Note: Title Page -- Indice -- Preface -- Gruppo fotografico dei partecipanti al Corso -- GROUND-BASED TECHNIQUES -- The measurement of tropospheric trace gases by long-path absorption: OH and ancillary gases -- Introduction -- Experiment description: OH -- Experiment description: white light -- Summary -- The ground-based measurement of stratospheric trace gases using quantitative millimeter wave emission spectroscopy -- Introduction -- The observational challenge -- Specifying the problem -- Atmospheric absorption of stratospheric signals -- Choice of frequencies for observing -- Observing goals -- Instrumental considerations -- Spectral quality -- Functional operation of a millimeter wave spectrometer -- Scale factor accuracy -- Opacity vs. integration time -- Low-opacity observing sites -- Some further comments on recovery of vertical profiles from line shape deconvolution -- Criteria for observability of molecules in the middle atmosphere -- A short history of radar leading to atmospheric profiling -- Introductory remarks -- Earliest analogs to radar -- A brief history of the development of radio -- A brief history of the development of radar -- A brief history of the development of atmosphere radar technology -- Development of generic radar equations for wind profiling -- General comments -- Derivation of the point-to-point < -- < -- range> -- > -- equation -- Derivation ofthe < -- < -- hard-target> -- > -- radar equation -- Derivation of the < -- < -- soft-target> -- > -- radar equation -- Derivation of the Fresnel reflection radar equation -- General comments -- A simple derivation of the first Fresnel zone -- Derivation of the Fresnel scatter radar equation -- Radar wind profiling -- Introductory comments -- What is a profiler? -- What are the basic principles underlying the profiler technology?. , The radio refractive index of the atmosphere -- Volume scattering coefficient for turbulent scatter -- A basic profiler system -- Examples of specific capabilities of wind profilers -- The use of kites for atmospheric research -- Introduction -- Early history of scientific kite flights -- The Christmas Island kite experiment -- Overview -- Data presentation -- Extrapolation of the Christmas Island results to higher, more prolonged flights -- Measurement systems using the kite as a < -- < -- Skyhook> -- > -- -- Types of sensors and weight considerations -- Payload connection -- Sensor power sources -- Concluding remarks -- AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS -- Sampling of particles and gases from the NASA ER-2 -- Introduction -- Description of the NASA ER-2 -- Sampling requirements and strategies -- Gases -- Aerosol -- Applications of the ER-2 payload -- In situ measurements of stratospheric trace gases from aircraft -- Introduction -- Some properties of the stratosphere that affect in situ measurements -- Guidelines for making meaningful measurements of stratospheric trace gases -- Simultaneous measurements of trace gases -- Simultaneous measurements of a gas that traces atmospheric motion -- Frequency and location of measurements -- Measurements for the NASA ER-2 aircraft -- Instruments on the ER-2 -- Ozone -- Aircraft Laser Infrared Absorption Spectrometer (ALIAS) -- NO and NOy chemiluminescence -- ClO and BrO -- ER-2 instruments as diagnostic tools -- Conclusion -- In situ measurement of tropospheric OH and HO2 by laser-induced fluorescence at low pressure -- Importance of OH and HO2 measurements -- The photochemistry of OH in the troposphere -- Instruments for measuring OH and HO2 -- Instrument design and operation -- Instrument sensitivity -- Minimum detectable OH -- Specificity -- Possible interfering signals -- Calibrations. , Possible chemical loss of OH and HO2 in the instrument -- Detection of H02 -- Detection of tropospheric OH and HO2 -- Design for an aircraft OH/HO2 instrument -- Projected sensitivity for OH and H02 for the aircraft instrument -- Summary -- SPACEBORNE MEASUREMENTS -- UV remote sensing of the Earth's atmosphere -- Introduction -- Background -- Methods for measurement of ozone from space -- Basic physics of UV nadir sounding -- Theoretical UV reflectivity of the Earth's atmosphere -- Single-scattering case -- Multiple scattering -- Ozone profile retrievals -- Total-ozone soundings -- Total-ozone retrieval method -- Two absorber retrievals -- Kerr algorithm -- Satellite data -- Nadir-sounding instrument designs -- BUV-type instruments -- SBUV instruments -- TOMS instruments -- TOMS design requirements -- Satellite characteristics -- Ground resolution -- Optical design -- Wavelength selection -- Spectrometer and detector -- Foreoptics -- Total-ozone calibration -- Sulfur dioxide calibration -- Sulfur dioxide measurement precision -- Sulfur dioxide validation -- Total-ozone results -- Comparison with BUV sampling -- Short-term spatial variations in total ozone -- Long-period variations in ozone -- Ozone trends -- Ozone holes -- Sulfur dioxide results -- Volcano-climate relations -- Satellite occultation measurements of the Earth's atmosphere using SAM II, SAGE and SAGE II -- Introduction -- Solar-occultation technique -- Limb transmission and optical depth -- Instrumentation -- Inversion analysis -- Highlights of SAM II, SAGE and SAGE II observations -- Volcanic aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds -- Ozone hole and ozone trends -- Water vapor and clouds -- Concluding remarks -- Far-infrared remote sensing of the Earth's atmosphere -- Introduction -- The spectrum of the atmosphere -- Instrumentation -- Fourier transform spectroscopy. , Fabry-Perot spectroscopy -- Far-infrared remote sensing -- Balloon-borne observations -- Instrumentation -- Limb sounding -- Minor constituents -- Data analysis -- The forward problem -- The inverse problem -- Laboratory spectroscopy -- Space applications -- THEORY AND ANALYSIS -- Satellite temperature retrievals in the stratosphere and the quality for trend detection -- Introduction -- NOAA satellite temperature retrievals -- Comparisons with ground-based rocktsonde data -- Analysis gridding procedures -- Data quality -- Summary -- Comparisons of satellite and ground-based temperature profiles -- Introduction -- Compatibility between Datasonde adjusted NMC analyses and LIDAR temperatures at OHP and CEL -- Comparison of NMC analyses and temperature lidar observations including consideration of the atmospheric diurnal cycle -- Summary -- Trends of stratospheric ozone and temperature -- Introduction -- Statistical methodology -- Ozonesonde and rawinsonde trend results -- Umkehr aerosol considerations -- Umkehr trend comparisons -- SBUV, SBUV/2 ozone profile trends -- Summary -- Ozone trends from TOMS data -- Introduction -- The TOMS instrument -- Statistics of total-ozone data from TOMS -- Recent trends in total ozone from TOMS -- Summary -- Trajectory modelling -- Introduction -- Trajectory models -- Conservation properties -- Numerical modelling -- Isentropic vs. quasi-isentropic -- Comparison with observations -- Modern uses of trajectory models -- Mixing and transport -- Dynamical modelling -- Chemical modelling -- Trajectory mapping -- Injected pollutants -- Summary -- Gravity waves in the troposphere -- Introduction -- The mathematical model -- Linear theory: plane-wave solution -- Linear theory: large-Rossby-number flow -- General case -- Isothermal and constant-background-wind case -- The Boussinesq approximation. , Linear theory: Rossby number of order-one flow -- Stability analysis -- Wave-turbulence interactions -- The phase-averaging operator and the equations of motions -- Turbulence -- Gravity wave-convection interactions -- Gravity wave generation mechanisms -- Appendix.