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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Evolutionary Origins of Life and Death. (2020)
    Chicago :University of Chicago Press,
    Details
    Keywords: Life-Origin. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: No detailed description available for "The Evolutionary Origins of Life and Death".
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (236 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780226747934
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=6380039
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Contents -- Foreword (by Eugene V. Koonin) -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- An Introduction to the Scientific Study of Life and Death -- Part One: The Origin of Life -- 1. Philosophical considerations and the origin of life -- 2. The biotic world -- 3. The theory of life's origins -- 4. Life at the very beginning I: the chemistry of the first biomolecules -- 5. Life at the very beginning II: the emergence of complex RNA molecules -- 6. The origin of life was an evolutionary transition in individuality -- 7. A synthesis for the origin of life -- Part Two: The Origin of Death -- 8. Philosophical considerations and the origin of death -- 9. Observations of death -- 10. Mechanisms and measures of programmed cell death in the unicellular world -- 11. True PCD: when PCD is an adaptation -- 12. Ersatz PCD: the non-adaptive explanations for PCD -- 13. Programmed cell death and the levels of selection -- 14. A synthesis for the origin of programmed cell death -- Part Three: Origins of Life and Death, and Their Coevolution -- 15. Group selection and the origins of life and death -- 16. Life and death coevolution, and the emergence of complexity -- Postface -- Additional notes -- Reference list -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
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  • 2
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    Wood cellulose preparation methods and mass spectrometric analyses of delta C-13, delta O-18, and nonexchangeable delta H-2 values in cellulose, sugar, and starch: An interlaboratory comparison (2007)
    In:  Analytical Chemistry
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Interlaboratory comparisons involving nine European stable isotope laboratories have shown that the routine methods of cellulose preparation resulted in data that generally agreed within the precision of the isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) method used: +/- 0.2% for carbon and +/- 0.3% for oxygen. For carbon, the results suggest that holocellulose is enriched up to 0.39% in C-13 relative to the purified alpha-cellulose. The comparisons of IRMS measurements of carbon on cellulose, sugars, and starches showed low deviations from -0.23 to +0.23% between laboratories. For oxygen, IRMS measurements varied between means from -0.39 to 0.58%, -0.89 to 0.42%, and -1.30 to 1.16% for celluloses, sugars, and starches, respectively. This can be explained by different effects arising from the use of low- or high-temperature pyrolysis and by the variation between laboratories in the procedures used for drying and storage of samples. The results of analyses of nonexchangeable hydrogen are very similar in means with standard deviations between individual methods from +/- 2.7 to +/- 4.9%. The use of a one-point calibration (IAEA-CH7) gave significant positive offsets in delta H-2 values up to 6%. Detailed analysis of the results allows us to make the following recommendations in order to increase quality and compatibility of the common data bank: (1) removal of a pretreatment with organic solvents, (2) a purification step with 17% sodium hydroxide solution during cellulose preparation procedure, (3) measurements of oxygen isotopes under an argon hood, (4) use of calibration standard materials, which are of similar nature to that of the measured samples, and (5) using a two-point calibration method for reliable result calculation.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
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    Spatio‐temporal patterns of tree growth as related to carbon isotope fractionation in European forests under changing climate (2019)
    In:  Global Ecology and Biogeography
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Aim The aim was to decipher Europe‐wide spatio‐temporal patterns of forest growth dynamics and their associations with carbon isotope fractionation processes inferred from tree rings as modulated by climate warming. Location Europe and North Africa (30‒70° N, 10° W‒35° E). Time period 1901‒2003. Major taxa studied Temperate and Euro‐Siberian trees. Methods We characterize changes in the relationship between tree growth and carbon isotope fractionation over the 20th century using a European network consisting of 20 site chronologies. Using indexed tree‐ring widths (TRWi), we assess shifts in the temporal coherence of radial growth across sites (synchrony) for five forest ecosystems (Atlantic, boreal, cold continental, Mediterranean and temperate). We also examine whether TRWi shows variable coupling with leaf‐level gas exchange, inferred from indexed carbon isotope discrimination of tree‐ring cellulose (Δ13Ci). Results We find spatial autocorrelation for TRWi and Δ13Ci extending over a maximum of 1,000 km among forest stands. However, growth synchrony is not uniform across Europe, but increases along a latitudinal gradient concurrent with decreasing temperature and evapotranspiration. Latitudinal relationships between TRWi and Δ13Ci (changing from negative to positive southwards) point to drought impairing carbon uptake via stomatal regulation for water saving occurring at forests below 60° N in continental Europe. An increase in forest growth synchrony over the 20th century together with increasingly positive relationships between TRWi and Δ13Ci indicate intensifying impacts of drought on tree performance. These effects are noticeable in drought‐prone biomes (Mediterranean, temperate and cold continental). Main conclusions At the turn of this century, convergence in growth synchrony across European forest ecosystems is coupled with coordinated warming‐induced effects of drought on leaf physiology and tree growth spreading northwards. Such a tendency towards exacerbated moisture‐sensitive growth and physiology could override positive effects of enhanced leaf intercellular CO2 concentrations, possibly resulting in Europe‐wide declines of forest carbon gain in the coming decades.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    Signal strength and climate calibration of a European tree-ring isotope network (2007)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We present the first European network of tree ring delta(13)C and delta(18)O, containing 23 sites from Finland to Morocco. Common climate signals are found over broad climatic-ecological ranges. In temperate regions we find positive correlations with summer maximum temperatures and negative correlations with summer precipitation and Palmer Drought Severity Indices (PDSI) with no obvious speciesspecific differences. Regional delta(13)C and delta(18)O chronologies share high common variance in year-to-year variations. Long-term variations, however, exhibit differences that may reflect spatial variability in environmental forcings, age trends and/or plant physiological responses to increasing atmospheric CO(2) concentration. Rotated principal component analysis (RPCA) and climate field correlations enable the identification of four sub-regions in the delta(18)O network - northern and eastern Central Europe, Scandinavia and the western Mediterranean. Regional patterns in the delta(13)C network are less clear and are timescale dependent. Our results indicate that future reconstruction efforts should concentrate on delta(18)O data in the identified European regions.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 5
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    Water-use efficiency and transpiration across European forests during the Anthropocene (2015)
    In:  Nature Climate Change
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The Earth’s carbon and hydrologic cycles are intimately coupled by gas exchange through plant stomata. However, uncertainties in the magnitude and consequences of the physiological responses of plants to elevated CO2 in natural environments hinders modelling of terrestrial water cycling and carbon storage. Here we use annually resolved long-term δ13C tree-ring measurements across a European forest network to reconstruct the physiologically driven response of intercellular CO2 (Ci) caused by atmospheric CO2 (Ca) trends. When removing meteorological signals from the δ13C measurements, we find that trees across Europe regulated gas exchange so that for one ppmv atmospheric CO2 increase, Ci increased by ~0.76 ppmv, most consistent with moderate control towards a constant Ci/Ca ratio. This response corresponds to twentieth-century intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) increases of 14 ± 10 and 22 ± 6% at broadleaf and coniferous sites, respectively. An ensemble of process-based global vegetation models shows similar CO2 effects on iWUE trends. Yet, when operating these models with climate drivers reintroduced, despite decreased stomatal opening, 5% increases in European forest transpiration are calculated over the twentieth century. This counterintuitive result arises from lengthened growing seasons, enhanced evaporative demand in a warming climate, and increased leaf area, which together oppose effects of CO2-induced stomatal closure. Our study questions changes to the hydrological cycle, such as reductions in transpiration and air humidity, hypothesized to result from plant responses to anthropogenic emissions.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
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    Evolution of ice shelves in North Greenland during the last 30 years (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-10
    Description: In north Greenland, which holds more than 2.7 m of sea level equivalent, the ice flows through ice shelves, as in Antarctica. These floating platforms are the most vulnerable parts of the ice sheets as the advection of warm, salty ocean waters increases basal melting, which can trigger an increase in ice flow into the ocean. Here we study the recent dynamic and geometric changes of all present and former ice shelves along the north coast of Greenland. We document the evolution of the surface elevation using data from the GIMP project, from NASA's instruments (ICESat-1/2, ATM, LVIS, GLISTIN-A) and generate DEMs using ASTER imagery between 2000-present. We also monitor changes in surface ice velocity and grounding zone evolution using a combination of optical and radar data. We use the elevation time series to monitor the temporal evolution of the ice shelves volumes and combine them with the surface flow velocity to calculate basal melt rates in a Lagrangian framework at unprecedented level of resolution. Finally, we compare our observations with nearby CTD measurements, the TOPAZ4b reanalysis of Arctic ocean physics provided by Copernicus Marine Service and model outputs from the Modèle Atmosphérique Régoinal. We show that basal melting, grounding line retreat and fracturing are rapidly increasing and is followed by an increase in ice discharge into the ocean. These observations demonstrate that significant changes are occuring in a region that has long been considered stable, which may have dramatic consequences for the ice sheet contribution to sea level rise.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 7
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    (Table 2) Radiocarbon dates of peat and wood samples collected on Drayton Island
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-12
    Keywords: Age; Age, 14C calibrated, CALIB 5.0.2 (Stuiver et al., 2005); Age, 14C conventional; Age, dated; Age, dated material; Age, dated standard deviation; Age, maximum/old; Age, minimum/young; Calendar age; Drayton Island, Nunavik, Canada; EXC; Excavation; IbGk-3; Qijurittuq; Sample code/label; Sample ID
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 70 data points
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  • 8
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    (Table 1) Radiocarbon dates of Mytilus edulis shells collected on Drayton Island
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-12
    Keywords: Age, 14C calibrated, CALIB 5.0.2 (Stuiver et al., 2005); Age, 14C conventional; Age, dated; Age, dated material; Age, dated standard deviation; Age, maximum/old; Age, minimum/young; Area/locality; Calendar age; Drayton_Is-T10; Drayton_Is-T11; Drayton_Is-T13; Drayton_Is-T4; Drayton_Is-T6; Drayton_Is-T7; Drayton_Is-T8; Drayton_Is-T9; Drayton Island, Nunavik, Canada; Elevation of event; Event label; EXC; Excavation; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Sample code/label
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 64 data points
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  • 9
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    (Table 2) Number of identified specimens and individuals from bones and bone fragments at site IbGk-3, Drayton Island (2010)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Desrosiers, Pierre M; Lofthouse, Susan; Bhiry, Najat; Lemieux, Anne-Marie; Monchot, Hervé; Gendron, Daniel; Marguerie, Dominique (2010): The Qijurittuq site (IbGk-3), Eastern Hudson Bay: An IPY Interdisciplinary Study. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 110(2), 227-243, https://doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2010.10669509
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-13
    Description: An interdisciplinary study was conducted at Qijurittuq (IbGk-3), an archaeological site located on Drayton Island along the eastern shore of Hudson Bay, Nunavik. Local Inuit made important contributions to the research. High school students participated in the field school, and elders shared their traditional knowledge. The elders expressed an interest in the source of the wood used to construct Qijurittuq's semi-subterranean dwellings, and this inspired us to expand our research in that direction. This interdisciplinary study included a reconstruction of the geomorphological and environmental history of Drayton Island, wood provenance and dendrochronology studies, research on house architecture and settlement patterns, and a zooarchaeological analysis. This paper synthesizes the preliminary results of this interdisciplinary investigation within the context of climate change. We discuss the persistence of semi-subterranean dwellings in eastern Hudson Bay long after they had been abandoned elsewhere. At Qijurittuq, their abandonment corresponds with the end of Little Ice Age. However, at the same time, the development of more permanent contact with Euro-Canadians was having a strong impact upon Inuit culture.
    Keywords: Drayton Island, Nunavik, Canada; EXC; Excavation; IbGk-3; International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; Mass; Name; Number of identified specimens; Number of individuals; Percentage; Qijurittuq; Taxon/taxa
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 84 data points
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  • 10
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    Radiocarbon dates of Mytilus shells and peat and wood samples collected on Drayton Island (2011)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Lemieux, Anne-Marie; Bhiry, Najat; Desrosiers, Pierre M (2011): The geoarchaeology and traditional knowledge of winter sod houses in eastern Hudson Bay, Canadian Low Arctic. Geoarchaeology-An International Journal, 26(4), 479-500, https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.20365
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-13
    Description: A multidisciplinary study was undertaken at the Qijurittuq Site (IbGk-3) on Drayton Island in Low-Arctic Quebec (Canada) to document the relationships between climatic, environmental, and cultural changes and the choice of Thule/Inuit dwelling style in the eastern Arctic. Several marine terraces were 14C-dated with shells in order to reconstruct the area's uplift (glacioisostatic rebound) curve. Plant macrofossil analysis of peat was conducted to reconstruct past vegetation and, indirectly, past climate. Archaeological surveys and excavations characterized the structure of subterranean sod houses at the Qijurittuq Site and were supplemented with open interviews with Inuit elders for a better understanding of site location and the use of household space. The sites selected for habitation were well-drained sandy marine terraces in a valley sheltered from prevailing winds. Sod houses were in turn made possible by the abundance of driftwood on the island and the presence of nearby peatland. Thule/Inuit people used semi-subterranean houses rather than igloos at the Qijurittuq Site during the dry, cold conditions toward the end of the Little Ice Age. Stable environmental conditions and food supply during winter possibly explain the use of those semipermanent houses on Drayton Island. However, it does not exclude the use of igloos during short expeditions on ice.
    Keywords: International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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