Note: front cover -- copyright -- table of contents -- contributors -- MAPPING NEURORECEPTORS AT WORK: ON THE DEFINITION AND INTERPRETATION OF BINDING POTENTIALS AFTER 20 YEARS OF PROGRESS -- I. Twenty Years of Progress -- II. Remaining Issues -- III. Solutions -- References 1 -- MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN BIPOLAR DISORDER: FROM MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPIC FINDINGS TO THEIR MOLECULAR MECHANISMS -- I. Introduction 2 -- II. Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- III. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy -- IV. Molecular Genetic Findings -- V. Roles of Mitochondrial Calcium Regulation -- VI. Conclusions -- References 2 -- LARGE-SCALE MICROARRAY STUDIES OF GENE EXPRESSION IN MULTIPLE REGIONS OF THE BRAIN IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- I. Introduction 3 -- II. Gene Expression Profiling Using Microarrays: Technologies Overview -- III. Postmortem Brains and Gene Expression Studies -- IV. Comparison of Gene Expression Profiles among Normal Brain Regions -- V. Gene Expression Profiles of Brain Regions in Alzheimer's Disease -- VI. Gene Expression Profiling in Schizophrenia -- VII. Future Perspectives -- References 3 -- REGULATION OF SEROTONIN 2C RECEPTOR PRE-mRNA EDITING BY SEROTONIN -- I. Introduction 4 -- II. Modification of RNA Sequences by RNA Editing via Hydrolytic Deaminations of Adenosines -- III. Enzymes Responsible for A-to-I Editing and Their Substrate Requirements -- IV. A-to-I Editing of the 5- HT2C Receptor Pre- mRNA -- V. Modulation of 5- HT2C Receptor Function by RNA Editing -- VI. 5- HT2C Pre- mRNA Editing Responses to Sustained Changes of Postsynaptic 5-HT2C Receptor Activation -- VII. 5- HT2C Pre- mRNA Editing in the Human Prefrontal Cortex and Alterations in Editing-Site Preferences in Brains of Subjects with Major Depression -- VIII. Conclusions and Future Directions -- References 4. , THE DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS OF DRUG ADDICTION: HYPODOPAMINERGIC STATE -- I. Drug Addiction as a Brain Disease -- II. The Mesolimbic Dopamine System -- III. Behavioral Animal Models -- IV. Biochemical Studies -- V. Primate Studies -- VI. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments 5 -- References 5 -- HUMAN AND ANIMAL SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ARE AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: A NOVEL THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE -- I. Introduction 6 -- II. A New Theory on the Mechanism of Pathogenesis of Spongiform Encephalopathies (SEs) -- III. Supporting Evidence -- IV. Early Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Various SE Diseases -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments 6 -- References 6 -- ADENOSINE AND BRAIN FUNCTION -- I. Introduction 7 -- II. Regulation of Brain Adenosine Levels in the Central Nervous System -- III. Adenosine Receptors -- IV. Functions of Adenosine Receptors -- V. Adenosine-Dopamine Interactions in Brain -- VI. Phenotypes of Knockout Mice -- VII. Adenosine Receptors and Protection against Ischemic and Excitotoxic Brain Injuries -- VIII. Adenosine A2A Receptors and Neurodegenerative Disorders -- IX. Adenosine Receptors and Psychiatric Disorders -- X. Adenosine and the Regulation of Sleep- Wake Cycles -- XI. Adenosine and Epilepsy -- XII. Adenosine and Pain -- Acknowledgments 7 -- References 7 -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- International Review of Neurobiology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1. Unique General Anesthetic Binding Sites Within Distinct Conformational States of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor -- I. Introduction -- II. General Anesthetics -- III. The Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor Superfamily -- IV. General Anesthetic Binding Sites -- V. Possible Caveats -- VI. Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 2. Signaling Molecules and Receptor Transduction Cascades That Regulate NMDA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Transmission -- I. Excitatory Synaptic Transmission -- II. General Information About NMDARs -- III. Signaling Molecules and Their Regulation of NMDA Channels -- IV. Trafficking of Glutamate Receptors -- V. General Information on GPCRs -- VI. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3. Behavioral Measures of Alcohol Self-Administration and Intake Control: Rodent Models -- I. Introduction -- II. Background -- III. Methods to Measure Ethanol-Seeking in Rodents -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. Dopaminergic Mouse Mutants: Investigating the Roles of the Different Dopamine Receptor Subtypes and the Dopamine Transporter -- I. Dopamine and Its Receptors -- II. History of the Dopamine Receptors -- III. D1-Like Receptors -- IV. D2-Like Receptors -- V. Double Knockout Models -- VI. Dopamine Transporter -- VII. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5. Drosophila melanogaster, A Genetic Model System for Alcohol Research -- I. Introduction -- II. Ethanol Metabolism -- III. Ethanol Toxicity -- IV. Acute Ethanol Intoxication -- V. Ethanol Tolerance -- VI. Ethanol Preference -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.

Note: Cover -- International Review of Neurobiology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contents of Volumes 26-50 -- Volume 26 -- Volume 27 -- Volume 28 -- Volume 29 -- Volume 30 -- Volume 31 -- Volume 32 -- Volume 33 -- Volume 34 -- Volume 35 -- Volume 36 -- Volume 37 -- Volume 38 -- Volume 39 -- Volume 40 -- Volume 41 -- Volume 42 -- Volume 43 -- Volume 44 -- Volume 45 -- Volume 46 -- Volume 47 -- Volume 48 -- Volume 49 -- Volume 50 -- Subject Index -- Contributor Index.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1. GABAA Receptor Structure-Function Studies: A Reexamination in Light of New Acetylcholine Receptor Structures -- I. Overview -- II. Subunits, Cloning, Topology, and Assembly -- III. Receptor Kinetics -- IV. Channel Characteristics. Selectivity and Conductance -- V. SCAM and Channel Structure-Function Relationships -- VI. Overview of High-Resolution Structures of the Homologous ACh Receptor -- VII. The Membrane-Spanning Domain Structure -- VIII. AChBP Structure and the GABA Binding Sites -- IX. The Interface Between the Extracellular and Membrane-Spanning Domains: How Does Transduction Work? -- X. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Dopamine Mechanisms and Cocaine Reward -- I. Introduction -- II. Basic Pharmacology of Cocaine -- III. Monoamine Transporters -- IV. Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine -- V. Prefrontal Cortex Dopamine -- VI. Midbrain Dopamine Neurons -- VII. Phasic and Tonic Dopamine Release -- VIII. Dopamine Receptors -- IX. Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons -- X. Dopamine and Intracellular Cascades -- XI. Neural Basis of Associative Learning -- XII. Midbrain Dopamine Neurons and Associative Learning -- XIII. Drug Addiction and Learning -- XIV. Cocaine-Associative Learning -- XV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 3. Proteolytic Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Disorders -- I. Introduction -- II. Proteolysis in the Central Nervous System -- III. Parkinson's Disease -- IV. Alzheimer's Disease -- V. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- VI. Polyglutamine Repeat Diseases -- VII. Prion Diseases -- VIII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. Neuroimaging Studies in Bipolar Children and Adolescents -- I. Introduction -- II. Background -- III. Methodology -- IV. Neuropsychological Abnormalities in Bipolar Disorder -- V. Brain Imaging Findings in Adult Patients. , VI. Brain Imaging Findings in Children and Adolescents -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 5. Chemosensory G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in the Brain -- I. Introduction -- II. Chemosensing G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Brain -- References -- Chapter 6. Disturbances of Emotion Regulation after Focal Brain Lesions -- I. Definitions -- II. The Neuroanatomy of Emotions and Feelings -- III. Disturbances of Emotional Experience After Focal Brain Damage -- IV. Developmental Versus Adult-Onset Brain Damage -- V. Neural Mechanisms of Emotional Control -- VI. Emotion, Cognition, and Social Behavior -- VII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7. The Use of Caenorhabditis elegans in Molecular Neuropharmacology -- I. Ivermectin -- II. Fluoxetine -- III. Alcohol -- References -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- International Review of Neurobiology -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- Chapter 1. Behavioral Mechanisms and the Neurobiology of Conditioned Sexual Responding -- I. Introduction -- II. Pavlovian Conditioning of Sexual Responses -- III. Hormones and Sexual Conditioning -- IV. Sexual Conditioning and the Brain -- V. Behavior Systems and Biological Constraints on Learning -- VI. Conditioning and the Sexual Behavior System of Quail: The Role of Species-typical Cues -- VII. Pavlovian Conditioning and Reproductive Success -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. NMDA Receptors in Alcoholism -- I. Alcohol Dependence -- II. The NMDA Receptor -- III. Acute Effect of Ethanol on the NMDA Receptor -- IV. Role of the NMDA Receptor in the Perception of Ethanol's Effects -- V. Role of the NMDA Receptor in Adaptation to Ethanol -- VI. The NMDA Receptor and Pharmacotherapy of Alcohol Dependence -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Processing and Representation of Species-Specific Communication Calls in the Auditory System of Bats -- I. Introduction -- II. General Features of the Mammalian Auditory System -- III. The Structure of Communication Calls Emitted by Mexican Free-tailed Bats -- IV. Processing and Representation of Communication Sounds in a Lower Auditory Nucleus -- V. The Population of DNLL Neurons Reproduce the Spectral and Temporal Features of any Complex Signal -- VI. Processing and Representation of Communication Sounds is More Complex in the Inferior Colliculus -- VII. Progressive Transformations Occur along the Auditory Pathway but are Scrambled in the IC -- VIII. Due to Selectivity, Each Call is Coded in the Inferior Colliculus by a Unique Population Response -- IX. Processing in the Cortex -- X. The Biosonar Calls of the Mustache Bat -- XI. The Auditory Cortex of the Mustache Bat. , XII. The Mustache Bat Auditory Cortex is Well Adapted for Processing Both Biosonar and Communication Calls -- XIII. Structure of the Mustache Bats' Social Communication Calls -- XIV. Responses of FM-FM Neurons in the Mustache Bat Cortex to Social Communication Calls -- XV. Is Combinatorial Sensitivity an Emergent Property in the Forebrain of Vertebrates? -- XVI. Mechanisms that Generate Combination Sensitivity -- XVII. Implications for Hierarchical Processing -- XVIII. Concluding Comments -- References -- Chapter 4. Central Nervous System Control of Micturition -- I. Introduction -- II. Motoneurons Innervating Bladder and Urethral Sphincter -- III. Sacral Cord Micturition Reflexes -- IV. Brainstem-Spinal Cord Pathways Coordinate Bladder and Sphincter Motoneurons -- V. Afferent Systems of the M-region -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. The Structure and Physiology of the Rat Auditory System: An Overview -- I. Introduction -- II. The Cochlear Nuclear Complex -- III. The Superior Olivary Complex -- IV. The Nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus -- V. The Inferior Colliculus -- VI. The Medial Geniculate Body -- VII. The Auditory Cortex -- VIII. The Descending Auditory Pathway -- IX. Concluding Remarks -- X. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6. Neurobiology of Cat and Human Sexual Behavior -- I. The Spino-Brainstem-Spinal Circuit for the Mating Reflex in Cat -- II. Central Control of Mating Behavior in Humans -- III. Differences in Central Nervous System Control of Sexual Behavior Between Rodents and Primates -- References -- INDEX -- CONTENTS OF RECENT VOLUMES -- Color Plate Section.

Note: Cover Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Chromosome 22 Deletion Syndrome And Schizophrenia -- I. Introduction -- II. 22q11DS: Mechanism of the Deletion -- III. 22q11DS: Clinical Phenotype -- IV. 22q11DS: Psychosis -- V. 22q11DS: Neuropathology -- VI. 22q11DS: Positional Cloning Schizophrenia Susceptibility Loci -- VII. 22q11DS: Murine Models -- VIII. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase -- IX. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Characterization of Proteome of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid -- I. Introduction -- II. Materials and Methods -- A. Collection of Human CSF by Lumbar Puncture and Exclusion Criteria -- B. CSF Sample Preparation and Fractionation with SDS-PAGE -- C. In-Gel Digestion -- D. Protein Identification Using LC Followed by LCQ-MS -- E. Protein Identification Using Off-Line SCX Chromatography Followed by LTQ-FT MS -- F. Data Processing and Analysis -- III. Results -- A. Proteins Identified by muLC-LCQ-MS/MS -- B. Proteins Identified by nanoLC-LTQ-FT MS/MS Following Off-Line SCX Separation -- C. Reexamination of Previously Identified Proteins -- D. Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Hormonal Pathways Regulating Intermale And Interfemale Aggression -- I. Introduction -- A. Common Regulatory Concepts in Males and Females -- II. Females -- A. DHEA as a Neurosteroid -- III. Males -- A. Regulation in the Adult -- B. Neural Steroid Receptors -- IV. Hormonal Modulation of Serotonin Function -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Neuronal GAP Junctions: Expression, Function, And Implications For Behavior -- I. A Brief History of Gap Junctions -- II. Gap Junction Structure -- III. Gap Junctions in the Brain -- IV. Electrical Coupling in the Brain -- V. Properties and Function of Electrical Synapses -- VI. Modulation of Electrical Synapses and Gap-Junctional Coupling. , VII. Use-Dependent Plasticity -- VIII. Local Factors: Voltage, pH, and Calcium -- IX. Neurotransmitter and Second Messenger Modulation -- X. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Effects of Genes and Stress on the Neurobiology of Depression -- I. Introduction -- II. Stress and Depression -- III. Genetics and Depression -- IV. Serotonergic System -- V. Candidate Gene Studies of the Serotonergic System -- A. Serotonin Transporter -- B. Serotonin Receptors -- C. Other Serotonin Receptors -- D. Tryptophan Hydroxylase -- VI. Current Stress and the Serotonergic System -- A. Early Life Stress and the Serotonergic System -- VII. Gene Stress Interaction -- VIII. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Axis -- A. Genetics and the HPA Axis -- B. Early Life Stress and the HPA Axis -- IX. Noradrenergic System -- A. Genetics and the Noradrenergic System -- B. Current Stress and the Noradrenergic System -- C. Early Life Stress and the Noradrenergic System -- X. Dopaminergic System in Depression -- A. Genetics and the Dopaminergic System -- B. Current Stress and the Dopaminergic System -- C. Early Life Stress and the Dopaminergic System -- XI. GABAergic System -- A. Genetics and the GABAergic System -- B. Early Life Stress and the GABAergic System -- XII. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor -- A. Genetics and BDNF -- B. Current Stress and BDNF -- C. Early Life Stress and BDNF -- XIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Quantitative Imaging with the Micro-pet Small-Animal Pet Tomograph -- I. Introduction -- II. Setup and Calibration -- A. Scanner Setup -- B. Calibration -- C. Quality Control -- D. External Radioactivity Measurements -- E. Animal Positioning -- III. Physical Corrections -- A. Randoms -- B. Deadtime -- C. Attenuation -- D. Scatter -- E. Normalization -- F. Natural Background Radioactivity of LSO -- IV. Image Reconstruction. , V. Data Analysis -- A. Anatomical Segmentation and Image Registration -- B. Partial Volume Correction -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Understanding Myelination Through Studying Its Evolution -- I. Introduction -- II. Evidence that Glial Cells First Interacted with Large Axons in a "Nonmyelin" Relationship -- III. Myelin-like Sheaths in Invertebrates -- A. Morphological Considerations -- B. Physiological Properties of Invertebrate Myelinated Fibers -- C. Biochemical Properties of Invertebrate Myelinated Fibers -- D. Concluding Remarks on Invertebrate Fiber Myelination -- IV. Vertebrate Myelinated Nervous System -- A. Morphological Features -- B. Biochemical and Molecular Features of Vertebrate Myelin Sheaths -- C. Differentiation of Myelinating CNS and PNS Glial Cells -- V. Use of Comparative Myelin Studies to Understand CNS Regeneration -- A. Myelin Inhibition, a Historical Perspective -- B. Characterization of Regeneration Inhibitors in Mammals -- C. Phylogeny of CNS Regeneration -- D. Comparative Genomics of the Myelin Inhibitory Machinery -- E. CNS Regeneration Despite Myelin Inhibitors-Does the Immune System Make the Difference? -- F. Conclusion: Collision of Biological Necessity and Clinical Needs -- VI. Future Studies of Myelin Evolution -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- Neurosteroids and Brain Function -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Neurosteroids: Beginning of the Story -- I. Introduction -- II. Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Neurosteroids: Related Behavioral Effects -- III. Receptors and Related Activities of Neurosteroids -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Biosynthesis of Neurosteroids and Regulation of Their Synthesis -- I. What Is a Neurosteroid? -- II. Enzymes Involved in Neurosteroidogenesis: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology -- III. Enzymes Involved in Neurosteroidogenesis: Distribution in the Brain and Developmental Regulation -- IV. Regulation of Neurosteroidogenic Enzymes -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Neurosteroid 7-Hydroxylation Products in the Brain -- I. Neurosteroid Metabolism in the Brain -- II. 7α-Hydroxylation Studies in the Brain -- III. 7β-Hydroxylation Studies in the Brain -- IV. 7α-Hydroxy-DHEA and 7β-Hydroxy-DHEA as Native Anti-glucocorticoids -- V. The Brain and Other Organs -- VI. Sex Steroid Metabolism in the Brain -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. Neurosteroid Analysis -- I. Introduction -- II. Analysis of Neurosteroids by Radioimmunoassay -- III. Analysis of Neurosteroids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- IV. Analysis of Unconjugated Neurosteroids by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- V. Derivatization of Neurosteroids -- VI. Gas Chromatography Columns for Separation of Neurosteroid Derivatives -- VII. Isotopic Dilution for Quantitative Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- VIII. Data Acquisition Modes in Mass Spectrometry -- IX. Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry -- X. Analysis of Neurosteroid Sulfates by Mass Spectrometry -- XI. Analysis of Sulfated Steroids by Soft Ionization Mass Spectrometry. , XII. Analysis of Steroid Sulfates by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization/Mass Spectrometry -- XIII. Thermospray Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry -- XIV. Future Analysis of Neurosteroid Sulfates -- XV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. Role of the Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor in Adrenal and Brain Steroidogenesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor -- III. Structure of the PBR Complex -- IV. Role of the PBR in Steroidogenesis -- V. The PBR in Adrenal Steroid Biosynthesis -- VI. Role of the PBR in Brain Neurosteroid Biosynthesis -- VII. Role of the PBR in Pathology -- VIII. Other Proteins Involved in the Acute Regulation of Steroidogenesis -- IX. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. Formation and Effects of Neuroactive Steroids in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System -- I. Introduction -- II. 5α-Reductase and 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase System -- III. Effect of Glial-Neuronal Interactions on the Formation of Neuroactive Steroids -- IV. Effects of Neuroactive Steroids on Glial Cells of the Central Nervous System -- V. Formation of Neuroactive Steroids in the Peripheral Nervous System -- VI. Effects of Neuroactive Steroids on the Peripheral Nervous System -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. Neurosteroid Modulation of Recombinant and Synaptic GABAA Receptors -- I. Introduction -- II. Transmitter-Gated Ion Channels and Neurosteroid Selectivity -- III. Influence of GABAA-Receptor Subunit Composition on Neurosteroid Action -- IV. Mechanism of Neurosteroid Modulation of GABAA Receptors -- V. Neurosteroid Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission -- VI. Structure-Activity Relationships for Steroids at the GABAA Receptor -- VII. Multiple Steroid Binding Sites on the GABAA Receptor -- VIII. Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 8. GABAA-Receptor Plasticity during Long-Term Exposure to and Withdrawal from Progesterone -- I. Introduction -- II. Effects of Long-Term Exposure to PROG and GABAA-Receptor Gene Expression and Function in Vitro -- III. Effects of PROG Withdrawal on GABAA-Receptor Gene Expression and Function in Vitro -- IV. Effects of Long-Term Exposure to and Subsequent Withdrawal of PROG in Pseudo-pregnancy -- V. Effects of Long-Term Exposure to and Subsequent Withdrawal of PROG in Pregnancy -- VI. Oral Contraceptives and GABAA-Receptor Plasticity -- VII. Mechanism of the Effect of Long-Term PROG Exposure on GABAA-Receptor Plasticity -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9. Stress and Neuroactive Steroids -- I. Stress and GABAA Receptors -- II. Effect of Stress on Brain Concentrations of Neuroactive Steroids -- III. Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Stress-Induced Changes in Brain Neurosteroid Concentrations -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10. Neurosteroids in Learning and Memory Processes -- I. Introduction -- II. Learning and Memory Processes and Animal Models -- III. Pharmacological Effects of Neurosteroids -- IV. Mechanisms of Action -- V. Physiological Significance -- VI. Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 11. Neurosteroids and Behavior -- I. Introduction -- II. Anxiety and Stress -- III. Cognition -- IV. Aggression -- V. Sleep, Feeding, and Reinforcement -- VI. Discriminative Stimulus Effects -- References -- Chapter 12. Ethanol and Neurosteroid Interactions in the Brain -- I. Introduction -- II. Role of 3α,5α-TH PROG in Ethanol Action -- III. Role of Neurosteroids in Alcohol Reinforcement -- IV. Role of Neurosteroids in Ethanol Tolerance -- V. Role of Neurosteroids in Ethanol Dependence -- VI. Conclusions and Future Directions -- References. , Chapter 13. Preclinical Development of Neurosteroids as Neuroprotective Agents for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases -- I. Neurosteroids and the Brain -- II. Synthesis of Central Nervous System Neurosteroids -- III. Receptor Signaling Pathways -- IV. Neurosteroids and Central Nervous System Plasticity -- V. Neurosteroids and Neuroprotection -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14. Clinical Implications of Circulating Neurosteroids -- I. Introduction -- II. Changes and Possible Role of Neurosteroids in Humans -- References -- Chapter 15. Neuroactive Steroids and Central Nervous System Disorders -- I. Neuroactive Steroids and the Central Nervous System -- II. Concentrations of Neuroactive Steroids in the Brain -- III. Sensory-Motor and Cognitive Function -- IV. Estrogen and Alzheimer's Disease -- V. Neuroactive Steroids and Menstrual-Cycle-Linked Mood Changes -- VI. Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives -- VII. Neuroactive Steroids and Menopause -- VIII. Side Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy -- IX. Neuroactive Steroids and Epilepsy -- References -- Chapter 16. Neuroactive Steroids in Neuropsychopharmacology -- I. Introduction -- II. Sources and Biosynthesis of Neuroactive Steroids -- III. Steroid Modulation of GABAA Receptors -- IV. Steroid Modulation of Other Neurotransmitter Receptors -- V. A Putative Specific Steroid-Binding Site on Ligand-Gated Ion Channels -- VI. Genomic Effects of Neuroactive Steroids -- VII. Neuropsychopharmacological Properties of Neuroactive Steroids -- VIII. Modulation of Endogenous Neuroactive Steroids as a Pharmacological Principle -- IX. Outlook -- References -- Chapter 17. Current Perspectives on the Role of Neurosteroids in PMS and Depression -- I. Introduction -- II. Premenstrual Syndrome or Premenstrual (Late Luteal) Dysphoric Disorder -- III. Allopregnanolone and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. , IV. Biosynthesis of Allopregnanolone -- V. SSRIs in the Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Modulation of Neurosteroid Levels -- VI. SSRIs, Neurosteroids, and Depression -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.

Note: Cover page -- Series Editors -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Evolutionary Neurobiology and Art -- I. Introduction -- II. Definitions -- III. Play -- IV. Shock of the New -- V. Neurophysiology -- VI. Landscape -- VII. Mate Selection -- VIII. Parts and Wholes -- IX. Imagination -- References -- Section I: Visual Aspects -- Chapter 2: Perceptual Portraits -- I. Introduction -- II. Medical Societies in London -- III. Anatomists of the Brain -- IV. Microscopists -- V. Functions of the Brain -- VI. Dysfunctions of Behavior -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: The Neuropsychology of Visual Art: Conferring Capacity -- I. Introduction -- II. Disposition to Produce Art -- III. Visual Vocabulary -- IV. Descriptive Accuracy -- V. Enhanced Expressivity -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Vision, Illusions, and Reality -- I. Introduction -- II. Functional Specialization in the Visual Brain -- III. Face and Object Recognition -- Recommended Reading -- Chapter 5: Localization in the Visual Brain -- I. Introduction -- II. A Note on Localization -- III. The Painter at the Bedside -- IV. The Neurologist in the Picture Gallery -- V. Commentary: The Three Cultures -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Section II: Episodic Disorders -- Chapter 6: Neurology, Synaesthesia, and Painting -- I. Introduction -- II. Case of the Color-Blind Artist -- III. Normals and Synaesthesia -- IV. Metaphor and Synaesthesia -- References -- Chapter 7: Fainting In Classical Art -- I. Introduction -- II. Blackouts in Paintings -- III. Crucifixion Fainting -- IV. Historical Fainting -- V. Genre Fainting -- VI. Swooning -- VII. Men Fainting -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Migraine Art In The Internet: A Study Of 450 Contemporary Artists -- I. Introduction -- II. Methods. , A. Identification of Study Sample -- B. Assessed Variables -- C. Statistical Evaluation -- III. Results -- A. Characteristics of Study Sample -- B. Relationships Between Migraine and Art Making -- C. Participation in Migraine Art/Headache Art Contests -- D. Analysis of Artists' Media and Representations of Migraine Symptoms -- IV. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 9: Sarah Raphael's Migraine With Aura as Inspiration for the Foray of Her Work Into Abstraction -- I. Introduction -- II. Art Critics' Notions on Sarah Raphael's Migraine with Aura -- III. History of Illness -- IV. Impact of Sarah Raphael's Migraine with Aura on Her Art -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 10: The Visual Art of Contemporary Artists With Epilepsy -- I. Introduction -- II. Background to the Collection -- III. Artistic Themes in the Works of Contemporary Artists with Epilepsy -- A. Seizure Experiences -- B. Psychiatric Comorbidity -- C. Psychosocial Aspects of Epilepsy -- D. Nonepilepsy Related -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Section III: Brain Damage -- Chapter 11: Creativity in Painting and Style in Brain-damaged Artists -- I. Introduction -- II. Change in Creativity and Style in Artists after Brain Lesion -- III. Change of Style in Artists -- References -- Chapter 12: Artistic Changes in Alzheimer's Disease -- I. Introduction -- II. Willem de Kooning (1904-1997) and Other Artists with Alzheimer's Disease -- III. William Utermohlen (b. 1933) -- IV. Positive and Negative Cognitive Phenomena -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Section IV: Cerebrovascular Disease -- Chapter 13: Stroke In Painters -- I. Introduction -- II. Case Studies of Painters with Right Hemisphere Stroke -- A. Anton Raumlderscheidt -- B. Otto Dix -- C. Johannes Thiel -- D. Lovis Corinth -- E. Wolfgang Aichinger-Kassek -- F. Federico Fellini -- G. Reynold Brown. , H. Tom Greenshields -- I. Schnider et al. -- J. Vigouroux et al. -- K. Blanke et al. -- L. Guglielmo Lusignoli -- M. Kurt Schwitters -- III. Case Studies of Painters with Left Hemisphere Stroke -- A. Paul-Elie Gernez -- B. Daniel Urrabieta y Vierge -- C. Zlatyu Boijadjiev -- D. Ernst Oldenburg -- E. Beni Ferenczy -- F. Polish painter "R. L. -- G. Afro Basaldella -- H. Arnold Boumlcklin -- I. Caspar David Friedrich -- IV. Other Cases -- A. The Case of an 87-Year-Old Artist -- B. Tommy McHugh -- C. Jon Sarkin -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: VisuoSpatial Neglect In Lovis Corinth's Self-Portraits -- I. Introduction -- II. Mature Style-Late Style? -- III. Hospitalization -- IV. Rehabilitation -- V. Self-Portraiture -- VI. Drawings -- VII. Paintings -- VIII. Discussions -- References -- Chapter 15: Art, Constructional Apraxia, and the Brain -- I. Introduction -- II. Constructional Apraxia -- III. What Attributes are Customarily Needed to Make a Painting or Sculpture? -- IV. The Frontal Lobes and Their Projections -- A. Nature of the Deficits -- B. Anatomy -- C. Testing at the Bedside -- V. The Parietal Lobes and Their Projections -- A. Left Parietal Lobe -- B. Right Parietal Lobe -- References -- Section V: Genetic Diseases -- Chapter 16: Neurogenetics in Art -- I. Introduction -- II. How Neurogenetic Disease Affected the Artist's Work? -- III. Neurogenetic Disease Depicted in Art -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17: A Naiumlve Artist of St IVES -- I. Introduction -- II. Bryan Pearce -- III. His Painting -- IV. His Sister -- V. Phenylketonuria -- VI. Another Famous Case -- References -- Chapter 18: Van Gogh's Madness -- I. Introduction -- II. His Art -- III. His Illness -- IV. Ear Amputation -- V. His Attacks -- VI. What Disorder Did van Gogh Have? -- A. Epilepsy -- B. Schizophrenia -- C. Neurosyphilis -- D. Bipolar Disorder. , E. Substance Abuse -- F. Menieres Disease -- G. Acute Intermittent Porphyria -- References -- Chapter 19: Absinthe, The Nervous System and Painting -- I. Introduction -- II. Art as a Reflection of Life -- III. Medical Effects of the Absinthe -- IV. Effect of Absinthe on Artistic Expression -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Section VI: Neurologists As Artists -- Chapter 20: Sir Charles Bell, KGH, FRS, FRSE (1774-1842) -- I. Introduction -- II. Charles Bell's Early Years -- III. David Allan (1774-1796) -- IV. Raphael Cartoons Studied by Bell -- V. Corunna Oils in 1809 -- VI. After Corunna in 1809 and Marriage in 1811 -- VII. Waterloo in 1815 and the Watercolors of 1836 -- VIII. After Waterloo -- IX. Italian Tour in 1840 -- X. Death at Hallow Park in Worcestershire -- XI. After Bell -- References -- Section VII: Miscellaneous -- Chapter 21: Peg Leg Frieda -- I. Introduction -- II. Background -- III. Poliomyelitis -- IV. School -- V. Accident and Artist Debut -- VI. Diego Rivera -- VII. Suffering and Painting -- VIII. Disease and Creativity -- Chapter 22: The Deafness of Goya (1746-1828) -- I. Introduction -- II. The Duchess of Alba -- III. What was Goya's Illness? -- IV. Differential Diagnosis -- V. Vogt-Koyanagi Syndrome -- VI. Black Paintings -- References -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- International Review of Neurobiology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contents of Volumes 1-25 -- Subject Index -- Contributor Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Mental Energy and Fatigue : Science and the Consumer -- Chapter 2: Hydration and Brain Function -- Chapter 3: Diet as an Analgesic Modality -- Chapter 4: Breakfast and Adult and Child Behaviors -- Chapter 5: Diet, Physical Activity, and Substrate Oxidation : Implications for Appetite Control, Weight Loss, and Body Composition -- Chapter 6: The Reward Deficiency Hypothesis : Implications for Obesity and Other Eating Disorders -- Chapter 7: Potential Consequences of Obesity on Cognitive Behavior -- Chapter 8: Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss -- Chapter 9: Sweet Taste Preferences and Cravings in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) : Implications for Diet and Medical Management -- Chapter 10: Homocysteine, B Vitamins, and Cognitive Function -- Chapter 11: Creatine, Brain Functioning, and Behavior -- Chapter 12: Theanine, Mood, and Behavior -- Chapter 13: Caffeine : Practical Implications -- Chapter 14: Caffeine Effects on Aggression and Risky Decision Making -- Back Cover.