Note: Front Cover -- Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Physical and Numerical Aspects -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Preface of the First Edition -- I Fundamentals -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objective -- 1.2 Importance of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics -- 1.3 Distinguishing Attributes of Geophysical Flows -- 1.4 Scales of Motions -- 1.5 Importance of Rotation -- 1.6 Importance of Stratification -- 1.7 Distinction between the Atmosphere and Oceans -- 1.8 Data Acquisition -- 1.9 The Emergence of Numerical Simulations -- 1.10 Scales Analysis and Finite Differences -- 1.11 Higher-Order Methods -- 1.12 Aliasing -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 2 The Coriolis Force -- 2.1 Rotating Framework of Reference -- 2.2 Unimportance of the Centrifugal Force -- 2.3 Free Motion on a Rotating Plane -- 2.4 Analogy and Physical Interpretation -- 2.5 Acceleration on a Three-Dimensional Rotating Planet -- 2.6 Numerical Approach to Oscillatory Motions -- 2.7 Numerical Convergence and Stability -- 2.7.1 Formal Stability Definition -- 2.7.2 Strict Stability -- 2.7.3 Choice of a Stability Criterion -- 2.8 Predictor-Corrector Methods -- 2.9 Higher-Order Schemes -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 3 Equations of Fluid Motion -- 3.1 Mass Budget -- 3.2 Momentum Budget -- 3.3 Equation of State -- 3.4 Energy Budget -- 3.5 Salt and Moisture Budgets -- 3.6 Summary of Governing Equations -- 3.7 Boussinesq Approximation -- 3.8 Flux Formulation and Conservative Form -- 3.9 Finite-Volume Discretization -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 4 Equations Governing Geophysical Flows -- 4.1 Reynolds-Averaged Equations -- 4.2 Eddy Coefficients -- 4.3 Scales of Motion -- 4.4 Recapitulation of Equations Governing Geophysical Flows -- 4.5 Important Dimensionless Numbers -- 4.6 Boundary Conditions -- 4.6.1 Kinematic Conditions. , 4.6.2 Dynamic Conditions -- 4.6.3 Heat, Salt, and Tracer Boundary Conditions -- 4.7 Numerical Implementation of Boundary Conditions -- 4.8 Accuracy and Errors -- 4.8.1 Discretization Error Estimates -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 5 Diffusive Processes -- 5.1 Isotropic, Homogeneous Turbulence -- 5.1.1 Length and Velocity Scales -- 5.1.2 Energy Spectrum -- 5.2 Turbulent Diffusion -- 5.3 One-Dimensional Numerical Scheme -- 5.4 Numerical Stability Analysis -- 5.5 Other One-Dimensional Schemes -- 5.6 Multi-Dimensional Numerical Schemes -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 6 Transport and Fate -- 6.1 Combination of Advection and Diffusion -- 6.2 Relative Importance of Advection: The Peclet Number -- 6.3 Highly Advective Situations -- 6.4 Centered and Upwind Advection Schemes -- 6.5 Advection-Diffusion with Sources and Sinks -- 6.6 Multidimensional Approach -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- II Rotation Effects -- 7 Geostrophic Flows and Vorticity Dynamics -- 7.1 Homogeneous Geostrophic Flows -- 7.2 Homogeneous Geostrophic Flows Over an Irregular Bottom -- 7.3 Generalization to Nongeostrophic Flows -- 7.4 Vorticity Dynamics -- 7.5 Rigid-Lid Approximation -- 7.6 Numerical Solution of the Rigid-Lid Pressure Equation -- 7.7 Numerical Solution of the Streamfunction Equation -- 7.8 Laplacian Inversion -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 8 The Ekman Layer -- 8.1 Shear Turbulence -- 8.1.1 Logarithmic Profile -- 8.1.2 Eddy Viscosity -- 8.2 Friction and Rotation -- 8.3 The Bottom Ekman Layer -- 8.4 Generalization to Nonuniform Currents -- 8.5 The Ekman Layer over Uneven Terrain -- 8.6 The Surface Ekman Layer -- 8.7 The Ekman Layer in Real Geophysical Flows -- 8.8 Numerical Simulation of Shallow Flows -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 9 Barotropic Waves -- 9.1 Linear wave dynamics. , 9.2 The Kelvin Wave -- 9.3 Inertia-Gravity Waves (Poincér Waves) -- 9.4 Planetary Waves (Rossby Waves) -- 9.5 Topographic Waves -- 9.6 Analogy between Planetary and Topographic Waves -- 9.7 Arakawa's Grids -- 9.8 Numerical Simulation of Tides and Storm Surges -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 10 Barotropic Instability -- 10.1 What Makes a Wave Grow Unstable? -- 10.2 Waves on Shear Flow -- 10.3 Bounds on Wave Speeds and Growth Rates -- 10.4 A Simple Example -- 10.5 Nonlinearities -- 10.6 Filtering -- 10.7 Contour Dynamics -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- III Stratification Effects -- 11 Stratification -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Static Stability -- 11.3 A Note on Atmospheric Stratification -- 11.4 Convective Adjustment -- 11.5 The Importance of Stratification: The Froude Number -- 11.6 Combination of Rotation and Stratification -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 12 Layered Models -- 12.1 From Depth to Density -- 12.2 Layered Models -- 12.3 Potential Vorticity -- 12.4 Two-Layer Models -- 12.5 Wind-Induced Seiches in Lakes -- 12.6 Energy Conservation -- 12.7 Numerical Layered Models -- 12.8 Lagrangian Approach -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 13 Internal Waves -- 13.1 From Surface to Internal Waves -- 13.2 Internal-wave Theory -- 13.3 Structure of an Internal Wave -- 13.4 Vertical Modes and Eigenvalue Problems -- 13.4.1 Vertical Eigenvalue Problem -- 13.4.2 Bounds on Frequency -- 13.4.3 Simple Example of Constant N2 -- 13.4.4 Numerical Decomposition into Vertical Modes -- 13.4.5 Waves Concentration at a Pycnocline -- 13.5 Lee Waves -- 13.5.1 Radiating Waves -- 13.5.2 Trapped Waves -- 13.6 Nonlinear Effects -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 14 Turbulence in Stratified Fluids -- 14.1 Mixing of Stratified Fluids -- 14.2 Instability of a Stratified Shear Flow: The Richardson Number. , 14.3 Turbulence Closure: k-Models -- 14.4 Other Closures: k-ε and k-klm -- 14.5 Mixed-layer Modeling -- 14.6 Patankar-Type Discretizations -- 14.7 Wind Mixing and Penetrative Convection -- 14.7.1 Wind Mixing -- 14.7.2 Penetrative Convection -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- IV Combined Rotation and Stratification Effects -- 15 Dynamics of Stratified Rotating Flows -- 15.1 Thermal Wind -- 15.2 Geostrophic Adjustment -- 15.3 Energetics of Geostrophic Adjustment -- 15.4 Coastal Upwelling -- 15.4.1 The Upwelling Process -- 15.4.2 A Simple Model of Coastal Upwelling -- 15.4.3 Finite-Amplitude Upwelling -- 15.4.4 Variability of the Upwelling Front -- 15.5 Atmospheric Frontogenesis -- 15.6 Numerical Handling of Large Gradients -- 15.7 Nonlinear Advection Schemes -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 16 Quasi-Geostrophic Dynamics -- 16.1 Simplifying Assumption -- 16.2 Governing Equation -- 16.3 Length and Timescale -- 16.4 Energetics -- 16.5 Planetary Waves in a Stratified Fluid -- 16.6 Some Nonlinear Effects -- 16.7 Quasi-Geostrophic Ocean Modeling -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 17 Instabilities of Rotating Stratified Flows -- 17.1 Two Types of Instability -- 17.2 Inertial Instability -- 17.3 Baroclinic Instability-the Mechanism -- 17.4 Linear Theory of Baroclinic Instability -- 17.5 Heat Transport -- 17.6 Bulk Criteria -- 17.7 Finite-Amplitude Development -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 18 Fronts, Jets and Vortices -- 18.1 Fronts and Jets -- 18.1.1 Origin and Scales -- 18.1.2 Meanders -- 18.1.3 Multiple Equilibria -- 18.1.4 Stretching and Topographic Effects -- 18.1.5 Instabilities -- 18.2 Vortices -- 18.3 Turbulence -- 18.4 Simulations of Geostrophic Turbulence -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- V Special Topics -- 19 Atmospheric General Circulation -- 19.1 Climate Versus Weather. , 19.2 Planetary Heat Budget -- 19.3 Direct and Indirect Convective Cells -- 19.4 Atmospheric Circulation Models -- 19.5 Brief Remarks on Weather Forecasting -- 19.6 Cloud Parameterizations -- 19.7 Spectral Methods -- 19.8 Semi-Lagrangian Methods -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 20 Oceanic General Circulation -- 20.1 What Drives the Oceanic Circulation -- 20.2 Large-Scale Ocean Dynamics (Sverdrup Dynamics) -- 20.2.1 Sverdrup Relation -- 20.2.2 Sverdrup Transport -- 20.2.3 Thermal Wind and Beta Spiral -- 20.2.4 A Bernoulli Function -- 20.2.5 Potential Vorticity -- 20.3 Western Boundary Currents -- 20.4 Thermohaline Circulation -- 20.4.1 Subduction -- 20.4.2 Ventilated Thermocline Theory -- 20.4.3 Scaling of the Main Thermocline -- 20.5 Abyssal Circulation -- 20.6 Models -- 20.6.1 Coordinate Systems -- 20.6.2 Subgrid-Scale Processes -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 21 Equatorial Dynamics -- 21.1 Equatorial Beta Plane -- 21.2 Linear Waves Theory -- 21.3 El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) -- 21.3.1 The Ocean -- 21.3.2 The Atmosphere -- 21.3.3 The Coupled Model -- 21.4 ENSO Forecasting -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- 22 Data Assimilation -- 22.1 Need for Data Assimilation -- 22.2 Nudging -- 22.3 Optimal Interpolation -- 22.4 Kalman Filtering -- 22.5 Inverse Methods -- 22.6 Operational Models -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- VI Web site Information -- A. Elements of Fluid Mechanics -- A.1 Budgets -- A.2 Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates -- A.3 Equations in Spherical Coordinates -- A.4 Vorticity and Rotation -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercise -- B. Wave Kinematics -- B.1 Wavenumber and Wavelength -- B.2 Frequency, Phase Speed, and Dispersion -- B.3 Group Velocity and Energy Propagation -- Analytical Problems -- Numerical Exercises -- C. Recapitulation of Numerical Schemes. , C.1 The Tridiagonal System Solver.

Note: Physical Oceanography of the Adriatic Sea Past, Present and Future -- Editor's page -- Copyright -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS -- Chapter 1 OVERVIEW -- Chapter 2 FORCINGS -- Chapter 3 CIRCULATION -- Chapter 4 ADRIATIC DEEP WATER AND INTERACTION WITH THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA -- Chapter 5 NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA -- Chapter 6 REGIONAL STUDIES -- Chapter 7 TIDES, SEICHES AND LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS -- Chapter 8 TOWARD THE FUTURE -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- Data, Statistics, and Useful Numbers for Environmental Sustainability -- Data, Statistics, and Useful Numbers for Environmental Sustainability: Bringing the Numbers to Life -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 - Materials -- 1.1 Metals -- 1.1.1 Aluminum -- 1.1.2 Copper and its alloys -- 1.1.3 Iron and Steel -- 1.1.4 Lead -- 1.1.5 Magnesium -- 1.1.6 Nickel -- 1.1.7 Specialty and precious metals -- 1.1.8 Zinc -- 1.2 Plastics and rubber -- 1.3 Paper and cardboard -- 1.4 Chemicals -- 1.5 Shaping of materials -- 1.5.1 Primary shaping processes -- 1.5.2 Polymer shaping -- 1.6 Miscellaneous materials -- Sources -- 2 - Water -- 2.1 Hydrological cycle -- 2.2 Energy for water -- 2.3 Water consumption -- 2.4 Wastewater -- Sources -- 3 - Energy -- 3.1 Units -- 3.2 Solar energy -- 3.3 Energy generation -- 3.3.1 Solid fuels -- 3.3.2 Liquid fuels -- 3.3.3 Gaseous fuels -- 3.3.4 Compost -- 3.3.5 Animal manure -- 3.3.6 Other biological matter -- 3.3.7 Photovoltaic cells -- 3.3.8 Wind turbines -- 3.4 Energy conversion -- 3.4.1 Electricity generation -- 3.4.2 Internal combustion engine -- 3.4.3 Electric motor/Alternator -- 3.4.4 Fuel cells -- 3.4.5 Biomass to ethanol -- 3.4.6 Oil crops to biodiesel -- 3.4.7 Efficiency factors -- 3.5 Energy storage -- 3.5.1 Batteries -- 3.5.2 Hydrogen -- 3.5.3 Pumped hydro -- 3.5.4 Compressed air -- 3.6 Energy transport -- 3.6.1 Electrical transmission -- 3.6.2 Pipelines and oil tankers -- 3.7 Energy consumption -- 3.7.1 Transportation -- 3.7.2 Buildings -- 3.7.3 Food -- 3.7.4 Human activities -- Sources -- 4 - Pollutants and greenhouse gases -- 4.1 Common pollutants -- 4.2 Greenhouse gases -- 4.3 Carbon footprints -- 4.3.1 Per person as function of affluence -- 4.3.2 Transportation fuels -- 4.3.3 Heating fuels -- 4.3.4 Electricity generation -- 4.3.5 Materials -- 4.3.6 Buildings -- 4.3.7 Food. , 4.4 Carbon sequestration and offsets -- 4.4.1 Trees and other biomass -- 4.4.2 Underground injection -- Sources -- 5 - Transportation -- 5.1 Land transport -- 5.1.1 Land transport of people -- 5.1.2 Land transport of freight by road -- 5.1.3 Land transport of freight by rail -- 5.2 Air transport -- 5.2.1 Passenger air travel -- 5.2.2 Airfreight -- 5.3 Water transport -- 5.3.1 Passengers on ferry boat -- 5.3.2 Freight on inland water -- 5.3.3 Freight on seawater -- 5.4 Pipelines -- 5.5 Electric cars -- 5.6 Bicycling versus driving -- Sources -- 6 - Buildings -- 6.1 Sizes -- 6.1.1 Single-family house -- 6.1.2 Commercial buildings -- 6.2 Materials -- 6.2.1 Thermal resistance values -- 6.2.2 Embodied energy -- 6.3 Energy and carbon footprint during use -- 6.3.1 Single-family house -- 6.3.2 Commercial buildings -- 6.3.3 Electricity consumption -- 6.4 Water consumption during use -- 6.5 Demolition -- Sources -- 7 - Electronics and computers -- 7.1 Integrated circuits (microchips) -- 7.2 Printed circuit boards -- 7.3 Computers -- 7.3.1 Total life cycle -- 7.3.2 Manufacturing -- 7.3.3 Use -- 7.3.4 End of life -- 7.3.4.1 Reuse -- 7.3.4.2 Recycling -- 7.3.4.3 Disposal -- 7.4 Personal electronics -- 7.4.1 Smartphones -- 7.4.2 Wearables -- 7.5 Other electronic equipment -- 7.5.1 Computer accessories -- 7.5.2 Printers and photocopiers -- 7.5.3 Display screens and televisions -- 7.5.4 Radios, digital cameras, headsets, and other consumer electronics -- 7.5.5 Musical instruments and music players -- 7.5.6 3D printers -- 7.5.7 Toys -- Sources -- 8 - Information and internet -- 8.1 Internet infrastructure -- 8.1.1 Data centers -- 8.1.2 Internet of Things -- 8.1.3 Optical fibers -- 8.2 Communications -- 8.2.1 Electronic messaging -- 8.2.2 Smartphone use -- 8.2.3 Cellular telephone towers -- 8.3 Internet usage and digital consumption -- 8.3.1 Web searches. , 8.3.2 Social media -- 8.3.3 Consumption of digital information -- 8.3.4 Videoconferencing -- 8.3.5 e-Commerce -- 8.3.6 Online advertising -- 8.3.7 Platform economy -- 8.3.7.1 Ride-hailing companies -- 8.3.7.2 Craft and vintage goods -- Sources -- 9 - Humans and their needs -- 9.1 Population -- 9.2 Types of footprints -- 9.3 Shelter -- 9.4 Food -- 9.5 Clothing -- 9.6 Household activities -- 9.7 Human energy -- Sources -- 10 - Risks -- 10.1 Units -- 10.2 Lifetime risks -- 10.3 Activities of equal risks -- 10.4 Environmental risk assessment -- 10.4.1 Noncancer risk -- 10.4.2 Cancer risk -- Sources -- 11 - Waste, packaging, and recycling -- 11.1 Municipal solid waste -- 11.2 Packaging -- 11.3 Electrical and electronic equipment -- 11.4 Construction waste -- 11.5 Recycling -- 11.5.1 Energy savings from recycling -- 11.5.2 Greenhouse gas and other savings from recycling -- 11.6 Methane capture -- 11.7 Composting -- 11.8 Waste in the ocean -- Sources -- 12 - Industries -- 12.1 Agriculture, livestock, and food industry -- 12.1.1 Land and water use -- 12.1.2 Production efficiency and impacts -- 12.1.3 Water footprints -- 12.1.4 Specific foods -- 12.1.5 Wine industry -- 12.2 Automobile industry -- 12.2.1 Manufacturing -- 12.2.2 End of life -- 12.3 Building construction -- 12.4 Chemical industry -- 12.4.1 Toxic release inventories -- 12.4.2 Accidents -- 12.5 Consumer products -- 12.5.1 Furniture -- 12.5.2 Personal hygiene -- 12.5.3 Beverages -- 12.5.4 Tobacco -- 12.6 Energy industry -- 12.7 Healthcare -- 12.7.1 Healthcare facilities -- 12.7.2 Pharmaceuticals -- 12.8 Media and entertainment -- 12.8.1 Printing industry -- 12.8.2 Film and television industry -- 12.8.3 Music industry -- 12.9 Oil and gas industry (Petrochemical industry) -- 12.9.1 Onshore extraction -- 12.9.2 Offshore extraction -- 12.9.3 Oil spills -- 12.9.4 Refineries and distribution. , 12.10 Paper industry -- 12.10.1 Paper versus plastic -- 12.11 Service industry -- 12.11.1 Travel, tourism, and hospitality -- 12.11.2 Retail -- 12.12 Textile industry -- Sources -- 13 - Making the numbers speak -- 13.1 Yardsticks for distances -- 13.2 Yardsticks for volumes -- 13.3 Energy and carbon emissions as cars on/off the road -- 13.4 Energy and carbon emissions as homes -- 13.5 Carbon footprint equivalencies -- 13.6 Paper as trees -- Sources -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- Back Cover.

Note: Literaturverz. S. 303 - 312

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index. - Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke , Part 1, Fundamentals: Introduction ; The Coriolis force ; Equations of fluid motion ; Equations governing geophysical flows ; Diffusive processes ; Transport and fate -- Part 2, Rotation effects: Geostrophic flows and vorticity dynamics ; The Ekman layer ; Barotropic waves ; Barotropic instability -- Part 3, Stratification effects: Stratification ; Layered models ; Internal waves ; Turbulence in stratified fluids -- Part 4, Combined rotation and stratification effects: Dynamics of stratified rotating flows ; Quasi-geostrophic dynamics ; Instabilities of rotating stratified flows ; Fronts, jets and vortices -- Part 5, Special topics: Atmospheric general circulation ; Oceanic general circulation ; Equatorial dynamics ; Data assimilation -- Part 6, Web site information: Elements of fluid mechanics ; Wave kinematics ; Recapitulation of numerical schemes.