Note: Intro -- About Island Press/ SCOPE -- SCOPE Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Colorplates, Figures, Tables, Boxes, and Appendixes -- Colorplates -- Foreword -- Ackowledgments -- Ch 1: The Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Humans, Climate, and the Natural World -- Part I: Crosscutting Issues -- Ch 2: Current Status and Past Trends of the Global Carbon Cycle -- Ch 3: The Vulnerability of the Carbon Cycle in the 21st Century: An Assessment of Carbon-Climate-Human Interactions -- Ch 4: Scenarios, Targets, Gaps, and Costs -- Ch 5: A Portfolio of Carbon Management Options -- Ch 6: Interactions between CO2 Stabilization Pathways and Requirements for a Sustainable Earth System -- Part II: Overview of the Carbon Cycle -- Ch 7: A Paleo-Perspective on Changes in Atmospheric CO2 and Climate -- Ch 8: Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Sources and Sinks of Carbon Dioxide -- Ch 9: Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases -- Ch 10: Climate--Carbon Cycle Interactions -- Ch 11: Socioeconomic Driving Forces of Emissions Scenarios -- Part III: The Carbon Cycle of the Oceans -- Ch 12: Natural Processes Regulationg the Ocean Uptake of CO2 -- Ch 13: Variability and Climate Feedback Mechanisms in Ocean Uptake of CO2 -- Part IV: The Carbon Cycle of the Land -- Ch 14: A Primer on the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle: What We Don't Know But Should -- Ch 15: Geographic and Temporal Variation of Carbon Exchange by Ecosystems and Their Sensitivity to Environmnetla Perturbation -- Ch 16: Current Consequences of Past Actions: How to Separate Direct from Indirect -- Part V: The Carbo Cycle of Land--Ocean Margins -- Ch 17: Pathways of Atmospheric CO2 through Fluvual Systems -- Ch 18: Exchanges of Carbon in the Coastal Seas -- Part VI: Humans and the Carbon Cycle -- Ch 19: Pathwaysof the Regional Development and the Carbon Cycle. , Ch 20: Social Change and CO2 Stabilization: Moving away from the Carbon Cultures -- Ch 21: Carbon Transport through International Commerce -- Part VII: Purposeful Carbon Management -- Ch 22: Near- and Long-Term Climate Change Mitigation Potential -- Ch 23: Unanticipated Consequences: Thinking about Ancillary Benefits and Costs of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation -- Ch 24: International Policy Framework on Climate Change: Sinks in Recent International Agreements -- Ch 25: A Multi-Gas Approach to Climate Policy -- Ch 26: Storage of Carbon Dioxide by Greening the Oceans? -- Ch 27: Direct Injection of CO2 in the Ocean -- Ch 28: Engineered Biological Sinks on Land -- Ch 29: Abatement of Nitrous Oxide, Methane, and the Other Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases: The Need for a Systems Approach -- List of Contributors -- SCOPE Series List -- SCOPE Executive Committee 2001-2004 -- Index -- Island Press Board of Directors.

Note: Cover -- Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- I Foreword and Preface -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- II Summary for Policy makers -- SPM Summary for Policymakers -- Drafting Authors: -- This Summary for Policymakers should be cited as: -- A. Context -- B. Observations of Exposure, Vulnerability, Climate Extremes,Impacts, and Disaster Losses -- Exposure and Vulnerability -- Climate Extremes and Impacts -- Disaster Losses -- C. Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation to Climate Change: Past Experience with Climate Extremes -- D. Future Climate Extremes, Impacts, and Disaster Losses -- Climate Extremes and Impacts -- Human Impacts and Disaster Losses -- E. Managing Changing Risks of Climate Extremes and Disasters -- Implications for Sustainable Development -- III Chapters 1 to 9 -- Chapter 1: Climate Change: New Dimensions in Disaster Risk, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Resilience -- This chapter should be cited as: -- Table of Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.1.1. Purpose and Scope of the Special Report -- 1.1.2. Key Concepts and Definitions -- 1.1.2.1. Definitions Related to General Concepts -- 1.1.2.2. Concepts and Definitions Relating to Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation to Climate Change -- 1.1.2.3. The Social Construction of Disaster Risk -- 1.1.3. Framing the Relation between Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management -- 1.1.4. Framing the Processes of Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation to Climate Change -- 1.1.4.1. Exceptionality, Routine, and Everyday Life -- 1.1.4.2. Territorial Scale, Disaster Risk, and Adaptation -- 1.2. Extreme Events, Extreme Impacts, and Disasters. , 1.2.1. Distinguishing Extreme Events, Extreme Impacts, and Disasters -- 1.2.2. Extreme Events Defined in Physical Terms -- 1.2.2.1. Definitions of Extremes -- 1.2.2.2. Extremes in a Changing Climate -- 1.2.2.3. The Diversity and Range of Extremes -- 1.2.3. Extreme Impacts -- 1.2.3.1. Three Classes of Impacts -- 1.2.3.2. Complex Nature of an Extreme 'Event' -- 1.2.3.3. Metrics to Quantify Social Impacts and the Management of Extremes -- 1.2.3.4. Traditional Adjustment to Extremes -- 1.3. Disaster Management, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Risk Transfer -- 1.3.1. Climate Change Will Complicate Management of Some Disaster Risks -- 1.3.1.1. Challenge of Quantitative Estimates of Changing Risks -- 1.3.1.2. Processes that Influence Judgments about Changing Risks -- 1.3.2. Adaptation to Climate Change Contributes to Disaster Risk Management -- 1.3.3. Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation to Climate Change Share Many Concepts, Goals, and Processes -- 1.4. Coping and Adapting -- 1.4.1. Definitions, Distinctions, and Relationships -- 1.4.1.1. Definitions and Distinctions -- 1.4.1.2. Relationships between Coping, Coping Capacity, Adaptive Capacity, and the Coping Range -- 1.4.2. Learning -- 1.4.3. Learning to Overcome Adaptation Barriers -- 1.4.4. 'No Regrets,' Robust Adaptation, and Learning -- References -- Chapter 2: Determinants of Risk: Exposure and Vulnerability -- This chapter should be cited as: -- Table of Contents -- Executive Summary -- 2.1. Introduction and Scope -- 2.2. Defining Determinants of Risk: Hazard, Exposure, and Vulnerability -- 2.2.1. Disaster Risk and Disaster -- 2.2.2. The Factors of Risk -- 2.3. The Drivers of Vulnerability -- 2.4. Coping and Adaptive Capacities -- 2.4.1. Capacity and Vulnerability -- 2.4.2. Different Capacity Needs -- 2.4.2.1. Capacity to Anticipate Risk -- 2.4.2.2. Capacity to Respond. , 2.4.2.3. Capacity to Recover and Change -- 2.4.3. Factors of Capacity: Drivers and Barriers -- 2.5. Dimensions and Trends of Vulnerability and Exposure -- 2.5.1. Environmental Dimensions -- 2.5.1.1. Physical Dimensions -- 2.5.1.2. Geography, Location, Place -- 2.5.1.3. Settlement Patterns and Development Trajectories -- 2.5.1.3.1. The urban environment -- 2.5.1.3.2. The rural environment -- 2.5.2. Social Dimensions -- 2.5.2.1. Demography -- 2.5.2.1.1. Migration and displacement -- 2.5.2.1.2. Social groups -- 2.5.2.2. Education -- 2.5.2.3. Health and Well-Being -- 2.5.2.4. Cultural Dimensions -- 2.5.2.5. Institutional and Governance Dimensions -- 2.5.3. Economic Dimensions -- Work and Livelihoods -- 2.5.4. Interactions, Cross-Cutting Themes, and Integrations -- 2.5.4.1. Intersectionality and Other Dimensions -- 2.5.4.2. Timing, Spatial, and Functional Scales -- 2.5.4.2.1. Timing and timescales -- 2.5.4.2.2. Spatial and functional scales -- 2.5.4.3. Science and Technology -- 2.6. Risk Identification and Assessment -- 2.6.1. Risk Identification -- 2.6.2. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment -- 2.6.3. Risk Communication -- 2.7. Risk Accumulation and the Nature of Disasters -- References -- Chapter 3: Changes in Climate Extremes and their Impacts on the Natural Physical Environment -- This chapter should be cited as: -- Table of Contents -- Executive Summary -- 3.1. Weather and Climate Events Related to Disasters -- 3.1.1. Categories of Weather and Climate Events Discussed in this Chapter -- 3.1.2. Characteristics of Weather and Climate Events Relevant to Disasters -- 3.1.3. Compound (Multiple) Events -- 3.1.4. Feedbacks -- 3.1.5. Confidence and Likelihood of Assessed Changes in Extremes -- 3.1.6. Changes in Extremes and Their Relationship to Changes in Regional and Global Mean Climate -- 3.1.7. Surprises / Abrupt Climate Change. , 3.2. Requirements and Methods for Analyzing Changes in Extremes -- 3.2.1. Observed Changes -- 3.2.2. The Causes behind the Changes -- 3.2.2.1. Human-Induced Changes in the Mean Climate that Affect Extremes -- 3.2.2.2. How to Attribute a Change in Extremes to Causes -- 3.2.3. Projected Long-Term Changes and Uncertainties -- 3.2.3.1. Information Sources for Climate Change Projections -- 3.2.3.2. Uncertainty Sources in Climate Change Projections -- 3.2.3.3. Ways of Exploring and Quantifying Uncertainties -- 3.3. Observed and Projected Changes in Weather and Climate Extremes -- 3.3.1. Temperature -- Observed Changes -- Causes of Observed Changes -- 3.3.2. Precipitation -- Observed Changes -- Causes of Observed Changes -- Projected Changes and Uncertainties -- 3.3.3. Wind -- 3.4. Observed and Projected Changes in Phenomena Related to Weather and Climate Extremes -- 3.4.1. Monsoons -- 3.4.2. El Niño-Southern Oscillation -- 3.4.3. Other Modes of Variability -- 3.4.4. Tropical Cyclones -- Observed Changes -- Causes of the Observed Changes -- Projected Changes and Uncertainties -- 3.4.5. Extratropical Cyclones -- 3.5. Observed and Projected Impacts on the Natural Physical Environment -- 3.5.1. Droughts -- Observed Changes -- Causes of the Observed Changes -- Projected Changes and Uncertainties -- 3.5.2. Floods -- 3.5.3. Extreme Sea Levels -- 3.5.4. Waves -- 3.5.5. Coastal Impacts -- 3.5.6. Glacier, Geomorphological, and Geological Impacts -- 3.5.7. High-latitude Changes Including Permafrost -- 3.5.8. Sand and Dust Storms -- References -- Chapter 4: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extremes: Human Systems and Ecosystems -- This chapter should be cited as: -- Table of Contents -- Executive Summary -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Climatic Extremes in Natural and Socioeconomic Systems -- 4.2.1. How Do Climate Extremes Impact on Humans and Ecosystems?. , 4.2.2. Complex Interactions among Climate Events, Exposure, and Vulnerability -- 4.3. System- and Sector-Based Aspects of Vulnerability, Exposure, and Impacts -- 4.3.1. Introduction -- 4.3.2. Water -- 4.3.3. Ecosystems -- 4.3.3.1. Heat Waves -- 4.3.3.2. Drought -- 4.3.3.3. Floods -- 4.3.3.4. Other Events -- 4.3.4. Food Systems and Food Security -- 4.3.5. Human Settlements, Infrastructure, and Tourism -- 4.3.5.1. Human Settlements -- 4.3.5.2. Infrastructure -- 4.3.5.3. Tourism -- 4.3.6. Human Health, Well-Being, and Security -- 4.4. Regionally Based Aspects of Vulnerability, Exposure, and Impacts -- 4.4.1. Introduction -- 4.4.2. Africa -- 4.4.2.1. Introduction -- 4.4.2.2. Droughts and Heat Waves -- 4.4.2.3. Extreme Rainfall Events and Floods -- 4.4.2.4. Dust Storms -- 4.4.3. Asia -- 4.4.3.1. Tropical Cyclones (Typhoons or Hurricanes) -- 4.4.3.2. Flooding -- 4.4.3.3. Temperature Extremes -- 4.4.3.4. Droughts -- 4.4.3.5. Wildfires -- 4.4.4. Central and South America -- 4.4.4.1. Extreme Rainfalls in South America -- 4.4.4.2. Wildfires -- 4.4.4.3. Regional Costs -- 4.4.5. Europe -- 4.4.5.1. Introduction -- 4.4.5.2. Heat Waves -- 4.4.5.3. Droughts and Wildfires -- 4.4.5.4. Coastal Flooding -- 4.4.5.5. Gale Winds -- 4.4.5.6. Flooding -- 4.4.5.7. Landslides -- 4.4.5.8. Snow -- 4.4.6. North America -- 4.4.6.1. Introduction -- 4.4.6.2. Heat Waves -- 4.4.6.3. Drought and Wildfire -- 4.4.6.4. Inland Flooding -- 4.4.6.5. Coastal Storms and Flooding -- 4.4.7. Oceania -- 4.4.7.1. Introduction -- 4.4.7.2. Temperature Extremes -- 4.4.7.3. Droughts -- 4.4.7.4. Wildfire -- 4.4.7.5. Intense Precipitation and Floods -- 4.4.7.6. Storm Surges -- 4.4.8. Open Oceans -- 4.4.9. Polar Regions -- 4.4.9.1. Introduction -- 4.4.9.2. Warming Cryosphere -- 4.4.9.3. Floods -- 4.4.10. Small Island States -- 4.5. Costs of Climate Extremes and Disasters. , 4.5.1. Framing the Costs of Extremes and Disasters.

Note: Front Cover -- Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1. Introduction: Questions of Scale -- I. Scaling from Ecophysiology -- II. The Art of Scaling -- III. Some New Dimensions -- References -- Part I: Integrating Spatial Patterns -- Chapter 2. Concepts of Scale at the Local Level -- I. Introduction -- II. The Ecosystem as an Abstraction -- III. There Is No Correct Scale, but There May Be Scaling Laws -- IV. Relevance to Ecological Problems -- V. Theories and Bases for Scaling -- VI. Program for Research on Scaling in Terrestrial Systems -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3. Spatial Information for Extrapolation of Canopy Processes: Examples from FIFE -- I. Introduction -- II. Experiment Overview -- III. A Priori Stratification -- IV. Digital Elevation Model-Based a Priori Stratification -- V. Regression-Tree Stratification -- VI. Scale Dependence in GVI and Terrain Variables -- VII. Spatial Analysis of Flux Measurements -- VIII. Lessons for Physiological Ecology -- IX. Conclusion -- X. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II: Leaf to Ecosystem Level Integration -- Chapter 4. Scaling Processes between Leaf and Canopy Levels -- I. Introduction -- II. What Is Scaling and Why Do It? -- III. Issues in Scaling from Leaf to Canopy -- IV. Can an Investigative Paradigm from Physics Be Applied Directly to Biology? -- V. Scaling in Fluid Dynamics -- VI. Comprehensive Plant-Environment Models -- VII. Examples of Scaling Leaf Photosynthesis to Canopy Photosynthesis -- VIII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 5. Scaling Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide Exchange from Leaves to a Canopy: Rules and Tools -- I. Introduction -- II. Literature Overview -- III. Basic Scaling Rules. , IV. Leaf to Canopy Scaling: Linking Transpiration and Photosynthesis with Their Microenvironment -- V. What Information Is Needed to Scale CO2 and Water Vapor Exchange from a Leaf to a Canopy? -- VI. Can Information on Leaf CO2 and Water Vapor Exchange Be Extended to the Canopy Scale? -- VII. Concluding Comments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6. Prospects for Bottom-Up Models -- I. What Are Bottom-Up Models? -- II. Problems -- III. Top-Down Models: An Alternative Approach -- IV. Bottom-Up Models and Scaling -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. Scaling Ecophysiology from the Plant to the Ecosystem: A Conceptual Framework -- I. Introduction -- II. Role of Modeling -- III. Scaling Issues and Hierarchy Theory -- IV. Examples of Model Aggregation -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 8. Generalization of a Forest Ecosystem Process Model for Other Biomes, BIOME-BGC, and an Application for Global-Scale Models -- I. Introduction -- II. Lessons Learned in the Evolution of Forest-BGC and RESSys -- III. BIOME-BGC Development -- IV. Global Scale Application Using BIOME-BGC -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9. How Ecophysiologists Can Help Scale from Leaves to Landscapes -- I. Role of Ecophysiologists -- II. Promising Research Areas -- III. Landscape Ecology -- IV. Challenges for the Future -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III: Global Constraints and Regional Processes -- Chapter 10. Global Dynamics and Ecosystem Processes: Scaling Up or Scaling Down? -- I. Introduction -- II. From Physiology to Ecosystem -- III. From Ecosystem to Global Scale -- IV. Global Measurements to Ecosystem Mechanisms -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 11. Observational Strategy for Assessing the Role of Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Globa' Carbon Cycle: Scaling Down to Regional Levels -- I. Introduction. , II. Atmospheric Concentration Gradients and Transport Modeling -- III. General Requirements for Measurements -- IV. Methods for Monitoring the Carbon Cycle on the Continents -- V. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12. Forests in the Global Carbon Balance: From Stand to Region -- I. Introduction -- II. Carbon Balance Concept -- III. Methodology for Determining Enhanced Sources and Sinks -- IV. Current Enhanced Sources -- V. Current Enhanced Sinks -- VI. Historical Trend of the Global Terrestrial Sink -- VII. Carbon Dioxide Fertilization -- VIII. Moving Forward -- IX. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13. Prospects for Scaling -- I. Introduction -- II. Approaches and Guidelines -- References -- Part IV: Functional Units in Ecology -- Chapter 14. Scaling in Biological Systems: Population and Community Perspectives -- I. Introduction -- II. Individual Plants as Members of Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems -- III. Global Change, Resource Augmentation, and the Response of Individuals and Populations: Are There General Patterns? -- IV. Models as Tools for Scaling: Single Individual and Single Species Models without Competition -- V. Models with Competition and among Neighbors: A Step closer to Natural Ecosystems -- VI. Factors That Can Compromise the Simplicity of Models -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15. Scaling at the Population Level: Effects of Species Composition and Population Structure -- I. Introduction -- II. When to Consider the Population Level in the Context of Scaling -- III. Patchiness and the Gap Paradigm -- IV. Why Simplify? -- V. How to Simplify -- VI. Spatial and Temporal Dependencies -- VII. Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 16. Functional Role of Growth Forms in Ecosystem and Global Processes -- I. Introduction. , II. Physiological Basis of Adaptive Strategies -- III. Ecological Controls over Adaptive Strategies -- IV. Ecosystem Consequences of Growth Forms -- V. Growth Form-Ecosystem Feedbacks -- VI. Remote Sensing of Growth Forms and Ecosystem Function -- VII. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 17. Grouping Plants by Their Form-Function Characteristics as an Avenue for Simplification in Scaling between Leaves and Landscapes -- I. Introduction -- II. Form-Function Relationship in Plants -- III. Grouping Rationale -- IV. Grouping Criteria -- V. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part V: Integrating Technologies for Scaling -- Chapter 18. Applications of Stable Isotopes to Scaling Biospheric Photosynthetic Activities -- I. Introduction -- II. Sources: The Importance of Isotopic Composition of Water in the Metabolic Compartments of Leaves -- III. Gradients: The Interpretation of Gradients in Isotopic Composition and Their Value as Integrators of Photosynthetic Fluxes -- IV. Partitioning: Evaluating Photosynthetic Pathways within Ecosystems, Carbon Allocation below Ground, and Integration with Nitrogen Fixation -- V. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 19. Remote Sensing of Ecological Processes: A Strategy for Developing and Testing Ecological Models Using Spectral Mixture Analysis -- I. Introduction -- II. Relevant Ecological Measurements -- III. Current Approaches to Remote Sensing -- IV. Conclusions -- V. Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 20. New Technologies for Physiological Ecology -- I. Introduction -- II. Discussion -- References -- Index -- Physiological Ecology.

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index

Note: Titel storniert, 25.11.2014