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  • 1
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    Slope water, Gulf Stream, and seasonal influences on southern Mid-Atlantic Bight circulation during the fall-winter transition (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (2005): C02009, doi:10.1029/2004JC002311.
    Description: Observations from autumn, 2000, near the shelfbreak front in the Middle Atlantic Bight are used to describe the transition from stratified summer conditions to well-mixed winter conditions over the shelf. During the observational period, the front differed dramatically from climatological conditions, with buoyant Gulf Stream water found shoreward over the sub-surface shelfbreak front. Water mass analysis shows a large number of separate water masses with shelf, slope and Gulf Stream origins. The coolest shelf water was located at the shelfbreak and may be related to “cold pool” water masses observed to the north during summer. Shoreward of this shelfbreak water mass, a mid-shelf front was present which intersected the bottom at the 50 m isobath. High volume transports were associated with both the shelfbreak and mid-shelf fronts. Transport estimates from the cross-shelf sections were approximately 1 Sverdrup, which is large relative to previous estimates of shelf transport. The foot of the front was near the 130 m isobath, much deeper than the climatological position near the 75 m isobath, however this is consistent with a recent theory relating the magnitude of alongshelf transport to the depth at which the front intersects the bottom.
    Description: The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the Duke University - University of North Carolina Oceanographic Consortium for ship time aboard the R/V Cape Hatteras. MSL also gratefully acknowledges support from the Office of Naval Research (N00014-01-1-0260).
    Keywords: Shelfbreak front ; Mid-shelf front ; Shelf transport
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Shallow Water ’06 : a joint acoustic propagation/nonlinear internal wave physics experiment (2009)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Oceanography Society, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 20, 4 (2007): 156-167.
    Description: Since the end of the Cold War, the US Navy has had an increasing interest in continental shelves and slopes as operational areas. To work in such areas requires a good understanding of ocean acoustics, coastal physical oceanography, and, in the modern era, autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) operations.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Science under sail : ocean science education program combines traditional vessels with state-of-the-art technology (2009)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Oceanography Society, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 17, 3 (2004): 42-51, doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2004.29.
    Description: Sea Education Association (SEA), located in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, offers introductory oceanographic instruction in the classroom and hands-on research training at sea to create a unique educational experience for undergraduate students and other groups. Founded by Corwith Cramer in 1971, SEA has been taking students to sea for over 30 years, first on the 125-foot research vessel R/V Westward, and now on two custom-built Sailing School Vessels, the 134-foot steel brigantines SSV Corwith Cramer and SSV Robert C. Seamans. SEA vessels have sailed over 800,000 miles in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and educated over 7,000 students in oceanography, nautical science, and in maritime history, literature, and policy. This article describes recent developments and opportunities in oceanographic education and research at SEA.
    Description: The material presented herein is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0087528 (SSV Robert C. Seamans) and Grant No. 0213780 (SSV Corwith Cramer).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    Seasonal characteristics of bottom boundary layer detachment at the shelfbreak front in the Middle Atlantic Bight (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004): C03049, doi:10.1029/2003JC002032.
    Description: The seasonality of various characteristics of the detached bottom boundary layer of the Middle Atlantic Bight shelfbreak front is examined using a collection of high-resolution transects across the front. The analysis follows previous methodology in which accumulated temperature change along isopycnals within the front is used to infer the location of the detached layer. The seasonal mean isopycnal at which detachment occurs (approximately 26.0 kg m−3) is fairly constant throughout the year. However, the vertical scale of the detached layer varies significantly with season, extending 60−80 m above the bottom in winter and spring, but only 20−40 m above the bottom in summer. The vertical scale is controlled by the strength and depth of the seasonal pycnocline. The observations suggest that the detached layer is capable of extending into the euphotic zone during winter and spring.
    Description: This work was funded by the Office of Naval Research under contracts N00014-01-1-0931 (C. L. and G. G.) and N00014-01-1-0772 (C. L. and G. G.) and by the National Science Foundation under grant OCE-0095261 (R. P.)
    Keywords: Bottom boundary layer ; Shelfbreak front ; Middle Atlantic Bight
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    A coastal current in winter : autonomous underwater vehicle observations of the coastal current east of Cape Cod (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (2008): C07030, doi:10.1029/2007JC004306.
    Description: Evolution of the coastal current structure on the shallow continental shelf east of Cape Cod was studied using autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) surveys and moored observations during the winters of 2005 and 2006. A coastally bounded plume of relatively fresh water, characteristic of a coastal current, persisted throughout both winters despite strong mixing. Nondimensional parameter analysis classified the plume as a bottom-trapped gravity current over a moderately steep slope, placing it in the context of other buoyant coastal currents. The range of water properties within the coastal current, its spatial extent and temporal variability were characterized on the basis of the data from repeat hydrographic sections. Along-shore freshwater transport was dominated by highly variable barotropic flow driven by local wind and basin-wide pressure gradients. It eventually contributed substantially to the average southward along-shore freshwater transport, estimated at 1.1 ± 0.3 × 103 m3 s−1 in February and 1.8 ± 0.4 × 103 m3 s−1 in the first half of March 2006. The contribution of baroclinic buoyancy-driven freshwater transport was typically an order of magnitude lower during both winters. Despite the relative weakness of the baroclinic freshwater transport, the coastal current potentially had a major impact on water mass modification during the winter. Continual presence of the low-salinity plume prevented the formation of cold dense water near the coast and its export offshore. The coastal current effectively isolated the inner-shelf zone, reducing its potential role in ventilation of the intermediate layers of the Wilkinson Basin of the Gulf of Maine.
    Description: This work was supported by the Coastal Ocean Institute of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the WHOI SeaGrant Office under grant NA06OAR4170021. G.G. was supported by the Office of Naval Research as part of the AWACS program under grant N00014-05-1-0410. A.S. was supported, in part, by WHOI Post-Doctoral Scholarship.
    Keywords: Coastal current ; Cooling ; Autonomous underwater vehicle
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Pathways of shelf water export from the Hatteras shelf and slope (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 117 (2012): C08023, doi:10.1029/2012JC007995.
    Description: It has long been recognized that a massive flow of Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelf water is exported to the deep ocean in the region near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. We examine the details of this export using data from an extensive array of 26 moorings, deployed over the shelf and slope between Cape Hatteras and the Chesapeake Bay mouth (from 35° 27′ to 36° 40′ N) as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's Ocean Margins Program. Our analysis indicates that the flow of the MAB shelf-edge frontal jet, which typically extends over the MAB slope, falls victim to export over the length of the mooring array, essentially vanishing by the southern extreme of the array. By contrast, the flow of MAB shelf water entering the study region over the inner and middle shelf (to roughly the 40-m isobath) tends to experience very little loss over the extent of the OMP array. Based on our findings and those of previous studies, we hypothesize that this inner and middle shelf flow is diverted seaward upon encountering the Hatteras Front, which separates MAB and South Atlantic Bight shelf waters. Some fraction of this flow appears to return to the OMP array, moving northeastward over the upper slope en route to the deep ocean. Our analysis also suggests that the export of MAB shelf water is enhanced as the Gulf Stream approaches the shelf-edge near Diamond Shoals, a process we deem to be a high priority for future study.
    Description: The Ocean Margins Program was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy through various grants. Our analysis was supported by a grant (OCE-0926999) from the National Science Foundation.
    Description: 2013-02-21
    Keywords: Gulf Stream shelf water interaction ; Hatteras Shelf ; Shelf water export
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Data assimilative modeling investigation of Gulf Stream Warm Core Ring interaction with continental shelf and slope circulation (2014)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119 (2014): 5968–5991, doi:10.1002/2014JC009898.
    Description: A data assimilative ocean circulation model is used to hindcast the interaction between a large Gulf Stream Warm Core Ring (WCR) with the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelf and slope circulation. Using the recently developed Incremental Strong constraint 4D Variational (I4D-Var) data assimilation algorithm, the model assimilates mapped satellite sea surface height (SSH), sea surface temperature (SST), in situ temperature, and salinity profiles measured by expendable bathythermograph, Argo floats, shipboard CTD casts, and glider transects. Model validations against independent hydrographic data show 60% and 57% error reductions in temperature and salinity, respectively. The WCR significantly changed MAB continental slope and shelf circulation. The mean cross-shelf transport induced by the WCR is estimated to be 0.28 Sv offshore, balancing the mean along-shelf transport by the shelfbreak jet. Large heat/salt fluxes with peak values of 8900 W m−2/4 × 10−4 kg m−2 s−1 are found when the WCR was impinging upon the shelfbreak. Vorticity analysis reveals the nonlinear advection term, as well as the residual of joint effect of baroclinicity and bottom relief (JEBAR) and advection of potential vorticity (APV) play important roles in controlling the variability of the eddy vorticity.
    Description: Research support provided through ONR grants N00014-06-1-0739, N00014-10-1-0367, and NSF grant OCE-0927470 is much appreciated. B. Powell was supported by ONR grant N00014-09-10939. K. Chen was supported by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Postdoctoral Scholar Program.
    Description: 2015-03-12
    Keywords: Gulf Stream ; Warm Core Ring ; Shelf circulation ; Data assimilation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Interannual variability of winter-spring temperature in the Middle Atlantic Bight : relative contributions of atmospheric and oceanic processes (2016)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016): 4209–4227, doi:10.1002/2016JC011646.
    Description: Relative contributions between the local atmospheric and oceanic processes on the interannual variability of winter-spring shelf temperature in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) are investigated based on a regional ocean model. The model demonstrates sufficient capability to realistically simulate the interannual temperature changes during 2003–2014. On interannual time scales, the mean winter/spring temperature in the MAB is determined by the combination of the initial temperature at the beginning of the season and the mean cumulative air-sea flux, while the mean cumulative ocean advective flux plays a secondary role. In spite of the overall importance of air-sea flux in determining the winter and spring temperature, the relative contributions between air-sea flux and ocean advective flux on the evolution of the temperature anomaly in each individual year varies. The predictability of spring (April–June) temperature based on winter (January–March) temperature is weak because the temporal decorrelation time scale changes significantly from year to year. Both the highly variable shelf temperature and its decorrelation time scale are affected by the changes in the relative contributions between the air-sea flux and ocean advective flux.
    Description: National Science Foundation Grant Number: OCE-1435602
    Description: 2016-12-18
    Keywords: Interannual variability ; Winter-spring temperature ; Air-sea flux ; Ocean advective flux ; Decorrelation time scale ; Predictability
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    The changing nature of shelf-break exchange revealed by the OOI Pioneer Array (2018)
    The Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 31, no. 1 (2018): 60–70, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2018.110.
    Description: Although the continental shelf and slope south of New England have been the subject of recent studies that address decadal-scale warming and interannual variability of water mass properties, it is not well understood how these changes affect shelf-break exchange processes. In recent years, observations of anomalous shelf and slope conditions obtained from the Ocean Observatories Initiative Pioneer Array and other regional observing programs suggest that onshore intrusions of warm, salty waters are becoming more prevalent. Mean cross-shelf transects constructed from Pioneer Array glider observations collected from April 2014 through December 2016 indicate that slope waters have been warmer and saltier. We examine shelf-break exchange events and anomalous onshore intrusions of warm, salty water associated with warm core rings located near the shelf break in spring 2014 and winter 2017 using observations from the Pioneer Array and other sources. We also describe an additional cross-shelf intrusion of ring water in September 2014 to demonstrate that the occurrence of high-salinity waters extending across the continental shelf is rare. Observations from the Pioneer Array and other sources show warm core ring and Gulf Stream water masses intrude onto the continental shelf more frequently and penetrate further onshore than in previous decades.
    Description: GG, WZ, RT, and MD were supported by the National Science Foundation under grant OCE-1657853. WZ was also supported by grant OCE-1634965. JP is grateful for the support of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Summer Student Fellow Program. AMM was supported by a grant from the MacArthur Foundation. GG and AMM were also supported by a grant from the van Beuren Charitable Foundation for collection and analysis of hydrographic data collected by the CFRF Shelf Research Fleet.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Atmospheric and offshore forcing of temperature variability at the shelf break (2018)
    The Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 31, no. 1 (2018): 72–79, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2018.112.
    Description: Knowledge of heat balance and associated temperature variability in the Northwest Atlantic coastal ocean is important for understanding impacts of climate change such as how ocean warming will affect the management of fisheries. Heat balances are particularly complicated near the edge of the continental shelf, where the cross-shelf temperature gradients within the shelf-break front complicate the competing influences of air-sea flux anomalies versus ocean advection. We review the atmospheric and oceanic processes associated with heat balance over the Northwest Atlantic continental shelf and slope, with an emphasis on the scale-dependent nature of the heat balance. We then use data from the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Pioneer Array to demonstrate heat balance scale dependence at the southern New England shelf break, and the capability of the array to capture multiscale ocean processes. Comparison of the cumulative effects of air-sea heat fluxes measured at the OOI Pioneer Array from May 2015 to April 2016 with the actual temperature change shows the importance of advective processes in overall heat balance near the shelf break.
    Description: KC was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant OCE-1435602 and OCE- 1634094. GG was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant OCE-1657853. AP was supported by the National Science Foundation through the Cooperative Agreement (subaward) SA9-10 from the Consortium for Ocean Leadership to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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