Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface to the second edition -- Preface to the first edition -- Introduction -- Part One Neoichnology -- 1 Animal-sediment relationships -- 1.1 Why do animals burrow? -- 1.1.1 Protection and concealment -- 1.1.2 Respiration -- 1.1.3 Suspension feeding -- 1.1.4 Deposit feeding -- 1.1.5 Surface detritus feeding -- 1.1.6 Gardening -- 1.1.7 and the opposite -- 1.1.8 Chemosymbiosis -- 1.1.9 Predation -- 1.1.10 Reproduction and trauma -- 1.1.11 Other behaviour -- 1.2 How do animals burrow? -- 1.2.1 Intrusion -- 1.2.2 Compression -- 1.2.3 Excavation -- 1.2.4 Backfill -- 1.2.5 Spreite -- 1.2.6 Bioturbation -- 1.3 The substrate -- 1.3.1 Grainsize -- 1.3.2 Water content -- 1.3.3 Shear strength -- 1.3.4 Mucus and the effect of bioturbation -- 1.3.5 Terminology of substrate consistency -- 1.4 Tubes and walls -- 1.5 Physical induction of flow in burrows -- 1.6 Animal-sediment ecology -- 2 Sediment stirrers -- 2.1 Interstitial meiofauna and microfauna -- 2.2 Haustoriid amphipods -- 2.3 Intruders in soft substrate -- 2.4 Swimming through the substrate -- 3 The work of worms (mostly) -- 3.1 Two worms in soft mud -- 3.1.1 A priapulid worm -- 3.1.2 A carnivorous polychaete worm -- 3.2 Sea anemones and other cnidarians -- 3.2.1 Actinaria -- 3.2.2 Ceriantharia -- 3.2.3 Sea pens -- 3.3 U-burrows for suspension feeders -- 3.3.1 The chaetopterid worm -- 3.3.2 The fat innkeeper -- 3.3.3 A less unusual echiuran -- 3.3.4 Circular arguments on U-shaped burrows -- 3.3.5 Spoke burrows, U-burrows and L-burrows -- 3.4 U-burrows for detritus feeders -- 3.4.1 The tidal flat shrimp -- 3.4.2 Life of the lugworm -- 3.4.3 The funnel U-burrow -- 3.4.4 A pedate holothurian -- 3.4.5 Some enteropneusts -- 3.4.6 Rings of pits around a mound -- 3.4.7 Poisonous worms -- 3.5 Deposit-feeder conveyors -- 3.5.1 A fat holothurian conveyor. , 3.5.2 A slender polychaete conveyor -- 3.5.3 Pectinariidae, mobile tube-worms -- 3.5.4 Reverse-conveyor activity -- 3.6 A thick-walled U-tube -- 3.7 Chimney-building worms -- 3.8 Unwhole worms, the Pogonophora -- 4 Some celebrated burrowers -- 4.1 Bivalves -- 4.1.1 A deposit feeder -- 4.1.2 A jet-propelled suspension feeder -- 4.1.3 Equilibrium and escape in bivalves -- 4.1.4 Bivalve chemosymbionts -- 4.2 Two heart urchins of the same genus -- 4.2.1 An almost anoxic heart urchin -- 4.2.2 A very oxic heart urchin -- 4.3 Anomuran crustacean burrowers -- 4.3.1 Callichirus major -- 4.3.2 Boxworks for deposit feeding -- 4.3.3 Spiral and dendritic architecture -- 4.3.4 Y-burrows for suspension-feeding gardeners -- 4.3.5 Gardening deposit feeders -- 4.3.6 Classifying thalassinidean burrow systems -- 4.4 Stomatopods -- 4.5 More crustaceans and some fish -- 4.6 Spiral traps -- 5 The synecology of bioturbation -- 5.1 Commensalism -- 5.1.1 Combination structures -- 5.1.2 Dependence at a distance -- 5.2 Substrate modification by bioturbation -- 5.2.1 Physical effects of bioturbation -- 5.2.2 Homogenization versus heterogenization -- 5.2.3 Chemical effects of bioturbation -- 5.3 Biological effects: amensalism and community succession -- 5.3.1 Amensal relationships -- 5.3.2 Trophic group amensalism -- 5.3.3 Community succession -- 5.3.4 Community replacement -- 5.4 Tiering -- 5.4.1 Environmental gradients -- 5.4.2 Vertical habitat partitioning -- 5.4.3 Some reasons for vertical restrictions -- 5.4.4 Deep-sea endobenthic tiering -- 5.5 Modelling bioturbation -- 5.5.1 Descriptive models -- 5.5.2 Mathematical models -- 5.5.3 A tiering model -- Part Two Palaeoichnology -- 6 The fossilization barrier -- 6.1 Taphonomy of trace fossils -- 6.2 Preservation potential -- 6.2.1 Semirelief preservation -- 6.2.2 Full-relief preservation -- 6.3 Cumulative structures. , 6.4 Key bioturbators and elite trace fossils -- 7 Some ichnological principles -- 7.1 The same individual or species can produce different structures corresponding to different behaviour patterns -- 7.2 The same burrow may be differently preserved in different substrates -- 7.3 Different tracemakers may produce identical structures when behaving similarly -- 7.4 Multiple architects may produce a single structure -- 7.5 Non-preservation of causative organisms -- 8 Ichnotaxonomy and classification -- 8.1 The development of trace fossil nomenclature -- 8.2 Status of trace fossil names in the ICZN -- 8.2.1 Fossil or not fossil? -- 8.2.2 Dual nomenclature -- 8.3 Ichnotaxobases -- 8.3.1 General form -- 8.3.2 Details of the burrow boundary -- 8.3.3 Branching -- 8.3.4 Filling material and structure -- 8.3.5 Trackways -- 8.4 Ichnogenus and ichnospecies -- 8.5 Compound trace fossils -- 8.6 Some problematic ichnogenera -- 8.6.1 Ophiomorpha-Thalassinoides-Spongeliomorpha -- 8.6.2 Cruziana-Rusophycus-Isopodichnus -- 8.7 Ichnofamilies -- 8.8 Confusions and conclusions -- 9 Stratinomy, toponomy and ethology of trace fossils -- 9.1 Preservational classifications -- 9.2 An ethological classification -- 9.2.1 Resting traces (cubichnia) -- 9.2.2 Crawling traces (repichnia) -- 9.2.3 Grazing traces (pascichnia) -- 9.2.4 Feeding traces (fodinichnia) -- 9.2.5 Dwelling traces (domichnia) -- 9.2.6 Traps and gardening traces (agrichnia) -- 9.2.7 Predation traces (praedichnia) -- 9.2.8 Equilibrium traces (equilibrichnia) -- 9.2.9 Escape traces (fugichnia) -- 9.2.10 Edifices constructed above substrate (aedificichnia) -- 9.2.11 Structures made for breeding purposes (calichnia) -- 9.3 Evaluation of the behavioural classification -- 9.4 Functional interpretation of trace fossils -- 9.4.1 Shafts and U-burrows -- 9.4.2 Burrow boundary -- 9.4.3 True branching. , 9.4.4 Nature of the fill -- 9.4.5 Spreite -- 9.4.6 Chemosymbiosis -- 9.5 Functional interpretations: conclusions -- 10 Trace fossil assemblages, diversity and facies -- 10.1 Terminology of trace fossil associations -- 10.1.1 Trace fossil assemblage -- 10.1.2 Ichnocoenosis -- 10.1.3 Suite -- 10.1.4 Ichnofacies -- 10.2 Diversity and ichnodiversity -- 10.2.1 Fossilization potential -- 10.2.2 Cross-cutting tiers -- 10.3 Tiering and ichnofabric -- 10.3.1 Modelling ichnofabric -- 10.3.2 Tiering and oxygen -- 10.4 Quantity of bioturbation -- 10.4.1 Judging the degree of bioturbation -- 10.4.2 Evaluating variation in quantity -- 10.5 Opportunistic and equilibrium ecology -- 10.5.1 Opportunist trace fossils -- 10.5.2 Climax trace fossils -- 10.6 Ichnoguilds -- 10.6.1 Ecological guilds and functional groups -- 10.6.2 Guilds in ichnology -- 10.6.3 Examples of ichnoguilds -- 10.7 Seilacherian or archetypal ichnofacies -- 10.7.1 The salinity barrier -- 10.7.2 Scoyenia ichnofacies -- 10.7.3 Glossifungites ichnofacies -- 10.7.4 Psilonichnus ichnofacies -- 10.7.5 Skolithos ichnofacies -- 10.7.6 Cruziana ichnofacies -- 10.7.7 Rusophycus ichnofacies? -- 10.7.8 Arenicolites ichnofacies -- 10.7.9 Zoophycos ichnofacies -- 10.7.10 Nereites ichnofacies -- 10.7.11 Fuersichnus ichnofacies? -- 10.7.12 Mermia ichnofacies? -- 10.8 Do we need archetypal ichnofacies? -- 11 Ichnofabric and trace fossils in core -- 11.1 Outcrop versus core -- 11.1.1 Advantages of core -- 11.1.2 Disadvantages of core -- 11.2 Trace fossils in core -- 11.2.1 Techniques for studying core -- 11.2.2 Seeing in two dimensions, thinking in three -- 11.2.3 Recognition of ichnotaxa -- 11.3 Some ichnotaxa as seen in core -- 11.3.1 Planolites, Palaeophycus and Macaronichnus -- 11.3.2 Phycosiphon incertum -- 11.3.3 Thalassinoides and Ophiomorpha -- 11.3.4 Teichichnus, Zoophycos and Rhizocorallium. , 11.3.5 Lost ichnogenera -- 11.4 Ichnofabric and ichnodiversity -- 12 Solving problems with trace fossils -- 12.1 Identifying stress factors -- 12.1.1 Oxygen -- 12.1.2 Salinity -- 12.1.3 Brackish water -- 12.1.4 Freshwater -- 12.2 Interplay with depositional processes -- 12.2.1 Slow and predictable -- 12.2.2 Event deposition -- 12.2.3 The colonization window -- 12.2.4 Tubular tempestites -- 12.3 Ichnology for sequence stratigraphy -- 12.3.1 Bounding surfaces -- 12.3.2 Sea-level changes -- 12.4 Trace fossil analysis using assemblages -- 12.5 Trace fossil analysis using ichnofabric -- 13 Conclusion -- References -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Developments in Sedimentology Volume 64 Trace Fossils as Indicators of Sedimentary Environments -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter Reviewers: -- References -- Part I: History, Concepts, and Methods -- Chapter 1: History, Concepts, and Methods -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Ages of Ichnology -- 3. From Paleolithic Times to Greco-Roman Antiquity -- 4. The Age of Naturalists -- 5. Seventeenth to Eighteenth Century: A Period of Transition -- 6. The Age of Fucoids -- 6.1. Emergence of the Paleobotanical Interpretation -- 6.2. Zoophytes and other Popular Interpretations -- 6.3. An Independent Ichnological Center: North America -- 6.4. The Rise of Vertebrate Ichnology -- 7. Period of Reaction -- 7.1. Fucoids versus Traces -- 7.2. The Period of Reaction: a Worldwide Phenomenon -- 8. Development of the Modern Approach -- 8.1. Decline of Ichnology -- 8.2. The Senckenberg Marine Institute -- 9. Modern Era -- 9.1. The Ethological Revolution -- 9.2. Early Modern Era: A New Impetus for the Study of Traces -- 9.3. The Golden Age of North American Ichnology -- 9.4. The Eastern Bloc During the Early Modern Era -- 9.5. Global Ichnology -- 10. Conclusions and Discussion -- 10.1. Evolution of the Interpretation of Trace Fossils -- 10.2. Modern Centers of Ichnological Research -- 10.3. Modern Trends in Ichnology as a Legacy from the Past -- 10.4. Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Aspects in Ichnology -- 10.5. Ichnology as a Historical Product -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Ichnotaxonomy: Finding Patterns in a Welter of Information -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Observing Trace Fossils -- 3. Describing Trace Fossils -- 4. Stratinomic Classifications -- 4.1. Substrate Consistency -- 4.2. Toponomic Classification -- 5. Biological Classifications -- 5.1. Phylogenetic Classification. , 5.2. Ecological Classifications -- 6. Ethological Classification -- 6.1. Resting Traces (Cubichnia) -- 6.2. Dwelling Traces (Domichnia) -- 6.3. Locomotion Traces (Repichnia) -- 6.4. Grazing Traces (Pascichnia) -- 6.5. Feeding Traces (Fodinichnia) -- 6.6. Farming Traces (Agrichnia) -- 6.7. Escape Traces (Fugichnia) -- 6.8. Brooding Traces (Calichnia) -- 6.9. Other Ethological Categories -- 6.10. Overlapping Functions -- 7. Systematic Classification -- 7.1. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature -- 7.2. A Brief History of Ichnotaxonomy -- 7.3. The Mechanics of Naming New Ichnospecies and Ichnogenera -- 7.4. Diagnosis and Description -- 7.5. Ichnofamilies and higher Ichnotaxa -- 7.6. Ichnosubspecies and other Subdivisions -- 7.7. Exceptional Cases -- 7.8. Beyond Systematics -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Trace-Fossil Systematics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Need of a Robust Ichnotaxonomy and Trace-Fossil Classification -- 3. A Newly Proposed Nomenclature Key -- 3.1. Purpose and Advantages -- 3.2. Structure of the Key and Challenges -- 3.3. Data Analysis -- 4. Way Forward -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: The Ichnofacies Paradigm -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Rise of the Ichnofacies Concept -- 1.2. Variation in the Use of Ichnofacies -- 2. Neoichnological Underpinning of Seilacherian Ichnofacies -- 3. The Seilacherian Ichnofacies -- 4. The Role of Seilacherian Ichnofacies -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5:The Ichnofabric Concept -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Early Development of the Concept -- 3. A Controversial Concept? -- 4. Importance of Ichnofabric -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Sequence Stratigraphy -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Nomenclature, Key Bounding Surfaces, and Systems Tracts. , 1.2. Recognition of Trace-Fossil Omission Suites -- 1.3. Autogenic versus Allogenic Discontinuities -- 1.4. Facies and Ichnofacies Juxtaposition -- 2. Overview of Sequence-Stratigraphic Frameworks -- 2.1. Siliciclastic Responses to RSL Changes -- 2.2. Carbonate Responses to RSL Changes -- 3. Ichnological Applications to Sequence Stratigraphy (Case Studies) -- 3.1. Incised Shorefaces, Viking Formation, Alberta, Canada -- 3.1.1. Shorefaces of the FSST and LST -- 3.1.2. Incised Shorefaces of the TST -- 3.2. Estuarine Incised-Valley Fill, Viking Formation, Alberta, Canada -- 3.2.1. Stratigraphic Discontinuities of the Viking Incised Valleys -- 3.2.2. Juxtaposed Facies of the Viking Incised Estuarine Valleys -- 3.3. Carbonate Platform, Khuff Formation, Middle East -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: Ichnostratigraphy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Continental Environments -- 3. Marginal-Marine Environments -- 4. Shallow-Marine Environments -- 4.1. Proterozoic/Cambrian Boundary -- 4.2. Cruziana Stratigraphy -- 4.3. Arthrophycid Stratigraphy -- 5. Deep-Marine Environments -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Microbioerosion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Methodological Toolkit -- 2.1. Thin Sectioning -- 2.2. Vacuum Cast-Embedding -- 2.3. Micro-CT -- 3. Microbioeroding Biota and Their Traces -- 3.1. Cyanobacteria -- 3.2. Chlorophytes and Rhodophytes -- 3.3. Fungi -- 3.4. Other Chemotrophs -- 4. Paleoenvironmental Signatures -- 4.1. Paleobathymetry -- 4.2. Paleothermometry -- 4.3. Paleosalinity -- 4.4. Paleotrophodynamics -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Methodology and Techniques -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Field Techniques -- 2.1. Outcrop Observations -- 2.2. Peels, Molds, and Casts -- 2.3. Core Sampling of Surface Sediment. , 2.4. Imaging and Analysis of Dinosaur, Bird, and Mammal Tracks -- 2.5. Building Stones -- 2.6. Quantification of Bioturbation -- 3. Laboratory Techniques -- 3.1. Sectioning and Enhancement of Visibility -- 3.2. Thin Sectioning -- 3.3. Optical Microscopy -- 3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 3.5. X-ray Radiography -- 3.6. Computer-Aided Tomography -- 3.7. Polymer-Resin Casting -- 4. Borehole Cores and Images -- 4.1. Well Cores -- 4.2. Borehole Images -- 5. Statistical Analysis -- 6. Computer Modeling -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 10: Marine Invertebrate Neoichnology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Major Infaunal Groups and their Common Traces -- 2.1. Vermiform Animals: Annelids, Hemichordates, and Nemerteans -- 2.2. Bivalves -- 2.3. Crustaceans -- 2.4. Echinoderms -- 2.5. Sponges and Sea Anemones -- 3. Environmental Stresses and their Impact of Neoichnology -- 4. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II: Continental and Glacial Systems -- Chapter 11: Glacial Environments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ecological and Environmental Constraints in Glacial Settings -- 2.1. Environmental Stress in Glacial Settings -- 2.2. Postglacial Colonization of Terrestrial Environments -- 2.3. Postglacial Colonization of Freshwater Environments -- 2.4. Glacial and Postglacial Colonization of Marine Environments -- 3. Trace-Fossil Assemblages from Ancient Glacial Environments -- 3.1. Bioturbated Deposits in Glacial Settings -- 3.2. Glaciolacustrine Trace-Fossil Assemblages -- 3.3. Ichnocoenoses and Ichnofacies of Glaciolacustrine Rhythmites -- 3.4. Glaciomarine Trace-Fossil Assemblages -- 3.5. Ichnocoenoses and Ichnofacies of Glaciomarine Rhythmites -- 4. Ichnology of Recent Glacial Environments -- 5. Concluding Remarks and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Fluvial Environments -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Approach -- 3. Ichnofacies -- 3.1. Scoyenia Ichnofacies -- 3.2. Coprinisphaera Ichnofacies -- 3.3. Celliforma Ichnofacies -- 3.4. Termitichnus Ichnofacies -- 3.5. Mermia Ichnofacies -- 3.6. Skolithos Ichnofacies -- 3.7. Grallator Ichnofacies -- 3.8. Batrachichnus Ichnofacies -- 3.9. Additional Vertebrate Ichnofacies -- 3.10. Potential Ichnofacies from Paleosols -- 4. Application of Ichnofacies and Ichnofabrics to the Interpretation of Fluvial Sedimentary Facies -- 4.1. Composite Ichnofacies -- 4.2. Stratigraphical Applications -- 4.3. Ichnofabric Studies of Fluvial Successions -- 5. Depositional Environments -- 5.1. Comparison of Channel-Belt and Floodplain Trace-Fossil Assemblages -- 5.2. Contrasting Trace-Fossil Preservation in Channel-Belt and Overbank Facies -- 5.3. Trace Fossils in Channel-Belt Deposits -- 5.4. Floodplain Subenvironments -- 5.5. Comparison of Trace-Fossil Assemblages from Different River Systems -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13: Lacustrine Environments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ichnology -- 2.1. Biogenic Activity and Structures in Lake Basins -- 2.2. The Ichnofacies Model in Lake Basins -- 2.2.1. The Mermia Ichnofacies -- 2.2.2. The continental Skolithos Ichnofacies -- 2.2.3. The Scoyenia Ichnofacies -- 2.2.4. Terrestrial Trace-Fossil Assemblages -- 3. An Integrated Lake-Type Basin and Lacustrine Ichnology Model -- 3.1. Overfilled Lake-Type Basins -- 3.2. Balanced-Fill Lake-Type Basins -- 3.3. Underfilled Lake-Type Basins -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14: Eolian Environments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ichnofacies -- 2.1. Ichnology in Eolian Environments -- 2.2. Ichnofacies in Eolian Paleoenvironments -- 3. Depositional Environments -- 3.1. Trace Fossils in Coastal Dunes -- 3.2. Trace Fossils in Inland Ergs -- 3.3. Uniformitarian Approach to Eeolian Ichnofacies. , 3.4. Paleoclimatic Significance of Eolian Ichnofacies.

Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seiten 293-323

Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 245-265) and index