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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure of Glucose and Branched-Chain Amino Acids to Normalize Brain Glucose Use in Portacaval Shunted Rats (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 47 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several abnormalities in brain and plasma amino acid concentrations caused by portacaval shunting in rats return toward normal after 4 days of intravenous infusion with either glucose or glucose with branched-chain amino acids. To assess the effect of such treatment on brain energy metabolism, regional brain glucose use was measured using [14C]glucose and autoradiography, 5 weeks after portacaval shunting. In one experiment intravenous glucose or glucose with branched-chain amino acids was given for 4 days. In a separate experiment the treatment was given orally for 2 weeks, and in addition to glucose use, brain monoamines and amino acids were measured. No other food was provided; the rats had free access to water. Normally fed shunted rats and sham-operated rats served as controls. Both types of oral treatment lowered the high concentrations of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and glutamine in plasma and brain. Glucose without amino acids normalized brain tryptophan. Levels of brain norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were significantly raised after shunting. Treatment had no effect on norepinephrine but the glucose diet brought the indoles into the normal range. In contrast, neither intravenous nor oral treatment affected brain glucose use, which remained depressed by 25–30% in all brain areas examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00776.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional Transport of Some Essential Nutrients across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Normal and Diseased States (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 529 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb51418.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell-mediated immunity is enhanced by cytostatic drugs continuously released at the site of antigenic stimulation (1989)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 28 (1989), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunopotentiation by cytostatic drugs continuously released from osmotic minipumps, was investigated in a guinea-pig contact-sensitivity model. These pumps are designed to release their content within a period of 7 days. Vepesid (VP-16) and 5-fluorouracil were released into oxazolone-stimulated lymph nodes by subcutaneous implantation of pumps containing either of these drugs. The pumps were implanted at the intended sensitization site, 2 days before sensitization. Strong potentiation of T-cell-mediated immunity, evaluated by delayed-type hypersensitivity measurements, was observed with both drugs tested. Daily injections with VP-16 also caused an enhancement of the immune response. However, daily injections with 5-fluorouracil, a drug assumed to be cell-cycle-specific in its action, failed to potentiate delayed hypersensitivity to oxazolone. Intralesional administration of cytostatic drugs has been put forward as an effective treatment modality in various types of cancer. Therapeutic effects may depend on both local tumorcytotoxic and immunopotentiating activities. Our present results suggest that osmotic minipumps can be applied to broaden the applicability and effectiveness of local chemotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00199113
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional brain monoamines and their metabolites after portacaval shunting (1987)
    Springer
    Metabolic brain disease 2 (1987), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: monoamine neurotransmitters ; serotonin ; norepinephrine ; dopamine ; monoamine turnover ; portacaval anastomosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Disturbances in brain monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism have been implicated in the development of hepatic encephalopathy produced by portacaval shunting or liver disease. We have measured the content of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, as well as their metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in nine selected brain areas of rats with portacaval shunts and sham-operated control rats. All substances were measured in single samples using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, after a simple extraction procedure. In shunted rats serotonin content was 26% higher in the raphe nuclei area, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid throughout the brain (by 51 to 137%), suggesting increased serotonin turnover. Norepinephrine content was higher by 26% in the frontal cortex. Dopamine content was unaffected; however its metabolites were higher in a few areas including the caudate and ventral tegmentum. Brain content of the monoamine precursor amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine was higher throughout the brain in the shunted rats. The results suggest that serotonin metabolism is altered throughout the brain after portacaval shunting, which could be related to some of the characteristic behavioral abnormalities found in this condition. Catecholamine metabolism appears to be more selectively and less extensively affected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00999609
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional brain glucose use in unstressed rats after two days of starvation (1987)
    Springer
    Metabolic brain disease 2 (1987), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: brain glucose use ; starvation ; quantitative autoradiography ; cerebral oxidative metabolism ; ketone bodies ; brain glucose transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Regional brain glucose use was measured in conscious, unrestrained, fed rats and after 2 days of starvation, using quantitative autoradiography and [6-14C]glucose. Plasma glucose, lactate, and ketone body concentrations and brain glucose and lactate content were measured in separate groups of rats. Glucose concentrations were lower in starved rats in both plasma and brain; plasma ketone body concentrations were elevated. Glucose use was found to be lower throughout the brain by about 12%. While some areas seemed to be affected more than others, statistical analysis showed that none were exceptionally different. The results could not be explained by increased loss of14C as lactate or pyruvate during the experimental period, because the arteriovenous differences of these species were insignificant. The calculated contribution by ketone bodies to the total energy consumption was between 3 and 9% for the brain as a whole in the starved rats and could, therefore, partially account for the depression seen in glucose use. It was concluded that glucose oxidation is slightly depressed throughout the brain after 2 days of starvation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00999693
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional blood-brain barrier transport of glucose after portacaval anastomosis (1986)
    Springer
    Metabolic brain disease 1 (1986), S. 119-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: glucose transport ; blood-brain barrier ; regional glucose utilization ; portacaval anastomosis ; hepatic encephalopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The regional influx of glucose across the blood-brain barrier was measured in rats 5 to 6 weeks after a portacaval anastomosis or sham operation. D-[14C]Glucose was infused intravenously for 15sec while arterial blood was sampled continuously for measurement of plasma radioactivity and glucose concentration. Brain tissue radioactivity was measured by quantitative autoradiography. Glucose influx and plasma clearance (permeability times surface area;PS) were calculated from the net disintegrations per minute per gram in brain, the plasma radioactivity integral, and the plasma glucose concentration. In shunted rats influx was decreased by about 22% (in the brain as a whole) compared to that in controls. This decrease was almost entirely due to the decrease in plasma glucose concentrations (27%). ThePS, normalized to take plasma concentrations into account, showed a slight decrease in most of the brain except the telencephalon. For the brain as a whole this decrease amounted to 11%. The regionalPS and glucose utilization are known to be coupled and the relationship between these was the same in sham-operated and shunted rats. The decrease inPS observed in shunted rats was commensurate with their lower rates of glucose use; thus, the transport process of glucose from plasma to brain appeared to be unaffected by portacaval shunting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00999382
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain monoamines after portacaval anastomosis (1986)
    Springer
    Metabolic brain disease 1 (1986), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: hepatic encephalopathy ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; liver disease ; monoamine neurotransmitters ; portacaval shunting ; rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, as well as the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid, were measured in whole-brain extracts from rats with a portacaval shunt or sham operation. Norepinephrine, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were significantly higher after shunting. There was no difference in dopamine. The results support the idea that brain indole metabolism is increased during chronic hepatic encephalopathy. However, they provide evidence against suggestions that hepatic encephalopathy in general is accompanied by a shortage in the whole-brain content of the catecholamines norepinephrine and dopamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00998476
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