Note: Cover -- Marine Plankton: A Practical Guide to Ecology, Methodology, and Taxonomy -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of Contributors -- General Introduction -- Plates -- Section I. Ecology -- Chapter 1. The Marine Environment -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Circulation of the North Atlantic -- 1.3 Fronts and Eddies -- 1.4 Mixed Layer Depth and Stratification -- 1.5 Long-term Variability of Ocean and Atmosphere Circulation -- 1.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2. Plankton Biodiversity and Biogeography -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Marine Biodiversity -- 2.3 Main Characteristics of the Marine Pelagic Realm -- 2.3.1 Climatic factors -- 2.3.2 Marine environmental factors -- 2.3.3 Macronutrients -- 2.3.4 High nutrient low chlorophyll areas -- 2.4 Plankton Distribution and Partition of the Pelagic Realm -- 2.5 Spatial Patterns in Plankton Biodiversity -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3. Phytoplankton Productivity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Resources Needed by Phytoplankton -- 3.2.1 Photosynthetically active radiation and inorganic carbon -- 3.2.2 Nutrient elements: introduction -- 3.2.3 Nitrogen -- 3.2.4 Phosphorus -- 3.2.5 Iron -- 3.3 Limiting the Loss of Resources -- 3.3.1 Loss of dissolved organic matter by 'healthy' cells -- 3.3.2 Respiratory losses of carbon dioxide -- 3.3.3 Virally induced cell lysis -- 3.3.4 Grazing -- 3.3.5 Sinking -- 3.4 Genetic Adaptation and Phenotypic Acclimation to Habitats -- 3.5 Productivity -- 3.5.1 Methodology -- 3.5.2 Local variations -- 3.5.3 Global summation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4. Zooplankton Productivity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 What is secondary production? -- 4.2 Rates of Biological Processes in the Plankton -- 4.3 Measuring Zooplankton Growth and Productivity -- 4.3.1 Background -- 4.3.2 Growth rates -- 4.3.3 Production of progeny. , 4.3.4 Cohort methods -- 4.3.5 Moult rate methods -- 4.3.6 Biochemical methods -- 4.4 Mechanistic and Empirical Frameworks -- 4.5 The Future -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5. Phytoplankton Biogeochemical Cycles -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 The biological carbon pump -- 5.2 Seasonal Variability -- 5.2.1 Regional variability -- 5.2.2 Balancing the budget -- 5.2.3 Inorganic nutrient cycling -- 5.3 The Nitrogen Cycle -- 5.4 The Phosphorus Cycle -- 5.5 Nutrient Limitation -- 5.6 Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Plankton Mediated Biogeochemical Cycles -- 5.6.1 Increasing sea surface temperature -- 5.6.2 Increasing seawater carbon dioxide concentrations -- 5.6.3 Interactions between increasing temperature and increasing carbon dioxide -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6. Zooplankton Biogeochemical Cycles -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Grazing, Metabolism, and Nutrient Cycling -- 6.2.1 Grazing -- 6.2.2 Metabolism and contribution to requirements for phytoplankton growth -- 6.2.3 Elemental stoichiometry and nutrient cycling -- 6.3 Zooplankton and the Biological Pump -- 6.3.1 Zooplankton particle production -- 6.3.2 Vertical migration and active transport -- 6.3.3 Mesopelagic and deep-sea processes -- 6.4 Human- or Climate-influenced Changes in Zooplankton-mediated Biogeochemical Cycling -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7. Plankton and Global Change -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Sensitivity of plankton to global change -- 7.1.2 Temperature effects on the pelagic habitat -- 7.2 Global Change and Plankton Populations -- 7.2.1 Climate variability and plankton abundance in the North Atlantic -- 7.2.2 Biogeographical and phenological changes -- 7.2.3 Biodiversity and invasive species -- 7.2.4 Other anthropogenic pressures on plankton populations -- 7.3 Summary and Monitoring Change -- References. , Chapter 8. Plankton and Fisheries -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Estimating Fish Population Size, Variability and Location from Ichthyoplankton -- 8.3 Dependence of Fish on Plankton -- 8.4 End-to-end Modelling, from Physics to Fish -- 8.5 The 'Recruitment Problem' and the Relationship Between Plankton and Fisheries Production -- References -- Section II. Methodology -- Chapter 9. Sampling, Preservation and Counting of Samples I: Phytoplankton -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Phytoplankton Sampling Methods -- 9.2.1 Qualitative and semi-quantitative methods -- Advantages/Disadvantages -- 9.2.2 Quantitative methods -- Subsurface water samplers -- Advantages/Disadvantages -- 9.3 Sample Analysis -- 9.3.1 Sample fixation -- 9.3.2 Utermöhl method -- 9.4 Automated/Semi-Automated Systems -- Note on data archiving -- 9.5 Molecular Methodologies -- 9.5.1 Molecular fingerprinting methods: measuring plankton community changes -- Advantages/Disadvantages -- 9.5.2 Identifying protists de novo from environmental DNA using clone library sequencing and next-generation sequencing -- Advantages/Disadvantages: clone library versus next-generation sequencing -- 9.5.3 Molecular probes (methods to obtain information on the occurrence of selected species) -- Advantages/Disadvantages -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10. Sampling, Preservation and Counting of Samples II: Zooplankton -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Sampling Systems -- 10.2.1 Net systems -- Non-opening/closing nets -- Simple opening/closing nets -- High-speed samplers -- Neuston samplers -- Planktobenthos plankton nets -- Closing cod-end systems -- Multiple net systems -- Moored plankton collection systems -- 10.2.2 Optical systems -- Image-forming systems mounted on non-opening/closing nets -- Stand-alone image-forming systems -- Holographic systems -- Particle-detection systems -- 10.2.3 High-frequency acoustics. , 10.3 Intercomparison of Zooplankton Sampling Systems -- 10.4 Preservation of Samples -- 10.4.1 Preservation for sample enumeration and taxonomic morphological analysis -- 10.4.2 Preservation of samples for genetic analysis -- 10.5 Analysis of Samples -- 10.5.1 Determination of biomass, taxonomic composition, and size by traditional methods -- Biomass measures -- Taxa identification and counting -- Size-frequency measurements -- Multiple sample use -- 10.5.2 Genetic analysis of zooplankton samples -- Integrative morphological-molecular taxonomy -- Population genetics, phylogeography and phylogeny -- Environmental sequencing and metagenetic analysis -- Genomics -- Transcriptomics -- References -- Section III. Taxonomy -- Introduction to Taxonomy -- 1.1 General Introduction -- 1.2 The 'Tree of Life' -- 1.3 Scope and Structure of the Taxonomy Chapters -- 1.4 Definition of the Geographical Habitat of the Species -- 1.5 Limitations of This Guide -- References -- Part I. Phytoplankton -- Phytoplankton: Diatoms -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life Cycle -- 3 General Morphology -- 3.1 Pennate diatoms -- 3.2 Centric diatoms -- 4 Ecology and Distribution -- 5 Systematics -- References -- Phytoplankton: Dinoflagellates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Description -- 2.1 Thecate dinoflagellates -- 2.2 Athecate dinoflagellates -- 3 Life Cycle -- 4 How to Identify Dinoflagellates -- 5 Ecology and Distribution -- 6 Harmful Species -- 7 Systematics -- Thecate dinoflagellates -- Athecate Dinoflagellates -- References -- Phytoplankton: Flagellates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life Cycle -- 3 General Description -- 4 Ecology and Distribution -- 5 Toxic Species -- 6 Systematics -- References -- Appendix 1: Terminology used in the description of phytoplankton flagellates -- Part 2. Zooplankton -- Protozooplankton: Ciliates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life Cycle -- 3 General Morphology. , 4 Ecology and Distribution -- 5 How to Identify Ciliophora -- 6 Systematics -- References -- Protozooplankton: Radiolaria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life Cycle -- 3 Ecology and Distribution -- 4 General Morphology -- 5 How to Identify Radiolaria -- 6 Systematics -- References -- Protozooplankton: Foraminifera -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life Cycle -- 3 Ecology and Distribution -- 4 How to Identify Foraminifera -- 4.1 Class Monothalamea -- 4.2 Class Tubothalamea -- 4.3 Class Globothalamea -- 5 Systematics -- References -- Cnidaria: Scyphozoa and Non-colonial Hydrozoa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life cycle -- 3 Ecology -- 4 General morphology -- 5 Systematics -- References -- Cnidaria: Colonial Hydrozoa (Siphonophorae) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life Cycle -- 3 Ecology -- 4 General Morphology -- 5 Systematics -- References -- Ctenophora -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life Cycle -- 3 Ecology -- 4 General Morphology -- 5 Systematics -- References -- Crustacea: Introduction -- Introduction to Crustacea -- References -- Crustacea: Copepoda -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life Cycle -- 3 Ecology -- 4 General Morphology -- 4.1 Body segmentation -- 4.2 Appendages -- 5 Systematics -- 5.1 Key characters for identification of copepods -- References -- Crustacea: Branchiopoda -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life Cycle -- 3 Ecology -- 4 General Morphology -- 5 Systematics -- References -- Crustacea: Cirripedia and Facetotecta -- 1 Introduction -- Cirripedia -- 2 Life Cycle -- 3 Ecology -- 4 General Morphology -- 4.1 The nauplius larva -- 4.2 The cyprid larva -- 4.3 How to identify cirriped larvae -- Naupliar stages -- Naupliar species -- Cyprid -- 5 Systematics -- Facetotecta -- 1 Life Cycle -- 2 Ecology -- 3 General Morphology -- 3.1 Nauplius -- 3.2 Cyprid -- References -- Crustacea: Ostracoda -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life Cycle -- 3 Ecology -- 4 General Morphology -- 5 Systematics -- References. , Crustacea: Decapoda.

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