Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Energy Crisis and Climate Change: Global Concerns and Their Solutions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Energy Crisis -- 1.3 Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development -- 1.4 Climate Change and Energy Crisis -- 1.5 Climate Change -- 1.5.1 Environmental and Social Consequences of Climate Change -- 1.5.2 Process and Causes of Global Warming -- 1.6 Cleaner Alternatives to Coal to Alleviate Climate Change -- 1.6.1 Carbon Sequestering and Clean Coal -- 1.6.2 Natural Gas and Nuclear Energy -- 1.6.3 Hydrogen -- 1.7 Climate Change and Energy Demand -- 1.8 Mitigation Measures for the Energy Crisis and Global Warming: Reduce Emissions of Greenhouse Gases (IPCC) -- 1.9 Conclusion -- 1.10 Future Considerations -- References -- Chapter 2 Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy: Opening New Doors for Energy Sustainability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Need of Novel Research in Alternative Sources of Energy -- 2.3 Recent Advances in Renewable Sources of Energy -- 2.3.1 Solar Energy -- 2.3.2 Wind Energy -- 2.3.3 Hydropower -- 2.3.4 Geothermal Energy -- 2.3.5 Bioenergy -- 2.3.6 Ocean Energy -- 2.4 Future Fuel: Hydrogen -- 2.4.1 Hydrogen Production Methods Using Renewable Sources -- 2.5 Challenges -- 2.5.1 Efficiency -- 2.5.2 Large-Scale Production -- 2.5.3 Cost-Effective Production -- 2.6 Future: Alternative Sources of Energy -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Recent Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Different Innovations Employed in Major Types of Alternative Sources of Energy -- 3.2.1 Solar Energy (Semiconductor Technology to Harness Solar Power) -- 3.2.2 Hydropower -- 3.2.3 Wind Energy -- 3.2.4 Geothermal Energy -- 3.2.5 Biomass Energy -- 3.2.6 Hydrogen as a Fuel -- 3.3 Environmental Impacts -- 3.4 Future Prospects. , 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Energy and Development in the Twenty-First Century - A Road Towards a Sustainable Future: An Indian Perspective -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Energy Consumption and Economic Development -- 4.3 Environmental Issues - A Corollary of Economic Development -- 4.4 Air Quality - Deterioration Leading to Development of another Mars -- 4.5 Carbon Footprints - Gift of Mankind to Mother Earth -- 4.6 Sustainable Development -- 4.6.1 Problems Faced by the Country in Implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) -- 4.6.2 Paris Accord -- 4.6.3 Steps Taken by India to Reduce the Carbon Emission -- 4.7 Coronavirus Pandemic and its Impact on the Carbon Emission -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Nations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Energy and Economic Development -- 5.2.1 The Impact of Economic Development on Energy -- 5.2.2 Economic Development and Fluctuations in Energy Consumption -- 5.2.3 Energy Consumption in Developing Nations -- 5.2.4 The Price of Energy and Management of Demand -- 5.3 Energy Services in Developing Nations -- 5.4 Energy Supplies in the Developing Nations -- 5.5 Energy and the Environment in Developing Nations -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Pathways of Energy Transition and Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Brazil -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Rationale for Public Investment in Research and Development in Energy Sector -- 6.3 Overview of the Electricity Sector in Brazil -- 6.3.1 Energy Policies in Brazil -- 6.3.2 Climate Change: National Policy 2009 -- 6.3.3 Prioritization of Policies in Choice of Energy Mix (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006) -- 6.4 Market Structure -- 6.4.1 Government Players -- 6.4.2 Private and Public Players. , 6.5 Programmes and Laws Under the Government of Brazil -- 6.6 An Overview of the Sources of Finance in the Energy Sector: Brazil -- 6.6.1 The Regime for Funding Agency (World Energy Outlook 2013) -- 6.6.2 Source of Funding and Trends in Research and Development -- 6.7 Climate-Resilient Growth: Environmental Consequences -- 6.7.1 Environmental Consequences: Key Takeaways -- 6.8 Social Consequences: Availability, Affordability and Accessibility -- 6.8.1 Social Consequences: Key Takeaways -- 6.9 The Political Economy of Energy Transition: A Brazilian Experience -- 6.10 Interlinking Economic Growth and Energy Use: A Theoretical Construct -- 6.10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption, per Capita GDP Growth, CO2 Emissions, Research and Development Expenditure: A Comparison of BRICS -- 6.11 Conclusion -- Chapter 7 Renewable Energy: Sources, Importance and Prospects for Sustainable Future -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources of Renewable Energy -- 7.2.1 Solar Energy -- 7.2.2 Wind Energy -- 7.2.3 Hydropower -- 7.2.4 Geothermal Energy -- 7.2.5 Biomass -- 7.2.6 Tidal Energy -- 7.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Renewable Energy Resources -- 7.4 Importance of Renewable Energy -- 7.5 Benefits of Renewable Energy Production to the Society -- 7.6 Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development Goals -- 7.7 Limitations in Renewable Energy -- 7.8 Current Status and Future Perspectives -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Clean Energy Sources for a Better and Sustainable Environment of Future Generations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Conventional Sources of Energy -- 8.2.1 Hydro Energy -- 8.2.2 Wind Energy -- 8.2.3 Geothermal Energy -- 8.2.4 Solar Energy -- 8.2.5 Ocean Energy -- 8.3 Environmental Impacts of Renewable Resources -- 8.4 Mitigation Strategies and Sustainable Development of Renewable Resources -- 8.5 Biomass and Microorganisms-Derived Energy. , 8.6 Alternative Energy Resources -- 8.6.1 Biodiesel from Bioengineered Fungi -- 8.6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCS) -- 8.6.3 Waste-to-Energy Technology -- 8.6.4 Hydrogen as a Fuel -- 8.6.5 Fuel Cell -- 8.6.6 Radiant Energy -- 8.7 Challenges: Implementation to the Usage of Renewable Energy -- 8.7.1 Social Barriers -- 8.7.2 Ecological and Environmental Issues -- 8.7.3 Commercialization and Scalability -- 8.7.4 Material Requirement -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- Suggested Readings -- Chapter 9 Sustainable Energy Policies of India to Address Air Pollution and Climate Change -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Energy Sector of India -- 9.2.1 Energy Reserves -- 9.2.2 Production of Energy -- 9.2.3 Consumption of Fossil Fuel and Electricity -- 9.2.4 Energy Sector and Greenhouse Gases Emission -- 9.3 India's Potential and Policies to Exploit Renewable Sources -- 9.3.1 Solar Energy -- 9.3.2 Wind Energy -- 9.3.3 Hydropower -- 9.3.4 Biomass Energy -- 9.4 National Strategies to Promote Renewable Energy: Policy Framework with Their Objectives -- 9.4.1 India's Electricity Act -- 9.4.2 National Electricity Policy (NEP), 2005 -- 9.4.3 NAPCC-National Action Plan on Climate Change, 2008 -- 9.4.4 Copenhagen Accord -- 9.4.5 India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) -- 9.5 Financial Instruments to Promote Renewable Sources in India -- 9.5.1 Coal Tax -- 9.5.2 Subsidy Cuts on Fossil Fuels -- 9.5.3 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) -- 9.5.4 Perform, Achieve and Trade Scheme -- 9.5.5 Other Government Policies, Their Budget and Status -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 A Regime Complex and Technological Innovation in Energy System: A Brazilian Experience -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Brazil: Its Changing Role in Global Governance -- 10.3 Brazilian Energy: A Regime Complex -- 10.3.1 Role of Brazil and Regime Complex for Climate Change. , 10.4 Implications of Climate Regime on Brazilian Energy Regime -- 10.5 A Shift in Energy Regime: Technological Innovations in Energy Sector -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Websites -- Chapter 11 Opportunities in the Living Lights: Special Reference to Bioluminescent Fungi -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 History of Bioluminescence -- 11.3 Bioluminescence in Terrestrial Organisms -- 11.4 Bioluminescence Molecules -- 11.5 Bioluminescent Fungi -- 11.5.1 Diversity -- 11.5.2 Mechanism of Bioluminescence in Fungi -- 11.5.3 Significance -- 11.6 Opportunities in Fungal Bioluminescence -- 11.6.1 Glowing Tree -- 11.6.2 Bioassay of Toxicity -- 11.6.3 In-Vivo Imaging -- 11.6.4 Animal Model Study -- 11.6.5 Bioactive Secondary Metabolites -- 11.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Production of Liquid Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 12.2.1 Pretreatment of LCB -- 12.2.2 Detoxification -- 12.2.3 Hydrolysis -- 12.2.4 Fermentation -- 12.2.5 Product Recovery -- 12.3 Bio-gasoline from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 12.3.1 Hydrolysis to Monosaccharides -- 12.3.2 Hydrogenation of Monosaccharides to Polyols -- 12.3.3 Conversion of Polyols and Carbohydrates to C5/C6 Alkanes -- 12.4 Jet Fuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 12.4.1 Production of Jet Fuels from Sugars and Platform Molecules -- 12.4.2 Production of Oil to Jet Fuels -- 12.4.3 Production of Gas to Jet Fuels -- 12.4.4 Production of Alcohol to Jet Fuels -- 12.5 Conversion of Lignin to Hydrocarbons -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Sustainable Solution for Future Energy Challenges Through Microbes -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Importance of Energy and Energy Statistics -- 13.3 Brief History of Biofuels -- 13.4 Classification of Biofuels -- 13.4.1 First Generation (1G) -- 13.4.2 Second Generation (2G). , 13.4.3 Third Generation (3G).

Note: Front Cover -- Global Climate Change -- Global Climate Change -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Biographies -- 1 - Climate change and existential threats -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The existential threats -- 3. The rise in temperature and global warming -- 4. Melting of glaciers and polar icecaps -- 5. Rise in sea level, sea shape, and sea composition -- 6. Hazards of climate change -- 7. Forest fires -- 8. Heat waves -- 9. Drought -- 10. Floods -- 11. Cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons -- 12. Loss of biodiversity and impact on flora and fauna -- 13. Health effects -- 14. Food security -- 15. Climate refugees -- 16. Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Impact of climate change on biodiversity and shift in major biomes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effects of climate change on biodiversity -- 3. Changes in the recurring life cycle events -- 4. Climatic factors -- 5. Biological responses and ecosystem health -- 6. Buffer and porch effects -- 7. Range shifts -- 8. Extinction risks -- 9. Summary and conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 3 - Climate-resilient agriculture: enhance resilience toward climate change -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Major causes for climate change -- 1.1.1 The natural factors causing climate change -- 1.1.2 Anthropogenic activities -- 1.2 Pros of climate change -- 1.3 Cons of climate change -- 2. Climate-resilient agriculture -- 3. Major programs for climate-resilient agriculture -- 3.1 NICRA: National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture -- 3.2 Objectives of National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture -- 3.3 Village Climate Risk Management Committee -- 4. Smart practices and technologies for climate-resilient agriculture -- 4.1 Conservation of natural resources -- 4.2 Conservation of soil moisture by mulching -- 4.2.1 Benefit of mulching -- 4.3 Conservation agriculture for sustainable land use. , 4.4 Artificial recharging for enhancement of groundwater -- 4.5 Community approach for soil and water conservation -- 4.6 Sustainable crop production under climate change scenario -- 4.6.1 Selection of appropriate crop varieties -- 4.6.2 System of Rice Intensification -- 4.6.3 Aerobic rice cultivation -- 4.6.4 Intensive mixed farming system -- 4.6.5 Soil enrichment using organic manure/amendments and biofertilizers -- 4.6.6 Livestock and fisheries -- 4.6.6.1 Fodder production -- 4.6.6.2 Aquaculture and coping measures -- 5. Institutional interventions -- 5.1 Preserving the genetic diversity -- 5.2 Role of fodder bank in improving the quality of fodder -- 5.3 Custom hiring centers for increasing farm mechanization -- 5.3.1 Benefits from custom hiring centers -- 5.4 Weather Based Crop Insurance -- 6. Village-level weather forecasting -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- 4 - Influence of anthropocene climate change on biodiversity loss in different ecosystems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Drivers of climate change -- 3. Climate change-induced species response -- 4. Biodiversity loss in terrestrial environment -- 4.1 Montane and subalpines ecosystems -- 4.2 Dryland ecosystems -- 5. Biodiversity loss in aquatic environment -- 5.1 Marine and coral reef ecosystems -- 5.2 Freshwater and wetland ecosystems -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 5 - Link between air pollution and global climate change -- 1. Air pollution -- 1.1 Air quality standards -- 1.2 Air quality index -- 2. Sources of air pollution -- 2.1 Classification of major air pollution sources -- 2.2 Types of pollutants -- 3. Greenhouse gases -- 3.1 Global warming potential -- 3.2 Residence time -- 4. Greenhouse gases, global warming, and global climate change -- 4.1 Radiative forcing -- 4.2 Net radiative forcing -- 5. Nitrogen oxide emission an indirect greenhouse gas -- 6. Parameters affecting air pollution. , 7. Coupling of air pollution with global warming process -- 8. Design of large-scale facility for effective global warming system -- 9. Current applications and future aspects -- 9.1 Carbon capture and storage/utilization technologies -- 9.2 Concluding remarks -- References -- 6 - Dimensions of climate change and its consequences on ecosystem functioning -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ozone depletion, UV-B penetration, and their impacts on different ecosystems -- 2.1 Stratospheric ozone depletion -- 2.2 Impacts of ozone depletion on regional and global basis -- 2.3 Impacts of O3 depletion on the regional rainfall and water availability -- 2.4 Impacts of O3 depletion-induced changes in surface temperature on terrestrial ecosystem -- 3. UV radiation -- 3.1 Global climate change due to ozone depletion and UV-B penetration -- 3.2 Impacts of UV-B on terrestrial ecosystem -- 3.3 Impacts of ozone depletion and UV radiation on ecosystem functioning -- 3.4 Impacts of O3 depletion and UV-B penetration on aquatic ecosystem -- 3.5 Climate change-induced alteration in UV radiation exposure of organisms -- 4. Global warming -- 4.1 Impact of global warming on terrestrial ecosystems -- 4.2 Impact of global warming on aquatic ecosystems -- 4.3 Sea level rise and glacier melting -- 5. Effects of climate change on nutrient pollution -- 6. Effects of climate change on thermal pollution -- 7. Increased risks of climate-related disasters -- 7.1 Climate change aggravates the degradation of ecosystem -- 7.2 Proper ecosystem management is essential to reduce the risks of weather events -- 8. Crisis of natural resources -- 8.1 Land degradation -- 8.2 Water crisis -- 8.3 Loss of biodiversity -- 8.4 Marine resources -- 9. National and international meets/conventions on climate change impact and mitigation efforts -- 10. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 7 - Climate change: Impact on agricultural production and sustainable mitigation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Global climate change -- 3. Impact of climate change on the agricultural sectors -- 3.1 Climate change impact on Indian agriculture -- 3.1.1 Impact on the agricultural ecosystem -- 3.1.2 Impact on the agricultural production -- 3.1.2.1 Rice -- 3.1.2.2 Wheat -- 3.1.2.3 Maize -- 3.1.2.4 Barley -- 3.1.2.5 Pulses -- 3.1.3 Impact on the insect pest and disease development -- 3.1.4 Impact on the use of agrochemicals -- 3.1.5 Impacts on the agricultural economy -- 4. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for the agriculture -- 4.1 Mitigation strategies -- 4.2 Adaptation strategies -- 4.2.1 Soil management practices -- 4.2.2 Shifting the location of seed production industries -- 4.2.3 Shifting crop sowing date -- 4.2.4 Plant breeding and focus on developed variety -- 5. Policy implications -- 6. Conclusion and future prospective -- References -- 8 - Geological records of climate change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geological evidence of climate change -- 2.1 Oceanic sediments -- 2.2 Oxygen isotope ratio -- 2.3 Tree rings -- 2.4 Fossils pollen -- 2.5 Coral reefs -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- 9 - Global climate change: the loop between cause and impact -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural causes of climate change -- 2.1 Orbital variations and climate change -- 2.1.1 Orbital eccentricity -- 2.1.2 Earth's obliquity -- 2.1.3 Precession -- 2.2 Solar variability and climate change -- 2.2.1 Sunspots and temperature -- 2.2.2 Sunspots and drought -- 2.3 Plate tectonics and climate change -- 2.4 Albedo and climate change -- 2.5 El Nino-Southern oscillation (ENSO) cycle -- 2.6 Volcanic activity and climate change -- 3. Anthropogenic cause -- 3.1 Greenhouse gases -- 3.1.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) -- 3.1.2 Methane -- 3.1.3 Nitrous oxide (N2O). , 3.1.4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) -- 3.1.5 Water vapor (H2O) and aerosol -- 4. Effect of climate change -- 4.1 Change in sea level -- 4.2 Ocean acidification -- 4.3 Ozone depletion -- 4.4 Melting of polar ice and glaciers -- 4.5 Enhanced extreme weather events -- 4.6 Food security -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 10 - Development of abiotic stress-tolerant mustard genotype through induced mutagenesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Indicator for different stresses -- References -- 11 - Impact of tropospheric ozone pollution on wheat production in Southeast Asia: an update -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modern bread wheat: the second most important cash crop -- 2.1 Origin and evolution of modern wheat -- 2.2 Wheat as a major player in green revolution -- 3. Tropospheric ozone: the most toxic secondary air pollutant and climate factor -- 3.1 Good ozone and bad ozone -- 3.2 The genesis of ozone -- 3.3 Absorption in plants and general consequences -- 3.4 Consequences -- 4. Wheat production under ozone pollution: the world scenario -- 5. Case studies: Southeast Asia -- 5.1 Pakistan -- 5.1.1 India -- 5.2 Bangladesh -- 5.3 China -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 - Past and present events of climate change: natural versus anthropogenic causes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evidence of climate change -- 2.1 Loss of polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers -- 2.2 Ocean acidification -- 2.2.1 Reduced calcification -- 2.3 Change in average surface temperature and precipitation pattern -- 2.4 Sea level rise -- 3. Causes of climate change: natural versus anthropogenic -- 3.1 Natural causes of climate change -- 3.2 Anthropogenic causes of climate change -- 4. Past climatic changes -- 5. Recent trends in climate change -- 5.1 Sea level rise -- 5.2 Shrinking ice -- 5.3 Ocean heat and acidity -- 5.4 Extreme events -- 5.5 Wildfires -- 6. Conclusion -- References. , 13 - Radioecology: dissecting complexities of radionuclide transfer under climate change.

Note: Intro -- Pesticides in the Natural Environment: Sources, Health Risks, and Remediation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Classification of pesticides and loss of crops due to creepy crawlers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Crop losses due to pests -- 3. Pesticide classification -- 4. Classification based on chemical structure -- 4.1. Organochlorine pesticides (OCP) -- 4.2. Organophosphate pesticides (OPP) -- 4.3. Carbamate pesticides -- 4.4. Pyrethroid pesticides -- 5. Classification based on mode of entry -- 5.1. Systematic pesticides -- 5.2. Contact pesticides -- 5.3. Fumigants -- 5.4. Stomach poisons and toxicants -- 5.5. Repellents -- 6. Classification based on target pest -- 7. Based on pesticide toxicity -- 8. Pesticide contamination, implications, and environmental impacts -- 9. Summary -- Chapter 2: Ecological impacts of pesticides on soil and water ecosystems and its natural degradation process -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Persistence and circulation of pesticides in the ecosystem -- 3. Bioaccumulation of chemical pesticides in the food cycle -- 4. Pesticides and their mode of action -- 4.1. Action on nerve and muscle -- 4.1.1. Carbamate and organophosphate -- 4.1.2. Neonicotinoid -- 4.1.3. Organochlorine, avermectins, and bifenazate -- 4.1.4. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids -- 4.2. Target on growth inhibition -- 4.3. Target on the energy source -- 4.4. Bioprocessing of pesticides in animals -- 4.5. Pesticide impacts on soil ecosystem -- 4.6. Pesticide impacts on water ecosystem -- 4.7. Impacts of pesticides on human health -- 4.7.1. Acute health impacts on human -- 4.7.2. Chronic health effects -- 4.7.3. Pesticide impacts on youngsters -- 4.8. Familiar pesticides and their health effects -- 4.9. Natural degradation process -- 4.10. Detoxification of pesticides by bacteria -- 4.11. Enzymes involved in biodegradation of pesticides. , 4.11.1. Hydrolases -- 4.11.2. Esterases -- 4.11.3. Phosphotriesterases -- 4.11.4. Oxidoreductases -- 4.12. Phases of metabolism involved in degradation and detoxification of toxic metabolite -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 3: Fate and assessment of pesticide in aquatic ecosystem -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources, forms, and occurrence of pesticides in the ecosystem -- 3. Environmental fate of pesticides -- 4. Factors that influence the assessment of aquatic pesticide pollution -- 5. Future recommendations -- 6. Conclusion -- Chapter 4: Fate and adverse effects of pesticides in the environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanisms involved in the determination of the initial fate of a pesticide in the environment -- 3. Transport of pesticides in the environment -- 3.1. Transport in the atmosphere -- 3.1.1. Drift of the wind -- 3.1.2. Volatilization -- 3.1.3. Erosion -- 3.2. Soil transport -- 3.2.1. Retention -- 3.2.2. Degradation -- Chemical degradation -- Hydrolysis -- Redox reactions -- Photodegradation -- 3.3. Transport of pesticides to water reservoirs -- 3.3.1. Lixiviation -- 3.3.2. Runoff -- 4. Use of pesticides worldwide -- 4.1. Countries that have banned the application of any of the pesticides analyzed -- 5. Impact of pesticide on the soil microbiology -- 5.1. Pesticides in the soil: Application rates and legislation -- 5.2. The microbiological diversity of the soil and pesticides -- 5.3. Consequences of pesticide contamination in the soil -- 5.4. Interaction pesticides-Microorganisms: Bioremediation and biodegradation -- 5.5. Adverse effects of pesticides on microorganisms present in the soil -- 5.6. Other effects -- 6. Pesticides and the response of plants -- 6.1. Plants and pests: Pests as pesticides? -- 6.1.1. Semiochemicals -- 6.1.2. Kairomones -- 6.1.3. Pheromones -- 6.2. Allelopathy -- 6.3. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles. , 7. Pesticides toxicity on nontarget terrestrial organisms -- 7.1. Pollinators -- 7.2. Bees -- 7.3. Wasps -- 7.4. Parasitoids -- 7.5. Ants -- 7.6. Butterflies -- 7.7. Beetles -- 7.8. Arthropod predators -- 7.9. Silkworms -- 7.10. Earthworms -- 7.11. Moths -- 7.12. Birds -- 7.13. Mammals in general -- 8. Pesticides impact on aquatic ecosystems -- 8.1. Atrazine -- 8.2. Butachlor -- 8.3. Carbaryl -- 8.4. Carbofuran -- 8.5. Cypermethrin -- 8.6. Chlorpyrifos -- 8.7. Dimethoate -- 8.8. Fipronil -- 8.9. Glyphosate -- 8.10. Malathion -- 9. Perspectives and future research -- Chapter 5: Towards understanding the impact of pesticides on freshwater ecosystem -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Routes of aquatic pesticide pollution -- 3. Impact of pesticide pollution on aquatic ecosystem -- 4. Impact of pesticides on water quality -- 5. Impact of pesticides on flora of aquatic ecosystem -- 6. Impact of pesticides on fauna of aquatic ecosystem -- 7. Specific impacts of different categories of pesticides on aquatic fauna -- 8. Response to the risks of use of pesticides -- 9. Conclusion -- Chapter 6: Persistence of pesticides and their impacts on human health and environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of pesticide -- 3. The fate of pesticides in the environment -- 3.1. Pesticides in environment -- 3.2. Pesticides in food -- 3.3. Pesticides in water -- 4. Pesticide affecting human health -- 4.1. Assessment of general human health -- 4.2. Women -- 4.3. Children -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. Future prospective -- Chapter 7: Complex approaches to assessing the pesticides risk on human health and environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evaluation of the effect of pesticides on genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity in laboratory conditions -- 3. Evaluation of pesticide genotoxicity using cytogenetic markers -- 4. Impacts of pesticide residues on food safety. , 5. Effects of pesticides on human health -- 6. Pesticide exposure risk assessment -- 6.1. Sparling: The regulatory framework for assessing risks to human health and environmental issues presented by shows -- 6.2. Consumption rate -- 6.3. Estimation of dietary exposure -- 6.4. Risk characterization -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 8: Neurodevelopmental and reproductive impacts of pesticides on pregnant women -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effect on health and reproductive life -- 3. Neurodevelopmental effects of OP pesticides -- 4. Concerns at both high and low OP exposures -- 5. Summary -- Chapter 9: Pesticides and human health: The noxious impact on maternal system and fetal development -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of pesticides -- 3. Toxicity of common pesticides -- 3.1. Organophosphorous pesticides (OPs) -- 3.2. Carbamates -- 3.3. Organochlorines pesticides (OCs) -- 3.4. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids -- 4. Prevention of pesticide exposure -- 5. Adverse effect on human health and fetal development -- 5.1. Eyes -- 5.2. Lungs -- 5.3. Brain -- 5.4. Digestive system -- 5.5. Reproductive system -- 5.6. Maternal health -- 5.7. The placental barrier in pregnant women -- 5.8. Fetal development -- 6. Conclusion -- 7. Future prospects -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 10: ytogenetical bioindication of pesticidal contamination -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chromosomal disorders -- 2.1. People -- 2.2. Agricultural animals -- 2.3. Laboratory animals -- 3. Micronuclear analysis -- 3.1. Micronuclear analysis and cytological disorders in nuclear erythrocytes of animals -- 3.1.1. Fish -- 3.1.2. Amphibians -- 3.1.3. Reptiles -- 3.1.4. Birds -- 3.2. Micronuclear analysis and cytological disturbances in the erythrocytes of peripheral blood of mammals and human -- 4. Plant test systems -- 5. Comet-test -- 6. Problems and prospects of cytogenetic bioindication. , Chapter 11: Modulation of soil microbiome and related alterations in response to pesticides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Impact of pesticides on soil microbial biome -- 2.1. Impact of pesticides on bacterial diversity -- 2.2. Impact of pesticides on mycorrhizae -- 2.3. Impact of pesticides on microalgae -- 3. Pesticides and associated alterations on the metabolism of microbes -- 3.1. Effect on biodegradation and mineralization -- 3.2. Effect on phosphorus solubilization -- 3.2.1. Phosphorus solubilizing enzymes: An ultimately affected participant -- 3.3. Reverberation of pesticides on nitrogen fixation -- 4. Future area of research -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 12: Botanical pesticides as alternatives for more sustainable crops and healthy foods -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Pesticides in agriculture and the consequences of their use -- 2. Botanical pesticides in agriculture -- 2.1. Plant-based products used against insects and mites -- 2.2. Anti-fungal effects of botanical pesticides -- 2.3. Some remarks on the herbicide effect of plant extracts -- 3. Challenges in the use of plant-based pesticides -- 4. Future recommendations -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 13: The potential use of essential oils as natural biocides against plant pathogens -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Common diseases in crops -- 2. Biological activities of EOs -- 2.1. EOs with biocidal activities -- 2.2. EOs with antibacterial activities -- 3. Challenges -- 3.1. Non-selective action of EO -- 3.2. EOs effects on non-target soil microorganisms -- 4. Future directions -- 5. Conclusion -- Chapter 14: Sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to reduce the use of pesticides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Advantages and disadvantages of conventional pesticides -- 3. Mobility of pesticides in different environments. , 4. Pesticide degradation and the risk of degradation products.