Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introducing the Book -- 1 Introduction to "Water Resources Management in Balkan Countries" -- Abstract -- 1.1 Balkan Countries: A Brief Background -- 1.1.1 Romania -- 1.1.2 Slovenia -- 1.1.3 Croatia -- 1.1.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 1.1.5 Serbia -- 1.1.6 Bulgaria -- 1.1.7 North Macedonia -- 1.1.8 Greece -- 1.1.9 Montenegro and Albania -- 1.1.9.1 Montenegro -- 1.1.9.2 Albania -- 1.2 Technical Aspects of Chapters Water Resources in Balkan Countries -- 1.2.1 Danube Delta Biosphere -- 1.2.2 Water Resources Management in Slovenia -- 1.2.3 Water Resource Management in Croatia -- 1.2.4 Water Resource Management in Bosna and Herzegovina -- 1.2.5 Water Resource Management in Serbia -- 1.2.6 Water Resource Management in Bulgaria -- 1.2.7 Water Resource Management in North Macedonia -- 1.2.8 Water Resources Management in Greece -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve-Long-Term Assessment of Water Quality -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Anthropogenic Pressures in the DDBR in the Last Half-Century -- 2.3 Legislation -- 2.4 Physical-Chemical Assessment-Trends and Evolution -- 2.5 Biological Assessment-Trends and Evolution -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Water Resources Management in Slovenia -- 3 Water Resources in Slovenia -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Surface Water -- 3.3 Groundwater -- 3.4 The Adriatic Sea -- 3.5 Hydrological Natural Hazards -- 3.6 Water Management -- 3.7 Further Insights and Some Views on the Future -- 3.8 Conclusion -- 3.9 Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Induced Riverbank Filtration (IRBF) for Managed Artificial Groundwater Recharge (MAR) in Slovenia -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Vrbanski Plato-Deep Aquifer -- 4.2.1 General Information of the Vrbanski Plato Aquifer. , 4.2.2 Active Protection System (MAR) with Induced Riverbank Filtration -- 4.2.3 Implementation of a Groundwater Flow and Transport Model -- 4.2.4 Results of the Water Management Scenarios -- 4.3 Apače Field-Shallow Aquifer -- 4.3.1 General Information of the Apače Field Aquifer -- 4.3.2 Public Water Supply System for Pomurje-Sistem C -- 4.3.3 Pumping Station Segovci -- 4.3.4 Pumping Station Podgrad -- 4.3.5 Implementation of Groundwater Flow Model -- 4.3.6 Results of the Groundwater Flow Model -- 4.4 Conclusion -- 4.5 Recommendation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Water Resource Management in Croatia -- 5 Groundwater Resources in Croatia -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Hydrogeologic Characteristics -- 5.3 Renewable Groundwater Reserves -- 5.4 Groundwater Withdrawal -- 5.5 A Strategic View on Groundwater Reserves -- 5.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 6 Water Quality Status of Croatian Surface Water Resources -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Water Quality Status of Croatian Rivers -- 6.1.2 Water Quality Status of Croatian Lakes -- 6.1.3 Water Quality Pressures -- 6.1.3.1 Point Pollution -- 6.1.3.2 Diffuse Pollution -- 6.2 Water Quality Status of Water Bodies in the Danube River Basin -- 6.2.1 Small and Medium Rivers -- 6.2.2 Large Rivers -- 6.2.3 Lakes and Reservoirs -- 6.3 Water Quality Status of Water Bodies in the Adriatic Sea Basin -- 6.3.1 Small and Medium Rivers -- 6.3.2 Large Rivers -- 6.3.3 Lakes and Reservoirs -- 6.4 Conclusion -- 6.5 Recommendations -- References -- 7 Surface Water Resources and Their Management in Croatia -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Water Balance Components -- 7.3 Rivers -- 7.4 Lakes -- 7.5 Water Resources Utilization -- 7.5.1 Communal Water Supply -- 7.5.2 Agriculture -- 7.5.3 Hydropower -- 7.5.4 Inland Waterways -- 7.6 Water Resources Management System. , 7.7 Flood Protection in Croatia -- 7.8 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Water Resource Management in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8 Water Resources in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Abstract -- 8.1 Historical Overview of Water Management in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8.2 Natural Features of B& -- H -- 8.3 Climate Characteristics of BiH -- 8.3.1 Air Temperature -- 8.3.2 Precipitation -- 8.4 Basic Characteristics of Waters of Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8.4.1 Introductory Considerations -- 8.4.2 Hydrographic Characteristics of Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8.4.3 Water Use -- 8.4.4 Water Quality Protection -- 8.5 Water Management in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8.5.1 The Legal Framework for Water Management in BH -- 8.5.2 Legislation and Water Sector Policies -- 8.5.3 Basic Characteristics of Water Management and Goals -- 8.5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Water Resource Management in Serbia -- 9 Water Resources of Serbia and Its Utilization -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Legislation, Regulatory and Institutional Framework -- 9.2 Key Facts About Water Resources -- 9.2.1 Natural Conditions -- 9.2.1.1 Climate Characteristics -- 9.2.1.2 Other Characteristics -- 9.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Water Resources -- 9.2.2.1 Surface Water Resources -- 9.2.2.2 Groundwater Resources -- 9.2.2.3 Annual Pattern of Runoff -- 9.2.2.4 The Main Elements of Water Balance -- 9.3 Water Resources Utilization -- 9.3.1 Water Supply and Demand -- 9.3.1.1 Sources of Water Supply -- 9.3.1.2 Residential Water Supply -- 9.3.1.3 Industrial Water Supply -- 9.3.2 Agricultural Irrigation -- 9.3.3 River Navigation -- 9.3.4 Hydropower -- 9.3.5 Fishing and Aquaculture -- 9.3.6 Tourism and Recreation -- 9.3.6.1 Spa Tourism in Serbia -- 9.4 Assessment of Water Resources Quality -- 9.4.1 Pollution of Surface Waters -- 9.4.2 Groundwater Pollution. , 9.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10 Microbial Quality of Irrigation Water in Serbia: Risks to Food Safety -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Current Irrigation Practice in Serbia -- 10.2.1 Available Water Resources -- 10.2.2 Regulations -- 10.3 Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality from Different Water Sources -- 10.3.1 Methods for Microbiological Analysis -- 10.3.2 Microbiological Indicators in Water for Irrigation -- 10.4 Microbiological Quality of Irrigation Water and Bacterial Colonization of Plants -- 10.4.1 Colonization of Plants by E. Coli PBA28 (Gfp) -- 10.4.2 Colonization of Plants by Salmonella Enterica Serotype Typhimurium (LT2, S1, ATCC14028) -- 10.4.3 Colonization of Plants by Listeria Monocytogenes (EGD-E, SV4B) -- 10.5 Summary -- 10.6 Recommendation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Precipitation and Drought Analysis in Serbia for the Period 1946-2017 -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Analysed Study Area and Its Characteristics -- 11.3 Rainfall Variability Index -- 11.4 Drought Analysis -- 11.5 Conclusions -- 11.6 Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Water Resource Management in Bulgaria -- 12 Water Resource Management in Bulgaria -- Abstract -- 12.1 Essence and Importance of Water -- 12.2 Water Formation Factors -- 12.2.1 Climate Factors -- 12.2.2 Spreading Surface Factors -- 12.3 Rivers -- 12.4 Lakes -- 12.5 Groundwater in Bulgaria -- 12.6 Economic Assessment-Use and Protection -- 12.6.1 Use of Water -- 12.6.2 Water Protection -- 12.7 Water Management in Bulgaria -- 12.7.1 Legislation of the Republic of Bulgaria on Water Resources -- 12.8 Conclusion -- 12.9 Recommendations -- References -- 13 River Systems Under the Anthropogenic and Climate Change Impacts: Bulgarian Case -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Bulgarian River Systems Specification -- 13.3 Legislation and Management Issues. , 13.4 Bulgarian River Systems Regime -- 13.5 Extreme and Risk Events -- 13.5.1 Flood Events -- 13.5.2 Droughts -- 13.6 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Water Resource Management in North Macedonia -- 14 Water Resources Management in Republic of North Macedonia -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction and Water Resources in the Country -- 14.2 Water Management Structure -- 14.3 Accumulated Water -- 14.4 Basic Characteristics and Classification of Artificial Lakes in the Republic of North Macedonia -- 14.4.1 Artificially Built Accumulations -- 14.4.2 Artificially Created Accumulations -- 14.5 Classification of the Artificial Accumulations by Their Usage -- 14.5.1 Hydropower -- 14.5.2 Water Supply -- 14.5.3 Irrigation -- 14.5.4 Supplying Industrial Facilities with Water -- 14.5.5 Watering Trough -- 14.5.6 Recreation Fishing and Fish Farming -- 14.5.7 Recreation -- 14.5.8 Retention -- 14.5.9 Lakes for Depositing Mining Waste (Tailings) -- 14.6 Classification of the Artificial Accumulation by Their Volume -- 14.6.1 Big Accumulation -- 14.6.2 Small Accumulations -- 14.6.3 Micro Accumulations -- 14.7 Institutional Responsibility for the Waters in the Republic of North Macedonia -- 14.8 Water Supply and Water Resources Demand -- 14.9 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources -- 14.10 Agricultural Irrigation -- 14.11 Summary and Conclusions -- 14.12 Recommendations -- References -- 15 Water Quality and Pollution Status of the Main Rivers in the Republic of North Macedonia -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Data and Methods -- 15.3 Study Area -- 15.4 Water Use and Wastewater -- 15.4.1 Drinking Water Supply -- 15.4.2 Industry and Mining -- 15.4.3 Agriculture -- 15.4.4 Reservoirs -- 15.4.5 Wastewater -- 15.4.5.1 Wastewater from Households -- 15.4.5.2 Wastewater from Industry and Mining -- 15.4.5.3 Impact from Agriculture. , 15.5 Water Quality and Pollution Status of the Rivers.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Waste Management and the Agenda 2030 in the Indian Context -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sustainability Issues Related to Waste Management -- 3 Agenda 2030, SDGs and Waste -- 4 Electronic Waste -- 5 Circular Economy for Sustainable Development -- 6 Sustainable Waste Management: Indian Scenario -- 6.1 Biomedical Waste -- 6.2 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) -- 7 Way Forward: Waste Management-Key to Achieving SDGs -- 8 Summary -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Waste to Wealth -- Solid Waste Management Methods: A Technological Analysis of Mechanical, Chemical, Thermal and Hybrid Means -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Solid Waste Conversion Technologies -- 2.1 Mechanical Conversion Technology -- 2.2 Thermal Conversion Technologies -- 2.3 Chemical Technologies -- 2.4 Hybrid Technologies -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References -- Characterization and Sustainable Utilization of Steel Slag (SS) as a Recycled Aggregates in Indian Concrete Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Material -- 2.1 Sample Collection -- 2.2 SS Waste Characterization Methods and Parameters Analyzed -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of SS Waste -- 3.2 Major, Minor and Trace Analysis of SS Waste -- 3.3 Mineralogical Characteristics of SS Waste -- 3.4 Sieve Analysis of SS Waste -- 3.5 Mechanical Characteristics of SS Wastes -- 3.6 Compressive Strength at 90, 28, and 7 Days -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Application of Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Removal of Heavy Metal Ion from Industrial Waste Water -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What Are Heavy Metal Ions? -- 1.2 Toxic Effect of Ions -- 1.3 Industrialization and Deposition of Metal Ions in Water -- 2 How Heavy Metal Ions Affect the Environment. , 3 Water Pollution: Determining the Quality of Water and Factors Inducing Toxicity -- 3.1 Acid Mine Water -- 3.2 Toxicity -- 4 Using Green Chemistry for Removal of Metal Ions-Brief Overview -- 5 Conventional Methods for Removal of Heavy Metal -- 5.1 Chemical Precipitation -- 5.2 Sulfide Precipitation -- 5.3 Ion Exchange -- 5.4 Adsorption -- 5.5 Disadvantages of Conventional Methods of Heavy Metal Removal -- 6 Methods to Remove Deposition of Ions from Water: Nano Technology -- 6.1 What is Nanotechnology? -- 6.2 Classification of Nano Materials [51] -- 6.3 Fabrication Methods -- 6.4 Kinds of Nanomaterials -- 6.5 Water Remediation Using Polymer Nanoparticles -- 7 Removal of Heavy Metal from Industrial Waste Water Using Bio Based Materials -- 7.1 Ligni -- 7.2 Composition of Leaves -- 8 Removal of Cu and Al from Drinking Water -- 8.1 Copper -- 8.2 Aluminum -- 9 Removal of Specific Metals: Zinc and Cadmium -- 9.1 Cadmium -- 9.2 Zinc -- 10 Toxic Effects on Health -- 10.1 Toxicity Mechanism of Some of the Heavy Metals -- 11 Conclusion -- 12 Recommendation -- References -- Waste Management in Indian Pharmaceutical Industries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Evolution of Indian Pharmaceutical Sector -- 3 Treatment Methods -- 3.1 Incineration -- 3.2 Autoclaving -- 3.3 Physicochemical Methods -- 3.4 Adsorption Process -- 3.5 Coagulation and Precipitation -- 3.6 Electro-Coagulation -- 3.7 Constructed Wetlands -- 3.8 Biological Processes -- 3.9 Membrane Separation -- 4 Management Practices in India -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Erosion Management of Riparian Ecosystem in Coal Mining Area Through Selective Vegetation -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Coal Mining -- 1.2 Riparian Ecosystem -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Coal Mining -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Coal Mining (OB Dump) -- 3.2 Riparian Land -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References. , Waste to Energy -- Urban Solid Waste Management for Enhancement of Agricultural Productivity in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Impacts of Solid Waste -- 3 Agricultural Productivity: Waste to Wealth to Health -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Food Waste Utilization for the Production of Biogas by Anaerobic Digestion: A Case Study in Coal Capital of India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Formation and Chemical Properties of Biogas -- 2.1 Methane -- 2.2 Carbon Dioxide -- 2.3 Other Components -- 3 Anaerobic Digestion -- 4 Stages of Anaerobic Digestion -- 4.1 Hydrolysis -- 4.2 Acidogenesis -- 4.3 Methanogenesis -- 5 Biogasification: Policies and Current Status in India -- 6 Materials and Methods -- 6.1 Study Location -- 6.2 Waste Collection and Processing -- 6.3 Exploratory Set-Up -- 6.4 Analytical Methods -- 6.5 Measurements -- 7 Result and Discussion -- 8 Methane Yields -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Development of Low-Cost Microbial Fuel Cell for Converting Waste to Electricity and Abating Pollution -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Description of Microbial Fuel Cell -- 2 Cathode Materials -- 2.1 Modified Carbon Catalysts -- 2.2 Transition Metal Oxides -- 2.3 Metal Doped Complex Organic Catalysts -- 3 Anode Materials -- 3.1 Anode Modification Using Metal Oxides -- 3.2 Anode Modification Using Conductive Polymers -- 3.3 Anode Modification Using Graphene and Carbon Nanotube -- 4 Proton Exchange Membrane -- 4.1 Nafion and Its Modifications -- 4.2 Non-Nafion Sulfonated Polymeric Membranes -- 4.3 Polymeric Membranes -- 4.4 Clayware Membranes -- 5 Alternative to High-Cost Terminal Electron Acceptors -- 6 Perspectives and Way Forward -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Recent Developments in Energy Recovery from Sewage Treatment Plant Sludge via Anaerobic Digestion -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Process. , 2 Environmental Requirements and Control -- 2.1 Temperature -- 2.2 Alkalinity and pH -- 2.3 Nutrients -- 2.4 Retention Time -- 2.5 OLR and Sludge Feed Composition -- 2.6 Seeding and Mixing -- 3 Process Inhibition -- 3.1 Ammonia Inhibition -- 3.2 Volatile Fatty Acids -- 3.3 Sulphide/Sulphate -- 4 Process Configurations -- 4.1 High Rate or Continuous Digester -- 4.2 Two-Stage Digester -- 4.3 Digester Design Considerations -- 5 Pre-treatment -- 5.1 Physical Pre-treatment -- 5.2 Chemical Pre-treatment -- 5.3 Biological Pre-treatment -- 6 Biogas Refinement -- 7 Biogas Utilization Systems -- 8 Challenges and Opportunities -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Waste and Sustainability -- Management of Waste Plastic: Conversion and Its Degradation as an Environment Concern in Asian Country -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Healthcare Waste -- 2.1 Management of Healthcare Waste -- 3 Plastic Waste in Soil -- 3.1 Management of Plastic Waste in Soil -- 4 Municipal Solid Waste -- 4.1 Management of Municipal Solid Waste -- 5 Household Waste Plastic and Its Management -- 6 Marine Waste Plastic -- 6.1 Management of Marine Waste Plastic -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Gold Phytomining in India: An Approach to Circular Economy in the 21st Century -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gold Phytomining -- 2.1 Gold Phytomining-Indian Scenario and an Approach to the Circular Economy -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions and Recommendations for "Environment Management: Waste to Wealth in India" -- 1 Background -- 2 Update -- 2.1 From Waste to Energy -- 2.2 Waste and Sustainability -- 3 Conclusions -- 3.1 From Waste to Wealth -- 3.2 From Waste to Energy -- 3.3 Waste and Sustainability -- 4 Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction to "Mitigating Environmental Stresses for Agricultural Sustainability in Egypt" -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Purpose of the Book -- 1.3 Themes of the Book and Contribution of the Chapters -- 1.3.1 Improve Crop Tolerance for Abiotic Stresses -- 1.3.2 Recent Approaches to Biotic Stress Tolerance -- 1.3.3 Advanced Procedures in Improving Crop Productivity -- 1.3.4 Sustainability of Environmental Resources from a Crop Production Perspective -- References -- Part IIImprove Crop Tolerance for Abiotic Stresses -- 2 Drought Tolerance in Some Field Crops: State of the Art Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rice -- 2.2.1 Economic Importance -- 2.2.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.2.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.2.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.2.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.3 Maize -- 2.3.1 Economic Importance -- 2.3.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.3.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.3.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.3.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.4 Barley -- 2.4.1 Economic Importance -- 2.4.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.4.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.4.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.4.5 Breeding and Biotechnology Efforts -- 2.5 Sunflower -- 2.5.1 Economic Importance -- 2.5.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.5.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.5.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.5.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 Recommendations -- References -- 3 Performance and Genetic Diversity in Water Stress Tolerance and Relation to Wheat Productivity Under Rural Regions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Concept of Water Stress and Its Impact on Wheat Plants -- 3.2.1 Impact of Water Stress on Wheat Plants. , 3.3 Importance of Coordination Between Plant Breeders and Specialists in Other Related Fields of Science -- 3.4 Critical Stages of Water Stress Impact on Wheat -- 3.5 Adaptation Mechanisms for Water Stress Conditions -- 3.6 Foundations of Wheat Crop Tolerance to Water Stress -- 3.6.1 Plant Characteristics and Their Genetic Behavior Relevant to Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.7 Yield Performance in Relation to Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.8 Genetic Diversity and Sources of Water Stress Tolerant Genotypes -- 3.9 Breeding Efforts -- 3.9.1 Breeding Strategies -- 3.9.2 Mutations -- 3.10 Role of Biotechnology in Improving Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.10.1 Molecular Markers -- 3.10.2 Gene Transfer Technology -- 3.11 Agricultural Procedures to Support Wheat Productivity Under Water Stress Conditions -- 3.11.1 Land Leveling -- 3.11.2 Raised Bed Method -- 3.11.3 Cultivate Tolerant Varieties -- 3.11.4 Sowing Date -- 3.11.5 Plant Density -- 3.11.6 Fertilization -- 3.11.7 Irrigation System -- 3.11.8 Humic and Amino Acids Treatment -- 3.12 Conclusions -- 3.13 Recommendations -- References -- 4 Heat Stress Tolerance, Challenges and Solutions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Concepts Related to Heat Stress -- 4.2.1 Heat Stress -- 4.2.2 Vant Hoff Concept (Q10 Coefficient) -- 4.2.3 The Concept of Thermal Units -- 4.2.4 Daily Thermoperiodicity Concept -- 4.2.5 Seasonal Thermoperiodicity Concept -- 4.3 Heat Stress Impact on the Egyptian Agriculture Sector -- 4.4 Physiological and Biochemical Impacts of Heat Stress -- 4.5 Critical Periods of Crop Plants to Heat Stress -- 4.6 Nature of Resistance to Heat Stress -- 4.6.1 Heat Avoidance -- 4.6.2 Heat Tolerance (Thermotolerance) -- 4.7 Classification of Crop Plants According to Temperature -- 4.7.1 Cold Season Crops -- 4.7.2 Hot Season Crops. , 4.8 Is It Possible to Mitigate Extreme Heat Stress on Crop Plants? How Crop Plants Can Deal with Heat Stress? -- 4.8.1 Traits Relevant to Heat Stress Tolerance -- 4.8.2 Breeding Achievements -- 4.9 Biotechnology -- 4.9.1 Molecular Markers -- 4.9.2 Gene Transfer and Tissue Culture Technology -- 4.10 Agronomic Practices -- 4.10.1 Sowing Date -- 4.10.2 Fertigation -- 4.10.3 Intercropping -- 4.11 Conclusions -- 4.12 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Environmental Pollution Tolerance in Crop Plants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Source of Pollutants -- 5.2.1 Natural Resources -- 5.2.2 An Unnatural Source -- 5.3 Tolerance to Air Pollutants -- 5.4 Tolerance to Heavy Metals Pollutants -- 5.5 Damage Mechanisms of Heavy Metals and Effects on Crop Plants -- 5.6 Water Pollution -- 5.7 Stress-Sensing in Plants -- 5.8 Resistance Mechanisms of Crop Pants to Environmental Pollutants -- 5.9 Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characters Related to Environmental Pollutants Tolerance -- 5.9.1 Morphological Characters -- 5.9.2 Physiological Characters -- 5.9.3 Biochemical Characters -- 5.10 Genetic System and Nature of Gene Action Controlling Inheritance of Environmental Pollutants Tolerance -- 5.11 Role of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology in the Development of Cultivars Tolerant to Environmental Pollutants -- 5.11.1 Breeding Methods -- 5.11.2 Biotechnology -- 5.12 Procedures for Pollution Control -- 5.12.1 Air Pollutants -- 5.12.2 Heavy Metals -- 5.13 Conclusions -- 5.14 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Rapid Screening Wheat Genotypes for Tolerance to Heavy Metals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.3 Results -- 6.3.1 Influence of Heavy Metals on Germination -- 6.3.2 Influence of Heavy Metals on Root Characteristics -- 6.3.3 Influence of Heavy Metals on Shoot Characteristics -- 6.3.4 Phytotoxicity Index -- 6.3.5 Tolerance Index -- 6.4 Conclusions. , 6.5 Recommendation -- References -- 7 Performance, Adaptability and Stability of Promising Bread Wheat Lines Across Different Environments -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Plant Materials and Experimental Layout -- 7.2.2 Statistical Analysis -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Analysis of Variance -- 7.3.2 Mean Performance of Wheat Genotypes Under Different Environments -- 7.3.3 Tolerance Index (TOL) -- 7.3.4 Phenotypic Stability Analysis -- 7.3.5 Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Method (AMMI) -- 7.4 Conclusions -- 7.5 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Effect of Salt Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of African Locust Bean {Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.} Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Plant Material -- 8.2.2 Establishment of Cell Suspension Culture Under Salt Stress Conditions -- 8.2.3 Effect of Salt Stress on Ions Uptake of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.2.4 Effect of Salt Stress on Proline Content of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.2.5 Electrophoretic Analysis: (Biochemical Markers) -- 8.2.6 Chemical Analysis -- 8.2.7 Statistical Analysis -- 8.3 Results and Discussions -- 8.3.1 Establishment of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture Under Salt Stress Conditions (NaCl) -- 8.3.2 Effect of Different Concentrations of NaCl on Ions Uptake (Na+, K+, Ca2+, P3+ and N3+) of P. biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.3.3 Effect of Different Concentration of NaCl on Proline Content of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.3.4 Electrophoretic Analysis -- 8.3.5 Chemical Analysis -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 8.5 Recommendations -- 8.6 Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IIIRecent Approaches for Biotic Stress Tolerance -- 9 Varietal Differences and Their Relation to Brown Rot Disease Resistance in Potato. , 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Survey the Causal Organism of Potato Brown Rot Disease Ralstonia solanacearum in Weeds -- 9.3 Isolation of R. solanacearum from Different Potato, Weeds and Irrigation Water -- 9.4 Identification of R. solanacearum -- 9.4.1 Traditional Methods -- 9.4.2 Molecular Biology Techniques -- 9.4.3 Pathogenicity Test -- 9.5 Varietal Differences in Relation to Brown Rot Disease Resistance -- 9.6 Effect of Plant Extracts on R. solanacearum Growth in Vitro -- 9.7 Conclusions -- 9.8 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Effect of Soil Type and Crop Rotation on the Causal Agent of Potato Brown Rot Disease Under Egyptian Condition -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Effect of Soil Type on Potato Brown Rot Disease Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum -- 10.3 Effect of Soil PH on Persistence of Potato Brown Rot Disease Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum -- 10.4 Effect of Crop Rotation on Potato Brown Rot Disease -- 10.5 Influence the Persistence of Ralstonia solanacearum by Different Plant Species and Habitats -- 10.6 Conclusions -- 10.7 Recommendations -- References -- 11 Advanced Methods in Controlling Late Blight Disease in Potatoes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Backgrounds Economic -- 11.3 The Late Blight Disease -- 11.4 The Pathogen -- 11.5 Diagnose the Disease -- 11.5.1 Traditional Methods -- 11.5.2 DNA Markers -- 11.5.3 Diagnosis Remotely -- 11.5.4 Bioinformatics -- 11.6 Control Methods -- 11.6.1 Chemical Methods -- 11.6.2 Resistant Cultivars -- 11.6.3 Alternatives of Fungicides -- 11.7 Conclusions -- 11.8 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Developing Rust Resistance of Wheat Genotypes Under Egyptian Conditions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Types of Wheat Rusts -- 12.3 Economic Importance -- 12.3.1 Losses in Yield and Grain Quality -- 12.4 Race Analyses -- 12.4.1 Yellow Rust -- 12.4.2 Leaf Rust -- 12.4.3 Stem Rust -- 12.5 Genetic Variability. , 12.6 Genetic System and Genes Responsible Resistance.