Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Contents -- Introduction to Part I: The International Context -- References -- History, Sources and Volumes of Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea -- 3 Sources of Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea -- 3.1 Shipping -- 3.2 Oil and Gas Platforms -- 3.3 Ports and Oil Terminals -- 3.4 Land-Based Sources -- 3.5 Military Conflicts -- 3.6 Natural Oil Seeps -- 3.7 Atmosphere -- 4 Volumes of Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Shipping and Oil Transportation in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction: A fast Changing Activity -- 2 Sources of Oil Spills in the Mediterranean -- 2.1 Marine Sources -- 2.2 Inland Sources -- 2.3 Shipping Routes -- 2.4 The Mediterranean Perspective -- 3 Inventory of Past Oil Spills in the Mediterranean -- 3.1 Accidental Spills -- 3.2 Operational Spills -- 3.3 The Possible Contribution of Satellite Imagery -- 4 Regional Cooperation -- 4.1 The Mediterranean Blue Plan -- 4.2 The Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre -- 4.3 The EuroMed Partnership -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Oil and Gas Production in the Mediterranean Sea -- 2.1 Greece -- 2.2 Montenegro -- 2.3 Italy -- 2.4 Croatia -- 2.5 Israel -- 2.6 Palestine -- 2.7 Cyprus -- 2.8 Egypt -- 2.9 Libya -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Oil Spill Intervention in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Oil Spill Intervention in an International Context -- 2.1 The OPRC Convention -- 2.2 The Intervention Convention -- 2.3 The Barcelona Convention and Regional Cooperation -- 2.4 MARPOL 73/78 -- 3 Mediterranean Zones and National Legislation on Oil Spills. , 3.1 Maritime Zones of the Mediterranean Sea -- 3.2 Intervention and National Contingency Plans -- 4 Examples of a (Potential Spill) Intervention Plan for the Mediterranean -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- The International Maritime Organization and Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Definition of ``Oil´´ and ``Pollution´´ -- 3 Sources of Oil Pollution at Sea -- 3.1 Operational Pollution and Accidental Pollution -- 3.2 Effects of Vessel Source Pollution -- 4 Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea -- 4.1 An Overview of Mediterranean Maritime Traffic -- 4.2 Mediterranean Oil Tankers and Illicit Vessel Discharges -- 5 IMO and the Mediterranean Sea -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- The Barcelona Convention and Its Role in Oil Pollution Prevention in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The UNEP Regional Seas Programme and the Mediterranean Action Plan -- 2.1 MAP Regional Activity Centres -- 2.2 Mediterranean Pollution Assessment and Control Programme (MED POL) -- 2.3 Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea (REMPEC) -- 3 Overview of the Barcelona Convention and Its Key Components -- 3.1 The Barcelona Convention -- 3.2 Summary of the Protocols to the Barcelona Convention -- 3.3 Key Components of the Barcelona Convention -- 3.3.1 Liability and Compensation Framework for Pollution: The Backdrop -- 3.3.2 Guidelines on Liability and Compensation -- 4 Overview of the Protocols of the Barcelona Convention with Relevance to Oil Pollution -- 4.1 The Dumping Protocol and Its Main Requirements -- 4.2 The Prevention and Emergency Protocol and Its Main Requirements -- 4.3 The Land-Based Sources Protocol and Its Main Requirements -- 4.4 The Offshore Protocol and Its Main Requirements -- 4.5 Tabular Comparison with Other Protocols -- 5 Summary -- References. , The Role of REMPEC in Prevention of and Response to Pollution from Ships in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 REMPEC and Its Mandate -- 3 The Role of REMPEC in Pollution Prevention -- 3.1 Effective Maritime Administration Activities -- 3.2 Activities Dealing with Illicit Discharges of Oil and Other Hazardous or Noxious Substances -- 3.3 Activities Dealing with Port Reception Facilities -- 3.4 Guidelines for Pleasure Craft and for Places of Refuge -- 4 The Role of REMPEC in Marine Pollution Response and Preparedness -- 4.1 Response Activities of REMPEC -- 4.1.1 Remote Assistance -- 4.1.2 On-Site Assistance -- 4.2 Preparedness Activities of REMPEC -- 4.2.1 Contingency Planning -- 4.2.2 Mediterranean Overview -- 4.2.3 Capacity Building -- 4.2.4 Guidelines and Tools -- 4.2.5 Involvement of REMPEC in MEDESS-4MS and POSOW -- 4.2.6 Government and Industry Cooperation -- 5 Summary -- References -- European Maritime Safety Agency Activities in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of the European Maritime Safety Agency -- 2.1 Establishment of EMSA -- 2.2 The Developing Role of EMSA -- 3 EMSA Operational Tasks -- 3.1 Pollution Response Service -- 3.2 Stand-by Oil Spill Response Vessels in the Mediterranean -- 3.3 Pollution Preparedness and Response Exercises in the Mediterranean -- 4 EMSA Earth Observation Services -- 4.1 CleanSeaNet Service -- 4.2 CleanSeaNet in the Mediterranean -- 4.3 Satellite Imagery and CSN Post-2011 -- 5 EMSA CSN First Generation Data by Mediterranean EU Member State, 2007-2011 -- 5.1 Cyprus -- 5.2 Croatia -- 5.3 Greece -- 5.4 Italy -- 5.5 Malta -- 5.6 France -- 5.7 Spain -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Modeling of Oil Pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Main Oil Pollution Incidents in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. , 3 Oil Spill Modeling in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Review -- 4 The MEDSLIK Oil Spill Modeling System -- 4.1 The Lebanon Oil Pollution Crisis -- 5 The POSEIDON Oil Spill Model -- 5.1 POSEIDON OSM Test Cases -- 6 MEDSLIK-II: A Community Oil Spill Model for the Mediterranean -- 6.1 The MEDSLIK II Test Case: The Case of Costa Concordia -- 7 Oil Spill Risk Mapping -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Modeling of Oil Pollution in the Western Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Main Oil Pollution Incidents in the Western Mediterranean Sea -- 3 Oil Spill Modeling in the Western Mediterranean Sea: A Review -- 4 The MOTHY Operational System -- 4.1 The Haven Accident Test Case -- 5 The Bonifacio Oil Spill Operational Mode -- 5.1 The Porto Torres Oil Spill Test Case -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Projects on Oil Spill Response in the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Roles of Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea and European Maritime Safety Agen... -- 2.1 The Role of Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea -- 2.2 The Role of European Maritime Safety Agency -- 3 Funding for Oil Spill Response -- 3.1 Funded Projects Overview -- 3.1.1 Kill Spill Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.2 EU-MOP Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.3 HoverSpill Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.4 METANE Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.5 MOST Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.6 MEDESS-4MS Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.7 TOSCA Project -- General Information. , Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.8 NEREIDS Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.9 PREMARPOL Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.10 Mediterranean Pollution Control Project -- General Information -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.11 ARGOMARINE Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.12 HAZADR Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.13 RAOP-MED Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.14 PRIMI Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.15 URready4OS Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 3.1.16 MEDSLIK-II Project -- General Information -- Background -- Main Objectives -- Main Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Online Sources -- Oil Spill Beaching Probability for the Mediterranean Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology and Simulation Setup -- 3 Beaching Probability Maps -- 3.1 Beaching Maps from One Single Point -- 3.2 Beaching Maps for a Traffic Line -- 3.3 Beaching Maps for the Whole Mediterranean Basin -- 4 Summary -- References -- Conclusions for Part I: The International Context -- References -- Index.