Keywords:
Lithosphere.
;
Geodynamics.
;
Earth -- Crust.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
Presents a coherent synthesis of lithosphere studies, based on a full set of geophysical methods and complemented by petrologic and laboratory data on rock properties. This is a multidisciplinary resource for researchers and advanced students in geophysics, geodynamics, tectonics, petrology, and geochemistry, and for petroleum and mining industry professionals.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (796 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781139185578
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=807290
DDC:
551.13
Language:
English
Note:
Cover -- The lithosphere -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 What is the lithosphere? -- 1.1 Historical note -- 1.2 Lithosphere definitions -- 1.2.1 Defining the lithospheric base -- 1.2.2 Elastic lithosphere -- 1.2.3 Thermal lithosphere -- 1.2.4 Seismic lithosphere -- 1.2.5 Electrical lithosphere -- 1.2.6 Petrologic lithosphere -- 1.3 Concepts related to the lithosphere -- 1.3.1 Boundary layers -- 1.3.2 Perisphere and tectosphere -- 1.4 An unnecessarily confusing concept? -- 2 Age of the lithosphere -- 2.1 Introduction to isotope geochronology -- 2.1.1 Geochemical classification of elements -- Lithophile, siderophile, and chalcophile elements -- Melting, partitioning, and depletion -- Chondrites, Bulk Earth, and Bulk Silicate Earth -- 2.1.2 Radioactive decay and the isochron equation -- 2.1.3 K/Ar -- 2.1.4 Rb/Sr -- 2.1.5 U/Pb -- 2.1.6 Sm/Nd -- 2.1.7 Re/Os -- 2.1.8 Lu/Hf -- 2.1.9 Mantle evolution from Hf and Nd isotopes -- 2.1.10 Model ages -- 2.2 Age of the crust and the lithospheric mantle -- 2.2.1 Continental crust -- Tectono-thermal and geological ages -- Old lithosphere in tectonically young regions -- Old crust-young lithospheric mantle in continental settings -- 2.2.2 Oceanic crust -- Continental crust trapped in mid-ocean ridge -- Recycled Precambrian lithosphere in mantle plumes -- 3 Seismic structure of the lithosphere -- 3.1 Laboratory studies of seismic properties of rocks -- 3.1.1 Introduction: Major elastic and anelastic parameters -- 3.1.2 Effects of pressure and temperature -- Seismic velocities -- Seismic attenuation, anelasticity, and effect of frequency -- 3.1.3 Effect of grain size variations -- 3.1.4 Effect of mineralogy -- 3.1.5 Anisotropy -- Pores and microcracks -- LPO anisotropy -- 3.1.6 Melt and fluid inclusions -- 3.1.7 Melt-depletion and mantle composition.
,
Oceanic melting trend -- Continental melting trend -- 3.1.8 Density-velocity relationship -- 3.2 Summary of seismic methods -- 3.2.1 Types of seismic waves -- 3.2.2 Theoretical limits on seismic wave resolution -- 3.2.3 Methods of seismic data interpretation -- One-dimensional techniques -- Ray theory -- The Herglotz-Wiechert-Bateman inversion -- Non-uniqueness of 1D velocity inversions -- 1D reference models of the Earth -- Two-dimensional techniques -- Three-dimensional techniques -- Preamble -- Regularization methods and damping -- Resolution tests and sensitivity analysis -- Earthquake location problem -- 3.3 Major seismic discontinuities in the lithosphere -- 3.3.1 The crust -- Continental crust -- Crustal layers -- The Moho and crustal thickness -- Principal types of the continental crust -- Stable parts of the continents -- Active parts of the continents -- Oceanic crust -- General patterns -- Anomalous oceanic crust -- 3.3.2 Seismic discontinuities in the upper mantle -- LVZ, G-discontinuity and the base of seismic lithosphere -- Lehmann (L-) discontinuity -- 3.4 Receiver function (converted waves) studies -- 3.4.1 The method -- P- and S-converted waves -- "Receiver functions" -- Limitations of the RF method -- The depth-velocity trade-off -- Moho and intracrustal discontinuities -- Mantle discontinuities and the S-receiver functions -- 3.4.2 Examples of PRF and SRF studies of the crust and the upper mantle -- Thickness of Precambrian crust in Greenland -- Lithosphere thickness in the collisional orogens of Central Asia -- Compositional boundary within the cratonic lithospheric mantle? -- Mantle transition zone and thermal state of the upper mantle -- 3.5 Controlled source methods: reflection/refraction studies of the upper mantle -- 3.5.1 Seismic reflection studies -- The method and its resolution -- Preamble.
,
Resolution of reflection methods -- Origin of crustal and mantle reflectivity -- Crustal reflectivity -- Reflection Moho -- Seismic discontinuities in the upper mantle -- Seismic reflection expression of tectonic styles -- Extended continental crust -- Collisional orogens and modern subduction zones -- Mantle reflectors and paleosubduction zones -- Dipping tectonic boundaries in the lithosphere -- 3.5.2 Seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection -- The method -- Heterogeneous upper mantle of Eurasia -- Preamble -- LVZs -- Teleseismic Pn -- Seismic discontinuities in the upper mantle beneath North America -- 3.6 Teleseismic seismology -- 3.6.1 Elastic tomography: methods and uncertainties -- Body-wave seismic tomography: uncertainty and resolution -- Surface-wave tomography: uncertainty and resolution -- Dispersion, vertical resolution, and depth leakage -- Ray path coverage and lateral resolution -- Crustal corrections -- Absolute versus relative velocities -- 3.6.2 Elastic tomography models of the upper mantle -- Global patterns -- Continents -- North America and Greenland -- South America -- Europe -- Siberia and Kazakhstan -- China, Mongolia, and India -- Australia -- Africa -- Antarctica -- Oceans -- Synopsis for some tectonic settings -- Stable continents -- Continental rifts -- Past and present subduction zones -- Mantle plumes and hotspots -- 3.6.3 Origin of seismic velocity anomalies in the upper mantle -- Correlations with the thermal regime -- Effect of water -- Effect of grain size -- Compositional anomalies -- Density-to-shear-wave velocity scaling factor -- 3.6.4 Seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle -- Types of anisotropy -- Origin of mantle anisotropy -- Body-wave studies -- Preamble -- Frozen versus asthenospheric anisotropy -- Global patterns -- Surface-wave anisotropy -- Preamble -- Continents -- Oceans.
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3.6.5 Lithosphere thickness from elastic tomography -- Definitions and uncertainties -- Global patterns -- 3.6.6 Anelastic tomography -- General remarks -- Correlations with surface tectonics -- Correlations with temperature and surface heat flow -- Correlations with seismic velocities -- 3.7 Seismic lithosphere: summary -- Factors affecting seismic velocities and attenuation -- Resolution problems -- Major results and global trends -- Thickness of seismic lithosphere: results and uncertainties -- 4 Thermal regime of the lithosphere from heat flow data -- 4.1 Field observations and laboratory data -- 4.1.1 Heat flow measurements -- Mechanisms of heat transfer and dimensionless numbers -- Accuracy of heat flow measurements -- 4.1.2 Thermal conductivity -- Mineral composition -- Porosity and fluid saturation -- Effect of temperature -- Effect of pressure -- Anisotropy -- 4.1.3 Thermal expansion, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat -- 4.1.4 Heat production -- Major heat-producing isotopes -- Laboratory measurements -- Near-surface samples -- Correlation between seismic velocity and heat production -- Exposed cross-sections of the deep crust -- Bulk heat production of the crust -- Chemical constraints -- Estimates from surface heat flow -- Heat production in the mantle -- Vertical and lateral variations in heat-producing elements -- Correlation between heat flow and heat production -- Depth variations of heat production -- Theoretical constraints -- Data from the Kola Superdeep Borehole -- Reduced heat flow -- 4.2 Heat flow data -- 4.2.1 Global compilations of surface heat flow -- 4.2.2 Global trends in surface heat flow -- 4.3 Thermal regime of oceanic lithosphere -- 4.3.1 Age dependence of seafloor topography and heat flow -- 4.3.2 Normal oceans -- Cooling half-space model -- Model predictions and empirical relationships.
,
Mantle potential temperature -- Cooling half-space model and ocean floor flattening -- Plate model -- Traditional approaches -- Oceanic geotherms -- Alternative approaches -- Testing half-space and plate models by observation -- Small-scale convection and geoid -- Ocean floor flattening: fact or artifact? -- 4.3.3 "Anomalous" oceans -- Subduction zones, marginal basins, and accretionary prisms -- Ocean plateaus and hot spots -- 4.4 Thermal regime of continental lithosphere -- 4.4.1 Heat flow on the continents -- Global observations -- Age dependence of continental heat flow -- Heat flow across the cratonic margins -- 4.4.2 Continental geotherms -- Time-scale of thermal equilibration -- Conductive geotherms for stable continents -- Uncertainties in conductive geotherms -- Mantle heat flow and mechanisms of surface heat flow variations in stable continents -- Thermal evolution of the mantle and the "Archean paradox" -- Continental regions with transient thermal regime -- Collisional orogens -- Extended regions -- Global patterns -- 4.4.3 Thickness of thermal lithosphere -- Thermal boundary layer -- Global patterns for the continents -- Statistical analysis of thermal model constrained by surface heat flow -- Lithosphere thickness-age correlation -- Global statistical thermal model -- Bimodal thickness of Archean-Paleoproterozoic lithosphere -- Lithosphere preservation, thermal blanketing, and heat diversion -- 4.5 Heat flow balance of the Earth -- 4.6 Thermal lithosphere: summary -- Factors affecting heat flow data -- Resolution problems -- Major results and global trends -- 5 Thermal state of the lithosphere from non-thermal data -- 5.1 Xenolith data -- 5.1.1 Xenoliths: advantages and disadvantages -- Xenoliths and xenocrysts -- Limitations of xenolith data -- 5.1.2 Xenoliths and the boundary layers -- Thermal boundary layer -- Chemical boundary layer.
,
Rheological boundary layer.
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