Note: Front Cover -- Arsenic Speciation in Algae -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors to volume 85 -- Series editor´s preface -- Preface -- Chapter One: Occurrence, distribution, and significance of arsenic speciation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of arsenic in environment -- 3. Distribution of arsenic compounds in various environmental compartments -- 3.1. Arsenic in soils -- 3.2. Arsenic in waters -- 3.3. Arsenic in atmosphere -- 3.4. Arsenic in biota -- 4. Behaviour and effects of arsenic compounds -- 5. Significance and importance of arsenic speciation -- References -- Chapter Two: Biogeochemical cycling, speciation and transformation pathways of arsenic in aquatic environments with the e ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of arsenic in the environment -- 2.1. Minerals and rock-forming minerals -- 3. Arsenic in natural waters: Abundance and distribution -- 3.1. Aqueous arsenic distribution and speciation -- 3.1.1. River water -- 3.1.2. Lake water -- 3.1.3. Seawater and estuaries -- 3.1.4. Groundwater -- 3.1.5. Sediment pore waters -- 3.1.6. Oilfield and other brines -- 4. Distribution of arsenic species in water bodies -- 5. Health effects of arsenic -- 6. Biogeochemical cycling of arsenic: Role of different factors -- 7. Arsenic contamination of groundwater: Possible mechanisms -- 8. Speciation of arsenic in water -- 8.1. Thiolated arsenic species -- 9. Speciation and pathways of arsenic transformation in plants and microorganisms -- 9.1. Role of microorganisms in arsenic speciation -- 9.2. Arsenic interaction with algae -- 9.3. Possible factors impacting arsenic interaction with algae -- 9.4. Sorption of arsenic on algal surface -- 9.5. Uptake/absorption of arsenic by algal tissues -- 9.6. Arsenite oxidation by algae -- 9.7. Algal arsenate reduction -- 10. Generation of methylated species of arsenic in algae and microorganisms. , 11. Conclusions and future perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter Three: Sampling and sample processing: Fit-for-purpose techniques -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sampling -- 2.1. The purpose of sampling plans -- 2.1.1. Environmental conditions -- 2.1.2. Biological state of the algae to be sampled -- 2.2. Examples of studies that describe sampling designs -- 2.2.1. Seaweeds -- 2.2.2. Freshwater algae -- 2.2.3. Cultured algae for human consumption -- 2.2.4. Cultured algae for bioremediation purposes -- 2.3. Sampling, storage, and transport conditions -- 3. Processing of fresh algal samples in the laboratory -- 3.1. Taxonomic identification of algae and selection of algal tissues -- 3.2. Cleaning and removal of epiphytes -- 3.3. Drying, powdering, and homogenizing samples -- 3.4. Moisture determination -- 4. Extraction of arsenic species -- 4.1. Extraction of arsenic compounds from the water-soluble fraction of algal tissues -- 4.1.1. Selective extraction of arsenosugars -- 4.1.2. Extraction of other groups of compounds -- 4.2. Extraction of arsenic compounds from the lipid fraction of algal tissues -- 4.3. Selective extraction of inorganic arsenic from algae -- 4.4. Extract storage conditions -- 4.5. Clean-up -- 5. Final remarks -- References -- Chapter Four: Separation methods applied to arsenic speciation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) -- 2.1. Ion exchange chromatography (IEC) -- 2.1.1. Separation mechanism -- 2.1.2. Application -- 2.2. Ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography (IP-RPLC) -- 2.2.1. Separation mechanism -- 2.2.2. Application -- 2.3. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) -- 2.3.1. Separation mechanism -- 2.3.2. Application -- 2.4. Other liquid chromatography -- 2.4.1. Reversion phase chromatography -- 2.4.2. Affinity chromatography -- 3. Gas chromatography (GC). , 3.1. Gas chromatography mechanism and instrumentation -- 3.2. Application of GC in arsenic speciation -- 3.2.1. Derivatization techniques -- 3.2.2. Other strategies based on GC for arsenic speciation -- 4. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) -- 4.1. Capillary electrophoresis mechanism and instrumentation -- 4.2. On-column preconcentration techniques -- 4.3. Application -- 5. Non-chromatographic strategies -- 5.1. Hydride generation (HG) -- 5.2. Liquid liquid extraction -- 5.3. Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) -- 5.3.1. Single-drop microextraction (SDME) -- 5.3.2. Hollow fibre liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) -- 5.3.3. Solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME) -- 5.3.4. Dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME) -- 5.3.5. Other LLME methods -- 5.4. Solid phase extraction -- 5.4.1. Carbon-based nanometre-size material -- 5.4.2. Silica-based nanometre-size material -- 5.4.3. Metal oxide nanometre-sized material -- 5.4.4. Polymers materials -- 5.4.5. Magnetic materials -- 5.5. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) -- 5.5.1. Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) -- 5.5.2. Capillary microextraction (CME) -- 5.5.3. Fibre SPME -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Five: Analytical approaches for proteomics and lipidomics of arsenic in algae -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Arsenic compounds or arsenic species present in the marine environment and their potential health risks -- 3. Arsenic metabolism by algae and the importance of resulting metabolites -- 4. Lipidomic approaches for identification of lipophilic arsenic species -- 4.1. Overview of lipidomics -- 4.2. Sample preparation -- 4.3. Analytical methods and data analysis -- 4.4. Limitations -- 5. Proteomic analysis to evaluate metabolic strategies of algae under arsenic-induced stress -- 5.1. Overview of proteomics -- 5.2. Sample preparation -- 5.3. Analytical methods and data analysis. , 6. Current understanding and future trends -- References -- Chapter Six: Arsenic speciation in algae: Case studies in Europe -- 1. Introduction -- 2. European legislation -- 3. Analytical advances -- 4. Food safety -- 5. Environmental studies -- References -- Chapter Seven: Arsenic speciation in Asiatic algae: Case studies in Asiatic continent -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Arsenic concentration in algae -- 3. Arsenic speciation in algae -- 3.1. Inorganic arsenicals -- 3.2. Methylarsenicals -- 3.3. Organoarsenicals -- 3.3.1. Arsenosugars -- 3.3.2. Arsenolipids -- 3.3.3. Arsenobetaine and arsenocholine -- 3.3.4. Dimethylarsenoethanol and dimethylarsenoacetate -- 3.3.5. Thioarsenicals -- 4. Biotransformation of arsenic species in algae -- 4.1. Arsenite oxidation -- 4.2. Arsenate reduction -- 4.3. Arsenic methylation and demethylation -- 4.4. Arsenosugars formation -- 4.5. Arsenolipids formation -- 5. Conclusions and prospects -- References -- Chapter Eight: Arsenic speciation in algae: Case studies in American Continent -- 1. Arsenic on algae: Introductory aspects -- 2. Analytical methods for the determination of different As-species in algae -- 3. Toxic effects of arsenic associated with algae -- 3.1. Antecedents -- 3.2. Arsenic toxicity mechanisms -- 4. Studies on arsenic in algae in the American Continent -- 4.1. Algae consumption in America and other countries -- 4.2. Arsenic content in American seaweed -- 4.3. Studies on As-content in freshwater algae and seaweed, performed in some American countries and Antarctic Continent -- 5. Recommendation and future studies -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter Nine: Arsenic speciation in a variety of seaweeds and associated food products -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The production of macroalgae for food products -- 3. Uptake and accumulation of arsenicals by various seaweeds. , 4. The impact of arsenicals in marine algae commonly used as food for humans -- 5. As speciation in edible seaweeds -- 5.1. Thiolated species -- 5.2. Arsenosugars -- 5.3. Arsenolipids -- 5.4. Arsenobetaine -- 6. The bioaccessible fraction of arsenic in seaweed -- 7. Health concerns of As in seaweeds -- 8. Consumption of seaweeds and species of particular concern -- 8.1. Effects of seaweed processing on As speciation -- 8.2. Effects of seaweed cooking on As speciation -- 9. Seaweed supplements -- 10. Global legislation and quality control -- 11. Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.