Note: Front Cover -- Geological Records of Tsunamis and Other Extreme Waves -- Geological Records of Tsunamis and Other Extreme Waves -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Preface -- 1 -Introduction -- 1 - Geological records of tsunamis and other extreme waves: concepts, applications and a short history of research -- Introduction -- Disciplinary background -- A short history of paleotsunami research -- Scope of the book -- Outline of the book -- Concluding remarks -- References -- 2 - Historical records: their importance in understanding and mitigating tsunamis -- Introduction -- Catalogues and databases -- Historical records: importance and limitation -- References -- 3 - Tsunami magnitude scales -- Introduction -- Tsunami magnitude scales: an overview -- Relation between tsunami magnitude and intensity -- Possibilities and limitations of tsunami magnitude scales -- Applicability of tsunami magnitude, Mt, to the case of October 25, 2018, earthquake -- Discussion and conclusions -- References -- 4 - Trigger mechanisms and hydrodynamics of tsunamis -- Trigger mechanisms -- Earthquakes -- Landslides -- Volcanism -- Impacts -- Complex trigger -- Hydrodynamics -- Propagation of tsunamis -- Wave deformation in shallow waters (shoaling) -- Inundation and runup -- Backwash -- References -- 5 - Tsunami databases -- Introduction -- Definition -- Database development -- Problems -- Challenges to creating a global tsunami database -- Paleotsunami data -- Structure -- Definition -- Validity -- Other attributes -- Opportunities -- References -- 6 - Onshore archives of tsunami deposits -- Introduction -- Onshore archives of tsunami deposits -- Low-lying coastal plains -- Marshes and estuaries -- Swales within beach-ridge plains -- Lagoons -- Coastal lakes -- Coastal sediment sections -- Beaches (back-beach environments) -- Caves. , Summary -- References -- 2 -Field methods -- 7 - Geophysical prospection and sedimentological characteristics of subaquatic tsunami deposits -- Introduction -- Why do we need research on offshore tsunami deposits? -- Methods to detect offshore tsunami deposits -- Sidescan sonar -- Multibeam echosounder -- Reflection seismic -- LiDAR measurements -- Sampling of offshore tsunami deposits -- Diagnostic criteria of offshore tsunami deposits -- Distribution of offshore tsunami deposits: case studies from different regions -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 - Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in coastal hazard studies -- Introduction -- The GPR technique -- Theory of GPR and its application in coastal environments -- Data collection and processing -- Recent advancements -- Types of surveys -- Processing -- GPR use in studying past storms and tsunamis -- Erosional records -- Other research areas of methodology development -- Thin-bed studies -- Use of amplitude variation with offset (AVO) -- Multiconfiguration surveys -- Attribute analysis -- 3D modeling of GPR data -- Conclusions -- References -- 9 - Mapping of subaerial coarse clasts -- Introduction -- Aerial and satellite imagery -- Single-point to multi-point measurements -- Photogrammetry and Structure-from-Motion -- Laser scanning -- Point-cloud analysis -- Summary -- References -- 10 - Post-event field surveys -- Introduction and aims -- Overview of how to approach the development, deployment and activity of a post-event field survey -- Before the survey -- During the survey -- After the survey -- Summary reflections on the tasks/issues associated with organizing and undertaking a post-event field survey -- On the evolving "tool kit" of methods available to support post-event field surveys, including those from the broader geolo. , Reflections on the tensions and challenges a post-event field survey team leader might encounter -- Meeting my own and other's expectations -- Time -- Dealing with the unexpected -- Difficult emotions -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 -Fine-grained deposits -- 11 - The sedimentology and geometry of fine-grained tsunami deposits from onshore environments -- Introduction -- Methods -- Fine-grained onshore tsunami deposits -- Depositional features -- Horizontal trends -- Grain-size distribution -- Stratification -- Accumulation of components -- Vertical structures -- Asymmetrical structures that indicate flow direction -- Soft-sediment deformation -- Erosional features -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 - Foraminifera in tsunami deposits -- Characteristics of coastal foraminifera -- Field methods -- Modern foraminifera sampling -- Tsunami and paleotsunami foraminifera sampling -- Laboratory methods -- Sample preparation and foraminiferal analysis -- Foraminifera taxonomy -- Foraminifera test size -- Foraminifera taphonomy -- Statistical techniques -- Example application of foraminifera to tsunami studies -- Current challenges -- Summary of foraminifera use in tsunami research -- References -- 13 - Ostracoda in extreme-wave deposits -- Introduction -- Who are the Ostracoda? -- Taxonomy -- Distribution -- Preservation and taphonomy -- Methods -- Field-based methods -- Baseline ostracod fauna and ecologies -- Deposit sampling -- Lab-based methods -- Post-laboratory methods -- Distinguishing between overwash mechanisms -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 - Diatoms in tsunami deposits -- Introduction: physical and ecological characteristics of diatoms -- Diatoms in tsunami deposits -- Allochthonous diatoms in tsunami deposits, indicators for sediment provenance -- Diatoms as indicators of tsunami runup extent. , Sorting of diatom valves in tsunami deposits -- Preservation of diatom valves in tsunami deposits -- Comparison of diatoms in tsunami and storm-surge deposits -- Recommendations for investigating a candidate tsunami deposit -- Field work and data collection -- Laboratory processing and analyses -- Appendix 1: common diatoms reported in tsunami deposits -- Appendix 2: published criteria for identifying tsunami deposits using diatoms -- Appendix 3: diatom slide preparation and counting -- Appendix 4: assessment of diatom preservation -- References -- 15 - The application of molluscs for investigating tsunami deposits -- Introduction -- The use of molluscs in paleotsunami research -- Characteristics of mollusc species assemblages in tsunami deposits -- Paleo-current flow direction -- Infaunality as a proxy for erosion depth -- Shell size -- Taphonomic processes -- Shell material -- Taphonomic characteristics -- Differences between coastal and offshore settings -- Geochemical analysis -- Differentiating between tsunami and storm deposits -- Conclusions -- References -- 16 - Magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility: versatile tools to decipher hydrodynamic ch ... -- Introduction -- The principles of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility -- Magnetic susceptibility of tsunami deposits -- Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility -- Methodology -- Sediment sampling in the field -- Caution and limits -- Sediment sampling in the laboratory -- Field experiments -- Laboratory measurements -- Contribution of MS/AMS to deciphering tsunami deposits -- Environmental magnetism of tsunami deposits -- Magnetic signatures of tsunami deposits -- Limitations and perspectives -- Contribution of AMS to reconstruct the hydrodynamic conditions for the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami flooding at Banda Aceh, Su ... -- Limitations of the method -- Conclusions. , References -- 17 - X-ray tomography applied to tsunami deposits -- Principles of X-ray tomography -- Application to tsunami deposits -- Sampling strategy -- Image analysis -- X-ray anatomy of tsunami deposits -- Internal structure of the deposit and bedforms -- Soft and fine-grained fraction: soil and mud -- Vertical trends of grain size -- Sedimentary fabric -- Distribution of heavy minerals -- Distribution of marine bioclasts -- Conclusions -- References -- 18 - Applications of geochemical proxies in paleotsunami research -- Introduction -- Methods -- Field sampling -- Analytical methods -- Examples and significance of geochemical proxies -- Onshore deposits -- Marine indicators (shell hash, marine carbonate, also seawater) -- Indicators of source material (proxy for mineral composition) -- Grain-size indicator (Zr/K, Rb and K, Si/(K+Ti)) -- Seawater influence and post-diagenetic formation of pyrite (TC, TS, Fe and S) -- Indicator of source material (terrestrial vs. marine/beach) and geochronological marker -- Stable isotopes and C/N -- Biomarkers/organic compounds -- DNA -- Offshore deposits -- Current challenges and potentialities -- Conclusions -- References -- 19 - Microtextures in tsunami deposits: a useful sediment fingerprinting tool -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Laboratory procedure -- Microtextural semi-quantitative classification -- Shape analysis -- Automated microtextural classification -- Case studies -- Boca do Rio (Portugal) -- Arauco and Mataquito (Chile) -- Conclusions -- References -- 20 - Paleogenetic approaches in tsunami deposit studies -- Background -- Pioneering metabarcoding applications in paleotsunami research -- Protocols for sampling and analysis -- Sediment sampling and storage -- Establishment of databases and significance of reference material -- DNA extraction procedures. , Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and development of specific PCR primers.