 Green Fund of Sveti Stefan -- 3.1.6 Green Fund of the Former Camp-Settlement ``Kamenovo´´: Budva -- 3.2 Public Green Areas -- 3.2.1 Public Green Areas of the Municipality of Kotor -- 3.2.2 The Large City Park: Tivat -- 3.2.3 Park-Forest: Miločer -- 3.3 Former Military Facilities -- 3.3.1 Kumbor -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Quantification and Classification of Beach Litter in Montenegro (South-East Adriatic Sea) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Field Work -- 4 Results -- 4.1 October 2018 -- 4.2 December 2018 -- 4.3 May 2019 -- 5 Cumulative Data for All Investigated Seasons -- 6 Discussion -- References -- Heavy Metals Toxicity in Sediment and the Marine Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Heavy Metals -- 2.1 Heavy Metals in Sediment -- 3 Assessment of Metal Contamination -- 3.1 Contamination Factor -- 3.2 Pollution Load Index -- 3.3 Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo) -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Analysis of the Corrosion Resistance of Different Metal Materials Exposed to Varied Conditions of the Environment in the Bay o... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Different Metal Structures and Potential Pollutants -- 3 The Corrosion of Metal Materials in Seawater -- 3.1 The Influence of Seawater and the Atmosphere -- 3.2 The Specific Influences of Seawater and the Atmosphere in the Bay of Kotor -- 4 Materials and Methods -- 4.1 Materials -- 4.2 Methods -- 4.2.1 Semi-quantitative Analysis (Chemical Composition) -- 4.2.2 Data Analysis -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 The Results of the Analysis of the NiTi Samples -- 5.2 Results from the Sample of a Steel Fence -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Legal Regime for the Protection of the Marine Environment Against Pollution from Vessels in Montenegrin Adriatic Waters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Institutional Framework and Administrative Capacity -- 3 Strategic Documents -- 4 The Ratified International Treaties -- 5 Current Legal Regime in Montenegro for Prevention of Sea Pollution from Vessels -- 5.1 Legislation on Natural: Environmental Protection -- 5.2 Maritime Transport Legislation Dealing with Protection of the Sea from the Vessel-Sourced Pollution -- 5.3 De Lege Lata Solutions According to the Law on Protection of the Sea from Vessel-Sourced Pollution -- 5.3.1 Prevention of Pollution from the Vessels -- 5.3.2 Prevention of Marine Pollution from Oils and Noxious Substances -- 5.3.3 Prevention of Marine Pollution from Sewage and Garbage -- 5.3.4 Air Emissions -- 5.3.5 Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea from Ballast Waters -- 5.3.6 Sea Protection from Harmful Substances in Anti-fouling Systems -- 5.3.7 Dumping of Wastes -- 5.3.8 Reception and Handling of Waste, Waste Oils, Cargo Residues, and Ballast Water Sediments in Ports -- 5.3.9 Liability for Damages in Case of Vessel-Sourced Marine Pollution. , 5.4 National Plan for Emergent Reaction in the Event of Sea Pollution from Vessels.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Structure and Mineral Resources -- 3 Landscapes -- 4 Water Bodies -- 5 Hydrobiology of Water Bodies -- 6 Nature Management and Protection -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Mineral Resources of the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Stratigraphy -- 2.1 Archean and Proterozoic -- 2.2 Paleozoic -- 2.3 Mesozoic -- 2.4 Cenozoic -- 3 Mineral Resources -- 3.1 Fossil Fuels -- 3.2 Metallic Minerals -- 3.3 Nonmetallic Minerals -- 4 Building Materials -- 5 Sapropel and Therapeutic Mud -- 6 Groundwater -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Amber Deposits in the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Paleogene Sea-Beach Amber Placers -- 3 Neogene and Quaternary Amber Placers -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Composition of Pre-Quaternary Surface and Quaternary Sediments Allocation on the Territory of the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 The History of Studies of Pre-Quaternary Relief and Quaternary Sediments -- 2 Pre-Quaternary Sediments, Their General Profile and Surface Zonation -- 3 Characteristic Features of Paleoincision Structure and Origin -- 4 Allocation of Quaternary Sediments Thickness on the Territory of the Kaliningrad Region -- 5 Pre-Quaternary Relief Influence on Quaternary Sediments Allocation and the Contemporary Relief of the Kaliningrad Region -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Pleistocene Deposits in the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Overview of Pleistocene Studies -- 3 Stratigraphy and Geology of Pleistocene Deposits in the Kaliningrad Region -- 4 Description of the Geological Structure of Selected Denudations on the Northern Coast of the Sambia Peninsula, Based on Fiel... -- 5 Some Problems of the Origin of Pleistocene Deposits -- 6 Conclusions -- References. , Modern Landscapes in the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Research Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Characteristics of Landscapes´ Major Natural Components: Relief, Climate, Soils, and Vegetation -- 4.1.1 The Region´s Geomorphological Features and Quaternary Deposits -- 4.1.2 Climate -- 4.1.3 Vegetation -- 4.1.4 Soils -- 4.2 Metachronicity of Regional Landscapes -- 4.3 Genetic Typology of the Landscape´s Natural Basis: The Territory´s Landscape Structure -- 4.4 Characteristics of Modern Landscape´s Anthropogenic Components: The Impact of Agricultural Cultivation of Regional Territo... -- 4.5 Landscape-Dependent Settlement in the Kaliningrad Region -- 4.5.1 The Neman´s Ancient Delta District -- 4.5.2 Modern Valleys of Large Rivers -- 4.5.3 Flat Plains of Glaciolacustrine Origin -- 4.5.4 Terminal Moraine Uplands with a Rugged Relief -- 4.5.5 Rolling Plains of the Ground Moraine -- 4.5.6 Ancient Alluvial Sand Massifs -- 4.5.7 Coastal Area of the Baltic Sea and the Lagoons -- 4.6 Modern Landscapes as Polygenetic Systems of Areal and Network Environmental Components -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- The History and Pattern of Forest and Peatland Formation in the Kaliningrad Region During the Holocene -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Sites and Methods -- 2.1 Geographical Location -- 2.2 Analysis of the Botanical Composition of Peat and Peat Bed Structure -- 2.3 Pollen Analysis -- 2.4 Radiocarbon Dating -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 The History of Forest and Peatland Formation on Pregolya Glaciolacustrine Plain During the Holocene -- 3.2 The History of Forest and Wetland Formation on Lower Neman Lowland During the Holocene -- 3.3 Comparison of the Palaeoreconstructions in the Study Areas of the Kaliningrad Region with the Environmental Development in... -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Eolian Coastal-Marine Natural Systems in the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Factors and Patterns of Current Development of Territorial Units in the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Research Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Retrospective Analysis of Settlement System Development over the Past 100 Years and Its Results: Evidence from Landscapes -- 4.2 Factors Causing Changes in the Settlement System in the Territory of the Kaliningrad Region -- 4.3 Spatial Features of the Current Settlement System in the Territory of the Kaliningrad Region -- 4.4 Retrospective Analysis of Land-Use System Over the Past 100 Years and Its Result: Evidence from Landscapes -- 4.5 Current State of the Land-Use System of the Kaliningrad Region -- 4.6 Current State of Areal-Networking Components of Landscape Environment -- 4.7 Current State of Network Components of Landscape Environment -- 4.8 The Influence of Borders on Other Components of Landscape Environment (Historical, Functional, and Spatial Aspects) -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Specific Features of Urban Geosystems in the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 Urban System: Types and Specific Features -- 1.1 Structure of Urban Geosystems -- 1.2 Functioning of Urban Geosystems -- 1.3 Functional Zoning of the Area -- 1.4 Urban Frames -- 2 Retrospective Analysis of Urban Settlement Evolution in the Area Over the Past 100 Years -- 3 Review of Components in Urban Environment -- 3.1 Natural Host Landscapes -- 3.2 Relief, Grounds, and Soils -- 3.3 Water Bodies and Air Masses -- 3.4 Vegetation -- 4 Methodology of Urban Environment Quality Assessment Using Satellite Data -- 5 Evaluation of Degrees in Development of Urban Transportation Systems (Transport Accessibility Chart of Kaliningrad) -- References. , Environmental Features of Watercourses in the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Formation and Re-Distribution of the River Runoff in the Catchment of the Pregolya River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background Information, Tools and Techniques -- 3 Discussion of Results -- 3.1 Water Discharge in the Outlet Sections of the Pregolya River -- 3.2 Surface Runoff as an Indicator of the Hydrological Basin Structure -- 3.3 Cross-Border Discharge Value Assessment -- 4 Main Conclusions -- References -- Hydrobiological Characteristics of Water Bodies in the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Zooplankton Conditions in Inland Waters -- 3.2 Zoobenthos in the Inland Waters -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- The Structure and Composition of Biological Communities in the Pregolya River (Vistula Lagoon, the Baltic Sea) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Case Study 1: Pollution and Water Quality in the Pregolya River -- 3.2 Case Study 2: Phytoplankton -- 3.3 Case Study 3: Higher Aquatic Plants and Macroalgae -- 3.4 Case Study 4: Zooplankton -- 3.5 Case Study 5: Zoobenthos -- 4 Conclusions -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- References -- Phytoplankton Community of Small Rivers of the Pregolya River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Case Study 1: Pregolya River -- 3.2 Case Study 2: Tributaries of the Pregolya River -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Flora and Vegetation of the Small Rivers of the Pregolya River System in the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Case Study 1: The Composition of Macrophyte Flora and Vegetation. , 3.2 Case Study 2: The Botanical Description -- 4 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- The Protection Conditions of the Groundwater Against Pollution in the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 The Concept of ``Protection/Vulnerability´´ of the Groundwater from Pollution: Basic Approaches to Protection Assessment and... -- 2 The History of the Groundwater Protection Studies in the Russian Federation and the Kaliningrad Region -- 3 Methods of Assessing the Protection of Groundwater of the Upper Subsurface Pressure (the Top Intermoraine) Aquifer -- 4 Characteristics of the Upper Intermoraine (the Moscow-Valdai) Aquifer -- 5 Characteristics and Regularities of Spatial Distribution of the Factors That Determine the Protection of the Upper Intermora... -- 6 Territorial Differentiation of the Kaliningrad Region on the Degree of the Upper Intermoraine Aquifer Protection -- 7 Possible Areas of Water-Use Conflicts -- References -- Current Status of the Lake Vistytis in Kaliningrad Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Characteristics of the Lake -- 3 Hydrology and Hydrochemistry -- 4 Zooplankton and Zoobenthos -- 5 Ichthyofauna -- 6 Fish Community Structure -- 7 Evaluation of Fish Concentration Density Using Hydroacoustics -- 8 Fisheries -- 9 Fishery Characteristics of the Main Fish Species of Lake Vistytis Vendace -- 10 Parasite Fauna of European Vendace -- 11 Whitefish -- 12 Roach -- 13 Perch -- 14 Pike -- 15 Burbot -- 16 Tench -- 17 Bream -- 18 Eel -- 19 Conclusions -- References -- Specially Protected Natural Areas of the Kaliningrad Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The National Park ``Curonian Spit´´ -- 3 The Natural Park ``Vishtynetsky´´ -- 4 State Partial Nature Complex (Landscape) Reserves ``Dyunny´´ and ``Gromovsky´´ -- 5 State Partial Nature Geological Reserves -- 6 Natural Monuments -- 7 Conclusions -- References. , The Reduction in the Beach Area as the Main Limiting Factor for Sustainable Tourism Development (Case for the Kaliningrad Obla.