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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    CARINA : nutrient data in the Atlantic Ocean (2009)
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    In: Earth system science data, Katlenburg-Lindau : Copernics Publications, 2009, 1(2009), Seite 7-24, 1866-3516
    In: volume:1
    In: year:2009
    In: pages:7-24
    Description / Table of Contents: Data on carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from previously non-publicly available cruise data sets in the Arctic, Atlantic and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged to a new database: CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic). These data have gone through rigorous quality control (QC) procedures to assure the highest possible quality and consistency. The data for most of the measured parameters in the CARINA data base were objectively examined in order to quantify systematic differences in the reported values, i.e. secondary quality control. Systematic biases found in the data have been corrected in the data products, i.e. three merged data files with measured, calculated and interpolated data for each of the three CARINA regions; Arctic Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic and Southern Ocean. Out of a total of 188 cruise entries in the CARINA database, 98 were conducted in the Atlantic Ocean and of these 84 cruises report nitrate values, 79 silicate, and 78 phosphate. Here we present details of the secondary QC for nutrients for the Atlantic Ocean part of CARINA. Procedures of quality control, including crossover analysis between cruises and inversion analysis of all crossover data are briefly described. Adjustments were applied to the nutrient values for 43 of the cruises in the Atlantic Ocean region. With these adjustments the CARINA database is consistent both internally as well as with GLODAP data, an oceanographic data set based on the World Hydrographic Program in the 1990s (Key et al., 2004). Based on our analysis we estimate the internal accuracy of the CARINA-ATL nutrient data to be: nitrate 1.5%; phosphate 2.6%; silicate 3.1%. The CARINA data are now suitable for accurate assessments of, for example, oceanic carbon inventories and uptake rates and for model validation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: graph. Darst
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Atlantic CFC data in CARINA (2010)
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    In: Earth system science data, Katlenburg-Lindau : Copernics Publications, 2009, 2(2010), 1, Seite 1-15, 1866-3516
    In: volume:2
    In: year:2010
    In: number:1
    In: pages:1-15
    Description / Table of Contents: Water column data of carbon and carbon-relevant parameters have been collected and merged into a new database called CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic). In order to provide a consistent data set, all data have been examined for systematic biases and adjusted if necessary (secondary quality control (QC)). The CARINA data set is divided into three regions: the Arctic/Nordic Seas, the Atlantic region and the Southern Ocean. Here we present the CFC data for the Atlantic region, including the chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 as well as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The methods applied for the secondary quality control, a crossover analyses, the investigation of CFC ratios in the ocean and the CFC surface saturation are presented. Based on the results, the CFC data of some cruises are adjusted by a certain factor or given a "poor" quality flag.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: graph. Darst
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/2/1/2010/essd-2-1-2010.html
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-2-1-2010
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dye-sensitized photooxygenation of hemopyrrole (1974)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 30 (1974), S. 587-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die durch Rose Bengal sensibilisierte Photooxydation des Hemopyrrols in Methanol ergab 3-Äthyl-5-methoxy-4,5-dimethyl-3-pyrrolin-2-on, 3-Äthyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-4-pyrrolin-2-on und 3-Äthyl-5-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-3-pyrrolin-2-on.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01921487
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
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    A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) (2004)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18 (4). GB4031.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-06
    Description: During the 1990s, ocean sampling expeditions were carried out as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), and the Ocean Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (OACES). Subsequently, a group of U.S. scientists synthesized the data into easily usable and readily available products. This collaboration is known as the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Results were merged into a common format data set, segregated by ocean. For comparison purposes, each ocean data set includes a small number of high‐quality historical cruises. The data were subjected to rigorous quality control procedures to eliminate systematic data measurement biases. The calibrated 1990s data were used to estimate anthropogenic CO2, potential alkalinity, CFC watermass ages, CFC partial pressure, bomb‐produced radiocarbon, and natural radiocarbon. These quantities were merged into the measured data files. The data were used to produce objectively gridded property maps at a 1° resolution on 33 depth surfaces chosen to match existing climatologies for temperature, salinity, oxygen, and nutrients. The mapped fields are interpreted as an annual mean distribution in spite of the inaccuracy in that assumption. Both the calibrated data and the gridded products are available from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Here we describe the important details of the data treatment and the mapping procedure, and present summary quantities and integrals for the various parameters.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2004GB002247
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  • 5
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    A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) (2013)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Earth System Science Data, 5 . pp. 125-143.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: A well documented, publicly available, global data set of surface ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) parameters has been called for by international groups for nearly two decades. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) project was initiated by the international marine carbon science community in 2007 with the aim of providing a comprehensive, publicly available, regularly updated, global data set of marine surface CO2, which had been subject to quality control (QC). Many additional CO2 data, not yet made public via the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), were retrieved from data originators, public websites and other data centres. All data were put in a uniform format following a strict protocol. Quality control was carried out according to clearly defined criteria. Regional specialists performed the quality control, using state-of-the-art web-based tools, specially developed for accomplishing this global team effort. SOCAT version 1.5 was made public in September 2011 and holds 6.3 million quality controlled surface CO2 data points from the global oceans and coastal seas, spanning four decades (1968–2007). Three types of data products are available: individual cruise files, a merged complete data set and gridded products. With the rapid expansion of marine CO2 data collection and the importance of quantifying net global oceanic CO2 uptake and its changes, sustained data synthesis and data access are priorities
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-5-125-2013
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  • 6
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    Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) gridded data products (2013)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Earth System Science Data, 5 . pp. 145-153.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: As a response to public demand for a well-documented, quality controlled, publically available, global surface ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) data set, the international marine carbon science community developed the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT). The first SOCAT product is a collection of 6.3 million quality controlled surface CO2 data from the global oceans and coastal seas, spanning four decades (1968–2007). The SOCAT gridded data presented here is the second data product to come from the SOCAT project. Recognizing that some groups may have trouble working with millions of measurements, the SOCAT gridded product was generated to provide a robust, regularly spaced CO2 fugacity (fCO2) product with minimal spatial and temporal interpolation, which should be easier to work with for many applications. Gridded SOCAT is rich with information that has not been fully explored yet (e.g., regional differences in the seasonal cycles), but also contains biases and limitations that the user needs to recognize and address (e.g., local influences on values in some coastal regions).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-5-145-2013
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  • 7
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    Total alkalinity estimation using MLR and neural network techniques (2013)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Marine Systems, 111-112 . pp. 11-18.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: During the last decade, two important collections of carbon relevant hydrochemical data have become available: GLODAP and CARINA. These collections comprise a synthesis of bottle data for all ocean depths from many cruises collected over several decades. For a majority of the cruises at least two carbon parameters were measured. However, for a large number of stations, samples or even cruises, the carbonate system is under-determined (i.e., only one or no carbonate parameterwas measured) resulting in data gaps for the carbonate system in these collections. A method for filling these gaps would be very useful, as it would help with estimations of the anthropogenic carbon (Cant) content or quantification of oceanic acidification. The aim of this work is to apply and describe, a 3D moving window multilinear regression algorithm (MLR) to fill gaps in total alkalinity (AT) of the CARINA and GLODAP data collections for the Atlantic. In addition to filling data gaps, the estimated AT values derived from the MLR are useful in quality control of the measurements of the carbonate system, as they can aid in the identification of outliers. For comparison, a neural network algorithm able to performnon-linear predictionswas also designed. The goal herewas to design an alternative approach to accomplish the sametask of filling AT gaps. Bothmethods return internally consistent results, thereby giving confidence in our approach. Highlights: ► Estimation of alkalinity by multilinear regression (MLR) techniques ► Estimation of alkalinity by neural network techniques ► Intercomparison between alkalinity prediction techniques ► Use of Alkalinity estimation for carbon calculations ► Use of alkalinity estimation for quality control of measurements
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.09.002
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  • 8
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    Changes in Ocean Heat, Carbon Content, and Ventilation: A Review of the First Decade of GO-SHIP Global Repeat Hydrography (2016)
    Annual Reviews Inc.
    In:  Annual Review of Marine Science, 8 (1). 19.1-19.31.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: Global ship-based programs, with highly accurate, full water column physical and biogeochemical observations repeated decadally since the 1970s, provide a crucial resource for documenting ocean change. The ocean, a central component of Earth’s climate system, is taking up most of Earth’s excess anthropogenic heat, with about 19% of this excess in the abyssal ocean beneath 2,000 m, dominated by Southern Ocean warming. The ocean also has taken up about 27% of anthropogenic carbon, resulting in acidification of the upper ocean. Increased stratification has resulted in a decline in oxygen and increase in nutrients in the Northern Hemisphere thermocline and an expansion of tropical oxygen minimum zones. Southern Hemisphere thermocline oxygen increased in the 2000s owing to stronger wind forcing and ventilation. The most recent decade of global hydrography has mapped dissolved organic carbon, a large, bioactive reservoir, for the first time and quantified its contribution to export production (∼20%) and deep-ocean oxygen utilization. Ship-based measurements also show that vertical diffusivity increases from a minimum in the thermocline to a maximum within the bottom 1,500 m, shifting our physical paradigm of the ocean’s overturning circulation.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-052915-100829
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  • 9
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    Toward a global data-based estimate of the oceanic accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 since the WOCE era (2013)
    In:  [Talk] In: 9. International Carbon Dioxide Conference ICDC9, 03.-07.06.2013, Beijing, China .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-18
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Talk
  • 10
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    Anthropogenic CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 Inventory of the Indian Ocean (1999)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 13 . pp. 179-198.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-15
    Description: This study presents basin-wide anthropogenic CO2 inventory estimates for the Indian Ocean based on measurements from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment/Joint Global Ocean Flux Study global survey. These estimates employed slightly modified ΔC* and time series techniques originally proposed by Gruber et al. [1996] and Wallace [1995], respectively. Together, the two methods yield the total oceanic anthropogenic CO2 and the carbon increase over the past 2 decades. The highest concentrations and the deepest penetrations of anthropogenic carbon are associated with the Subtropical Convergence at around 30° to 40°S. With both techniques, the lowest anthropogenic CO2 column inventories are observed south of 50°S. The total anthropogenic CO2 inventory north of 35°S was 13.6±2 Pg C in 1995. The inventory increase since GEOSECS (Geochemical Ocean Sections Program) was 4.1±1 Pg C for the same area. Approximately 6.7±1 Pg C are stored in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, giving a total Indian Ocean inventory of 20.3 ±3 Pg C for 1995. These estimates are compared to anthropogenic CO2 inventories estimated by the Princeton ocean biogeochemistry model. The model predicts an Indian Ocean sink north of 35°S that is only 0.61–0.68 times the results presented here; while the Southern Ocean sink is nearly 2.6 times higher than the measurement-based estimate. These results clearly identify areas in the models that need further examination and provide a good baseline for future studies of the anthropogenic inventory.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/1998GB900022
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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