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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    O wie Ozean (2014)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Beltz & Gelberg
    Details Availability
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 56 S. , überw. Ill. , 190 mm x 150 mm
    ISBN: 3407753837 , 9783407753830
    Series Statement: Forschen, Bauen, Staunen von A bis Z : [26 Buchstaben, 26 Bücher, 26-mal mehr von der Welt verstehen / von Tinkerbrain. Idee, Konzept und Text: Anke M. Leitzgen. Gest.: Gesine Grotrian]
    URL: http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4538512&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm
    DDC: K
    RVK:
    DP 5000
    Language: German
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    M wie Müll (2014)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Beltz & Gelberg
    Details Availability
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 56 S , überw. Ill. , 190 mm x 150 mm
    ISBN: 3407753810 , 9783407753816
    Series Statement: Forschen, Bauen, Staunen von A bis Z : [26 Buchstaben, 26 Bücher, 26-mal mehr von der Welt verstehen / von Tinkerbrain. Idee, Konzept und Text: Anke M. Leitzgen. Gest.: Gesine Grotrian]
    URL: http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4538510&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm
    DDC: K
    RVK:
    DX 4775
    Language: German
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Availability of aluminium from tea and coffee (1997)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 205 (1997), S. 170-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Aluminium ; Tea ; Coffee ; Aluminium intake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The amount of aluminium in different kinds of tea and ground coffee was analysed, the transfer of aluminium into the infusion was determined and aluminium intake via tea and coffee was calculated within the framework of our investigations. Aluminium concentrations amounted to (in μg/g dry matter): black tea, 899; flavoured black tea, 763; peppermint tea, 477; mountain herbal tea, 419; fruit tea, 292; ground coffee, 19. About 30% of the aluminium stored in black tea’s dry matter was transferred into the infusion, which contained 4.2 mg Al/l. In contrast, the availability of aluminium from peppermint and fruit tea as well as from ground coffee was very low (about 5%). The calculated aluminium intake via tea and coffee was 0.2 to 0.3 mg/day and contributed about 5% to the total aluminium intake. Only black tea infusions are a significant source of aluminium intake via beverages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170050147
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversal of Orally Induced T-Cell Tolerance by Subcutaneous Administration of Interleukin-12 at the Site of Attempted Sensitization (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 795 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52706.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic Abnormalities and Grade of Encephalopathy in Acute Hepatic Failure (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 63 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Acute hepatic failure is associated with many biochemical abnormalities in plasma and brain. Changes that correlate well with the degree of behavioral impairment may be important factors in the development of encephalopathy. We measured the concentrations of intermediary metabolites, ammonia, and amino acids in brain and plasma and the rate of whole-brain glucose utilization in rats with an acutely devascularized liver. In all rats an estimate of the grade of encephalopathy (reflected by behavioral impairment) was made. Rats underwent portacaval shunting and hepatic artery ligation (or sham operation) and were kept normoglycemic and normothermic thereafter. We sampled blood and whole brain (by near-instantaneous freeze-blowing) 2, 4, or 6 h later. There were no alterations in levels of high-energy phosphate metabolites in the brain or in metabolites associated with the glycolytic pathway and Krebs cycle, except lactate and pyruvate. Brain glucose use was decreased similarly at all times after surgery. Levels of ammonia and many amino acids were increased in brain and plasma; brain aspartate, glutamate, and arginine levels were decreased. The increases in content of plasma ammonia and brain glutamine, proline, alanine, and aromatic amino acids and the decreases in brain aspartate and glutamate were most strongly correlated with behavioral impairment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63051829.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure of Glucose and Branched-Chain Amino Acids to Normalize Brain Glucose Use in Portacaval Shunted Rats (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 47 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several abnormalities in brain and plasma amino acid concentrations caused by portacaval shunting in rats return toward normal after 4 days of intravenous infusion with either glucose or glucose with branched-chain amino acids. To assess the effect of such treatment on brain energy metabolism, regional brain glucose use was measured using [14C]glucose and autoradiography, 5 weeks after portacaval shunting. In one experiment intravenous glucose or glucose with branched-chain amino acids was given for 4 days. In a separate experiment the treatment was given orally for 2 weeks, and in addition to glucose use, brain monoamines and amino acids were measured. No other food was provided; the rats had free access to water. Normally fed shunted rats and sham-operated rats served as controls. Both types of oral treatment lowered the high concentrations of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and glutamine in plasma and brain. Glucose without amino acids normalized brain tryptophan. Levels of brain norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were significantly raised after shunting. Treatment had no effect on norepinephrine but the glucose diet brought the indoles into the normal range. In contrast, neither intravenous nor oral treatment affected brain glucose use, which remained depressed by 25–30% in all brain areas examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00776.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Reducing Brain Glutamine Synthesis on Metabolic Symptoms of Hepatic Encephalopathy (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 60 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Liver failure, or shunting of intestinal blood around the liver, results in hyperammonemia and cerebral dysfunction. Recently it was shown that ammonia caused some of the metabolic signs of hepatic encephalopathy only after it was metabolized by glutamine synthetase in the brain. In the present study, small doses of methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of cerebral glutamine synthetase, were given to rats either at the time of portacaval shunting or 3–4 weeks later. The effects on several characteristic cerebral metabolic abnormalities produced by portacaval shunting were measured 1–3 days after injection of the inhibitor. All untreated portacaval-shunted rats had elevated plasma and brain ammonia concentrations, increased brain glutamine and tryptophan content, decreased brain glucose consumption, and increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier to tryptophan. All treated rats had high ammonia concentrations, but the brain glutamine content was normal, indicating inhibition of glutamine synthesis. One day after shunting and methionine sulfoximine administration, glucose consumption, tryptophan transport, and tryptophan brain content remained near control values. In the 3–4-week-shunted rats, which were studied 1–3 days after methionine sulfoximine administration, the effect was less pronounced. Brain glucose consumption and tryptophan content were partially normalized, but tryptophan transport was unaffected. The results agree with our earlier conclusion that glutamine synthesis is an essential step in the development of cerebral metabolic abnormalities in hyperammonemic states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03247.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability to Amino Acids After Portacaval Anastomosis (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 38 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The influx of phenylalanine, tryptophan, leucine, and lysine across the blood-brain barrier of individual brain structures was studied in rats 7–8 weeks after a portacaval shunt or sham operation. The method involved a brief infusion of labeled amino acid in tracer quantity and quantitative autoradiography. The clearance rates of phenylalanine, tryptophan, and leucine were increased in proportion to each other in every region examined, but not by the same factor. Tryptophan clearance increased the most (about 200%) and leucine the least (about 30%), compared with phenylalanine (about 80%). This was unexpected, as all three amino acids are believed to be transported by the same mechanism. The changes were most marked in several limbic structures and the reticular formation, whereas the hypothalamus was least affected. Plasma clearance of lysine was decreased in all areas by about 70%. Since the circulating lysine concentration was decreased by 13%, the actual rate of lysine influx was even more reduced. The results demonstrate specific alterations in two different amino acid transport systems. The resulting excess brain neutral amino acids, some of which are neurotransmitter precursors, as well as reduced basic amino acid availability, may be of etiological significance in hepatic encephalopathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb08689.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Portacaval Anastomosis: Brain and Plasma Metabolite Abnormalities and the Effect of Nutritional Therapy (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 43 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Rats with portacaval shunts were used as a model of hepatic encephalopathy and compared to sham-operated controls. First, the changes in intermediary metabolites and amino acids in blood and whole brain were characterized and found to be similar at 4 and 7 weeks after shunting. Second, the effects of nutritional therapy on selected metabolites and tryptophan transport into brain were assessed in rats 5 weeks after surgery. Ordinary food was removed and the rats were treated with glucose given either by mouth or intravenously, or intravenous glucose plus branched chain amino acids. Several abnormalities in plasma amino acid concentrations were reversed by treatment. The abnormally high brain uptake index of tryptophan, a consequence of portacaval shunting, was not lowered by any of the treatment regimens; it was even higher in the groups given glucose by mouth and glucose plus amino acids. Calculated competition for entry of tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine into brain was unchanged (glucose plus amino aicds), or reduced (glucose alone). Brain glutamine content was brought to near normal by all treatments. Infusion of glucose plus branched chain amino acids normalized brain content of tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, even though the brain uptake index of tryptophan was higher in this group. Thus, partial or complete reversal of several abnormalities found after portacaval shunting was achieved by removal of oral food and administration of glucose. The addition of branched chain amino acids to the glucose infusion restored brain content of three aromatic amino acids to near normal, by a mechanism which appeared to be unrelated to transport across the blood-brain barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb12789.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional Cerebral Glucose Utilization in Rats with Portacaval Anastomosis (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 40 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Regional cerebral glucose utilization was measured using [2-14C]glucose in rats with an end-to-side portacaval anastomosis. The experiments were conducted in two groups of rats 4 to 8 weeks after portacaval shunting was established. One group was paralyzed and given N2O:O2 (70:30), whereas the other was conscious, unstressed, and unaware of the experiment. In both groups the rate of glucose utilization was decreased in almost all brain structures by an average of 20% after portacaval shunting. The results showed definitively that cerebral energy metabolism was reduced at a time when there were no obvious neurological abnormalities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb08082.x
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