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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecoregions and ecodistricts: Ecological regionalizations for the Netherlands' environmental policy (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental management 19 (1995), S. 797-813 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Ecoregions ; Ecodistricts ; Ecological land classification ; Mapping ; Discriminant analysis ; Canonical variate analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For communicating data on the state of the environment to policy makers, various integrative frameworks are used, including regional integration. For this kind of integration we have developed two related ecological regionalizations, ecoregions and ecodistricts, which are two levels in a series of classifications for hierarchically nested ecosystems at different spatial scale levels. We explain the compilation of the maps from existing geographical data, demonstrating the relatively holistic, a priori integrated approach. The resulting maps are submitted to discriminant analysis to test the consistancy of the use of mapping characteristics, using data on individual abiotic ecosystem components from a national database on a 1-km2 grid. This reveals that the spatial patterns of soil, groundwater, and geomorphology correspond with the ecoregion and ecodistrict maps. Differences between the original maps and maps formed by automatically reclassifying 1-km2 cells with these discriminant components are found to be few. These differences are discussed against the background of the principal dilemma between deductive, a priori integrated, and inductive, a posteriori, classification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471933
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amisulpride versus flupentixol in schizophrenia with predominantly positive symptomatology – a double-blind controlled study comparing a selective D2-like antagonist to a mixed D1-/D2-like antagonist (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 137 (1998), S. 223-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Amisulpride ; Flupentixol ; Schizophrenia ; Antipsychotic efficacy ; Extrapyramidal tolerability ; Atypical neuroleptic ; Dopamine ; Selective D2-like antagonism ; Mixed D1-/D2-like antagonism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The benzamide amisulpride (ASP) is a selective D2-like dopamine antagonist, while flupentixol (FPX), a thioxanthene, blocks D2-like, D1-like and 5-HT2 receptors. To evaluate efficacy and safety of ASP and to investigate the importance of an additional D1-like antagonism for antipsychotic effects and extrapyramidal tolerability, a randomized double-blind multi-center study versus FPX as reference drug was performed for 6 weeks in 132 patients suffering from acute schizophrenia (DSM-III-R) with predominant positive symptomatology. Doses were initially fixed (ASP: 1000 mg/day; FPX: 25 mg/day) but could be reduced by 40% in case of side effects (mean daily doses: ASP: 956 mg; FPX: 22.6 mg). Intention-to-treat evaluation demonstrated significant improvement under both medications. The difference between the mean BPRS decreases of both treatment groups was 5.6 points (95% CI: 0.55; 10.65) in favour of ASP. According to CGI, 62% of patients in either drug group were treatment responders. ANCOVA analysis showed that reductions of BPRS (ASP: −42%; FPX: −32%) and SAPS (ASP: −78%; FPX: −65%) were more pronounced under ASP. Due to adverse events, significantly fewer ASP patients (6%) were withdrawn from the study (FPX: 18%). Extrapyramidal tolerability was better in the ASP group, as demonstrated by smaller increases in the Simpson-Angus Scale, the AIMS, and the Barnes Akathisia Scale in ANCOVA analyses with dosage as covariate. ASP appears to be as effective as FPX with regard to antipsychotic effects on positive schizophrenic symptomatology, while extrapyramidal tolerability is better. These conclusions have to be drawn cautiously, as dosage effects on outcome parameters cannot be entirely ruled out. The present results question the notion that additional blockade of D1-like receptors may be necessary to achieve sufficient antipsychotic effects or to improve extrapyramidal tolerability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050614
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia with amisulpride: a comparison with haloperidol (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 132 (1997), S. 396-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Amisulpride ; Atypical antipsychotic ; Schizophrenia ; Haloperidol ; Productive symptoms ; Secondary negative symptoms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Amisulpride is a substituted benzamide with high selectivity for dopaminergic D2 and D3 receptors. This study compared 800 mg/day amisulpride and 20 mg/day haloperidol in patients with acute exacerbations of schizophrenia. This multicenter, double-blind trial involved 191 patients allocated, after a 1 to 7-day wash-out period, to amisulpride (n = 95) or haloperidol (n = 96) for 6 weeks. Improvement of mean BPRS total score was 48% for amisulpride and 38% for haloperidol (NS), whereas improvement in the Negative PANSS subscale was greater in the amisulpride group (37%) compared to haloperidol (24%) (P = 0.038). CGI scores showed a higher number of responders in the amisulpride (62%) than in the haloperidol group (44%) (P = 0.014). More extrapyramidal symptoms measured with the Simpson-Angus scale were provoked in the haloperidol group (P = 0.0009). Amisulpride is at least as effective as haloperidol in the treatment of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia, and is more effective in the treatment of negative symptoms whilst causing less parkinsonism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050361
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: considerations for clinical trials (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 115 (1994), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; negative symptoms ; clinical trials ; psychiatric status rating scales ; neuroleptics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is little agreement about the methodology of clinical trials of antipsychotic drugs in patients with negative symptoms. A literature review revealed wide variation in experimental design, rating scales and study duration. This reflects differing views as to the definition and response to treatment of negative symptoms. Some degree of standardization would improve comparability of studies and aid the development of new compounds. Patients included in such studies should have displayed negative symptoms for at least 6 months. Depressive symptoms, positive schizophrenic symptoms and extrapyramidal signs may all influence or be confused with negative symptoms and may respond to treatment; they should be at a low level at baseline and should be measured during the study period. Studies should last at least 8 weeks. Several scales are available for measuring negative symptoms and are reviewed; a global impression score should be used additionally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244775
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Landscape-ecological mapping of the Netherlands (1991)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 5 (1991), S. 145-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: geographical database ; GIS ; grid map ; landscape ecology ; land classification ; nature conservation ; susceptibility ; significance ; vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Landscape-ecological Mapping of the Netherlands project (LMN project) started in 1983 with the aim of establishing a landscape-ecological database for use in developing and evaluating national land-use plans. The project, working with grid cells of 1 km2, has four working objectives: a) development of mapping potential for basic landscape-ecological data, b) assessment of susceptibility to interventions, c) evaluation of significance for nature conservation and d) production of vulnerability maps, as a combination of susceptibility and significance. In addition to information on soil, groundwater, ecotopes, flora and fauna, the database also incorporates information on physiographical features and entire landscapes. The resulting database is a geographic information system (GIS). This article describes the second phase of the project (1985–1989), covering the ‘Randstad’ area, and focusses on the methods and the applications potential of the database.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00158062
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amitriptyline and oxaprotiline in the treatment of hospitalized depressive patients (1986)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 235 (1986), S. 329-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Primary depression ; Amitriptyline ; Oxaprotiline ; Psychophysiology ; Drug plasma level ; MHPG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Amitriptyline (AT) and the noradrenaline reuptake inhibiting antidepressant oxaprotiline (OT = hydroxymaprotiline) were compared in 59 primary depressive inpatients in a 4-week double blind parallel group design. In the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and 2 self-rating scales AT proved to be more efficient than OT, mainly with respect to disturbances of appetite and sleep. Agitated patients receiving OT needed more additional tranquilizing medication. The number of side-effects did not differ. Both drugs increased heart rate and skin resistance level (SRL) to about the same degree and did not influence the number of spontaneous fluctuations of SRL, habituation of SRL orienting responses (OR), frequencies of respiration and blinking. Salivation was temporarily more impaired by AT. All physiological variables differed between patients and 30 healthy controls during the whole 4-week trial. Clinical outcome showed a linear relation to OT plasma levels. For AT a therapeutic window was confirmed for concentrations of AT and its metabolite nortriptyline between 125 and 200 ng/ml. Patients whose SRL-OR habituated rapidly had a better outcome than slow habituators. Urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol was lower in patients than in controls but could not predict outcome with either drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381001
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