Keywords:
Endangered ecosystems.
;
Electronic books.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (470 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783662499023
Series Statement:
Ecological Studies ; v.227
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=4740922
DDC:
551.51098616
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Interactions Between Biosphere, Atmosphere, and Human Land Use in the Amazon Basin: An Introduction -- 1.1 The Amazon Basin -- 1.2 The LBA Projects 1998-2007 -- 1.3 This Book -- References -- Part II: Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions -- Chapter 2: Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in Amazonian Forest Ecosystems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 BVOC Biosynthesis in Plants -- 2.3 Volatile Metabolomics -- 2.4 BVOCs as Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation Under Oxidative Stress -- 2.5 BVOC Bidirectional Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: The Hydrology and Energy Balance of the Amazon Basin -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Current Conditions -- 3.2.1 Mean Conditions and Spatial Variability -- 3.2.2 Temporal Variability -- 3.3 Anthropogenic Influences -- 3.3.1 Land Cover and Land Use Change -- 3.3.1.1 Vegetation Controls on Water/Energy Balance -- 3.3.1.2 Land Use Impacts on the Water/Energy Balance -- 3.3.2 Global Climate Change -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Extreme Seasonal Climate Variations in the Amazon Basin: Droughts and Floods -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 History of Hydro-meteorological Extremes in the Region: Inter-annual Variability of Rainfall/Rivers in the Basin -- 4.3 Long-Term Variability and Trends of Hydro-meteorological Extremes -- 4.4 Projected Climate Change in Amazonia -- 4.5 Regional Extremes and Impacts on Future Climate Change Scenarios -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Carbon Balance -- Chapter 5: The Amazon Carbon Balance: An Evaluation of Methods and Results -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Evaluation of Methods -- 5.2.1 Bottom-Up Estimates -- 5.2.1.1 Biomass Plots -- 5.2.1.2 Eddy Covariance Sites -- 5.2.2 Top-Down Estimates -- 5.2.2.1 Measurements from Air-Borne Platforms.
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5.2.2.2 Measurements from the Global Atmospheric Network -- 5.2.3 The Role of Satellite Remote Sensing -- 5.3 Evaluation of Results, with Emphasis on Uncertainties Arising from Methods -- 5.3.1 What Is the Carbon Balance of the Amazon Basin? -- 5.3.1.1 FDeforestation and FDegradation the Deforestation and Degradation Fluxes -- 5.3.1.2 Fold-growth and FSecondary Fluxes Over Forests -- 5.3.1.3 FPlantation -- 5.3.1.4 FHarvest -- 5.3.1.5 FPeat -- 5.3.1.6 FAgriculture -- 5.3.1.7 FClimatechange -- 5.3.1.8 FFossilfuel -- 5.3.2 Total Estimate of Carbon Balance, Bottom-Up Evaluation -- 5.3.3 Total Estimate of Carbon Balance, Top-Down Evaluation -- 5.4 Answers to the Science Questions -- 5.4.1 What Is the Carbon Balance of the Amazon, and How Does It Change from Year to Year According to Climatological Variation... -- 5.4.2 What Is the Seasonality in the Carbon Flux Between the Land and Atmosphere? -- 5.4.3 How Do the Changes in Land Use Affect the Fluxes? -- References -- Chapter 6: Climate and the Amazonian Carbon Balance -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Climate Background -- 6.3 Flux Components of the Amazon Carbon Balance -- 6.3.1 Carbon Release Caused by Deforestation -- 6.3.2 Intact Forest Carbon Balance -- 6.3.3 Fossil Fuel Emissions -- 6.3.4 Riverine Carbon -- 6.3.5 Amazon-Wide Carbon Balance Based on Lower Troposphere Greenhouse Gas Balances -- 6.4 Summary and Conclusions -- Appendix: Formalisation of Book Keeping Approach to Estimate Carbon Fluxes Caused by Deforestation Based on Data of Area Defor... -- Carbon Release to the Atmosphere After Deforestation -- Carbon Uptake from the Atmosphere by Re-establishing land Vegetation -- References -- Chapter 7: Aquatic Ecosystems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Inundation and the Variable Extent of Aquatic Habitats: Remote Sensing and Modelling -- 7.2.1 Remote Sensing.
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7.2.2 Geomorphological Approaches to River Areas -- 7.2.3 Modelling of Inundation -- 7.3 Gas Transfer Velocity Between Water and Atmosphere -- 7.4 Carbon Dioxide and Methane Concentrations and Fluxes -- 7.4.1 Streams and Rivers -- 7.4.2 Lakes -- 7.4.3 Wetlands -- 7.4.4 Reservoirs -- 7.4.5 Airborne Surveys -- 7.5 Regionalisation of Fluxes -- 7.5.1 Prior Estimates -- 7.5.2 New Estimates -- 7.6 Sources and Decomposition of Organic Carbon -- 7.7 Uncertainties and Research Needs -- 7.7.1 Field Measurements -- 7.7.2 Modelling -- 7.8 Climate Change, Exceptional Events, and Human Impacts -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Ecosystem-Atmosphere Exchanges of CO2 in Dense and Open `Terra Firme´ Rainforests in Brazilian Amazonia -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sites: Rainfall Patterns and Precipitation Seasonality -- 8.3 Ecosystem-Atmosphere CO2 Fluxes in BLA -- 8.4 Seasonality of C-Fluxes -- 8.5 Seasonality of Photosynthesis -- 8.6 Inter-annual Variability -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Overview of Forest Carbon Stocks Study in Amazonas State, Brazil -- 9.1 Background -- Box 9.1: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD-plus) -- 9.2 Development of Allometric Equations -- 9.2.1 Allometric Equations for Old-Growth Amazonian Forests -- Box 9.2: Data Collection for Developing Allometric Models -- Box 9.3: Uncertainty -- 9.2.2 Common Allometry with Dominant Height -- 9.3 Plot-Based Carbon Stock Estimation -- 9.3.1 Structural Features of Inventory Plots -- Box 9.4: Forest Inventory -- Box 9.5: Description of the Sites Where Biomass Destructive Allometry Were Conducted -- 9.3.2 Carbon Stock Estimation -- 9.4 Perspective for Future Studies on the Carbon Stocks in Amazonas State -- References -- Part IV: Environmental Variation and Global Change -- Chapter 10: Recent Changes in Amazon Forest Biomass and Dynamics.
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10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Overview -- 10.1.2 A Networked Approach -- 10.2 Methods -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 Structural Change -- 10.3.2 Recovery from Large Disturbances? -- 10.3.3 Dynamic Changes -- 10.3.4 Functional Compositional Changes -- 10.3.5 Recent Drought Impacts in Amazonia -- 10.3.6 What is Driving these Changes? -- 10.3.7 The Future: Potential Susceptibility of Amazon Forest to Environmental Stress and Compositional Changes -- 10.3.7.1 Moisture Stress -- 10.3.7.2 Photosynthesis/Respiration Changes -- 10.3.7.3 Compositional Change -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: The Biogeochemistry of the Main Forest Vegetation Types in Amazonia -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Physiography and the Atmosphere-Vegetation-Soil System in the Major Vegetation Formations of the Amazon Basin -- 11.2.1 Introduction: Nutrient Cycles -- 11.2.2 Physiography of the Amazon Basin -- 11.3 Carbon -- 11.3.1 Carbon Stocks, Allocation, and Fluxes -- 11.3.1.1 Carbon Stocks -- 11.3.1.2 Carbon Fluxes -- 11.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus -- 11.4.1 External Sources -- 11.4.1.1 Nitrogen Fixation -- 11.4.1.2 Atmospheric Deposition and Canopy Leaching -- 11.4.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Stocks and Fluxes -- 11.4.2.1 Stocks -- 11.4.2.2 Fluxes -- 11.4.3 Losses -- 11.4.3.1 Leaching, Surface and Subterranean Flows, and Stream Export of N, P, and C -- 11.4.3.2 N Trace Gas Emissions -- 11.4.3.3 Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds -- 11.5 Synthesis and Conclusions -- 11.5.1 Emerging Patterns for Elemental Cycles Across Forest Formations -- 11.5.1.1 Carbon -- 11.5.1.2 Nitrogen -- 11.5.1.3 Phosphorus -- 11.5.2 Hiatuses and the Way Forward -- References -- Chapter 12: Soil-Vegetation Interactions in Amazonia -- 12.1 Historical Perspective -- 12.2 The Geology and Geomorphology of the Amazon Basin -- 12.3 Soils and Nutrient Cycling in Amazonian Forests.
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12.4 Influence of Soils on Forest Species Composition, Structure, and Dynamics -- 12.4.1 Species Composition -- 12.4.2 Forest Dynamics -- 12.4.3 Forest Biomass -- References -- Chapter 13: Fires in Amazonia -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Fire Incidence -- 13.1.2 Fire Usage in Amazonia -- 13.1.3 Fire, Land Use, and Land Cover -- 13.1.4 Fire, Climate Seasonality, and Droughts -- 13.2 Fire Impacts -- 13.2.1 Extent of Burned Areas -- 13.2.2 Impact Fires on the Structure, Composition, and Carbon Stocks of Forests -- 13.3 Modelling Fire Occurrence in Amazonia -- 13.4 Conclusions -- Box 1: Challenges for Estimating Burnt Forest Areas in the Satellite Era -- References -- Chapter 14: Modelling Amazonian Carbon Budgets and Vegetation Dynamics in a Changing Climate -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 DGVMs for the Amazon -- 14.2.1 Soil-Plant Water Relations -- 14.2.2 Direct Effects of Water Stress on GPP and Transpiration -- 14.2.3 Temperature Dependence of GPP -- 14.2.4 Temperature Dependence of Respiration -- 14.2.5 CO2 and Nutrient Sensitivity of Amazon Forest Productivity -- 14.2.6 Functional Types Versus Continuous Traits -- 14.2.7 Allocation of Primary Productivity over Vegetation Components -- 14.2.8 Modelling Biomass: Demography of Vegetation Carbon, Mortality, Disturbance, Dispersal, and Recruitment -- 14.2.9 The Role of Fire in Natural Forests -- 14.3 Conclusion -- References -- Part V: Integrating Considerations Between Biophysical and Social Aspects -- Chapter 15: Land Use, Land Cover and Land Use Change in the Brazilian Amazon (1960-2013) -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Data and Information Sources Available on Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Change -- 15.3 Occupation of Brazilian Amazon: Drivers and Trends in Deforestation -- 15.4 The Impacts of Land Use Change -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References.
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Chapter 16: The Impact of Land Use on Carbon Stocks and Fluxes in Brazilian Amazonia: Implications for Policy.
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