Note: Literaturangaben

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- A History of Gas Hydrate Research -- 1 Gas Hydrate Research: From the Laboratory to the Pipeline -- Abstract -- 1.1 General Aspects -- 1.2 Experimental Hydrate Research -- 1.2.1 Multiscale Approach -- 1.2.2 Overview of Experimental Techniques -- 1.2.2.1 Small (Laboratory) Scale -- 1.2.2.2 Pilot Scale -- 1.3 Final Considerations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Shallow Gas Hydrates Near 64° N, Off Mid-Norway: Concerns Regarding Drilling and Production Technologies -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Nyegga Gas Hydrate Location -- 2.2.1 General -- 2.2.2 The BSR -- 2.2.2.1 BSR-Related Drilling and Engineering Concerns -- 2.2.3 Complex Pockmarks -- 2.2.4 Hydrate Pingoes -- 2.2.4.1 A Qualitative Model for Hydrate Pingo Formation -- 2.2.5 Carbonate Rubble -- 2.2.6 Pockmark-, Carbonate Rubble-, and Pingo-Related Engineering Concerns -- 2.2.7 Unique Fauna -- 2.2.8 Fauna-Related Drilling and Engineering Concerns -- 2.2.9 Gas Chimneys -- 2.2.10 Gas-Chimney Related Drilling, Production, and Engineering Concerns -- 2.3 Husmus Geological Setting -- 2.3.1 General -- 2.3.2 The Shallow BSR at Husmus -- 2.3.3 Husmus-Related Drilling and Engineering Concerns -- 2.4 Ormen Lange Gas Seeping Event -- 2.4.1 Gas Seepage-Related Drilling and Engineering Concerns -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Finding and Using the World's Gas Hydrates -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction-The Location of Gas Hydrates Beneath the Seabed -- 3.2 History of Gas Hydrate Exploration and Global Assessments of Distribution -- 3.3 The Importance of Natural Gas Hydrates -- 3.3.1 The Role of Gas Hydrates in Climate Change -- 3.3.2 Hydrates as a Control on Benthic Ecosystems -- 3.3.3 The Role of Gas Hydrates in Slope Stability -- 3.3.4 Hydrates as a Future Energy Source. , 3.3.5 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Gas Hydrate Reservoirs -- 3.4 Evidence of Submarine Gas Hydrates -- 3.4.1 Geophysical Evidence -- 3.4.2 Quantifying Hydrates Through Chemical Measurements of Cores -- 3.4.3 Borehole Logging -- 3.5 Gas Hydrates in the Solar System: Applying Lessons from Earth -- 3.6 Summary -- References -- Gas Hydrate Fundamentals -- 4 Seismic Rock Physics of Gas-Hydrate Bearing Sediments -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Dry-Rock Moduli -- 4.2.1 Elastic Moduli from Theoretical Models -- 4.2.2 Dry-Rock Elastic Moduli from Calibration -- 4.3 Effective-Fluid Model for Partial Saturation -- 4.4 Permeability -- 4.5 Attenuation -- 4.6 Seismic Velocities -- 4.7 Estimation of the Seismic Velocities and Attenuation -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Estimation of Gas Hydrates in the Pore Space of Sediments Using Inversion Methods -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods, Physical Properties and Microstructures Used for Hydrate Quantification -- 5.3 Strategy for Gas Hydrate Exploration and Quantification -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Electromagnetic Applications in Methane Hydrate Reservoirs -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Electrical Properties of Gas Hydrates -- 6.2.1 Saturation Estimates -- 6.3 Marine CSEM Principle -- 6.4 CSEM Data Interpretation -- 6.5 CSEM Instrumentation and Exploration History -- 6.5.1 Seafloor-Towed Systems -- 6.5.2 Deep-Towed Systems -- 6.5.3 Other Systems -- 6.6 Global Case Studies -- 6.7 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Gas Hydrate Drilling for Research and Natural Resources -- 7 Hydrate Ridge-A Gas Hydrate System in a Subduction Zone Setting -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Tectonic Setting -- 7.3 Stratigraphy and Structure -- 7.4 The Bottom Simulating Reflection Across Hydrate Ridge -- 7.5 Hydrate Occurrence and Distribution Within Hydrate Ridge. , 7.5.1 Hydrate Concentrations from Drilling -- 7.5.2 Inferred Hydrates and Free Gas Regionally Across Hydrate Ridge -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Northern Cascadia Margin Gas Hydrates-Regional Geophysical Surveying, IODP Drilling Leg 311 and Cabled Observatory Monitoring -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Regional Occurrences of Gas Hydrate Inferred from Remote Sensing Data -- 8.3 The Gas Hydrate Petroleum System for the Northern Cascadia Margin -- 8.4 Gas Hydrate Saturation Estimates -- 8.5 Gas Vents, Focused Fluid Flow and Shallow Gas Hydrates -- 8.6 Long-Term Observations -- 8.6.1 Gas Emissions at the Seafloor -- 8.6.2 Controlled-Source EM and Seafloor Compliance -- 8.6.3 Borehole In Situ Monitoring -- 8.7 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Accretionary Wedge Tectonics and Gas Hydrate Distribution in the Cascadia Forearc -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Data -- 9.3 Results -- 9.4 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Bottom Simulating Reflections Below the Blake Ridge, Western North Atlantic Margin -- Abstract -- 10.1 Geologic Setting -- 10.2 A Brief History of Blake Ridge Gas Hydrate Research -- 10.3 Blake Ridge BSR Distribution, Character and Dynamics -- 10.3.1 A Dynamic BSR on the Eastern Flank of Blake Ridge -- 10.3.2 Gas Chimneys Extending from BSRs -- 10.3.3 The Role of Sediment Waves in Gas Migration from the BSR -- 10.3.4 The Blake Ridge Diapir -- 10.4 Unanswered Questions and Future Research -- References -- 11 A Review of the Exploration, Discovery and Characterization of Highly Concentrated Gas Hydrate Accumulations in Coarse-Grained Reservoir Systems Along the Eastern Continental Margin of India -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 India National Gas Hydrate Program-Scientific Drilling Expeditions -- 11.3 Representative Gas Hydrate Systems-Krishna-Godavari Basin. , 11.3.1 Krishna-Godavari Basin Geologic Setting -- 11.3.2 NGHP-02 Area C Gas Hydrate System -- 11.3.3 NGHP-02 Area B Gas Hydrate System -- 11.4 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Drilling Expeditions, Korea: Lithologic Characteristics of Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediments -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Geological Setting of the Ulleung Basin -- 12.3 Overview of the First and Second Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Drilling Expeditions (UBGH1 and 2) -- 12.4 Lithologic Characteristics of Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediments in the Ulleung Basin -- 12.5 Summary -- References -- 13 Bottom Simulating Reflections in the South China Sea -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Geological Setting and Gas Hydrate Drilling Expeditions -- 13.3 The Characteristics of BSRs Within Various Sediment Environments -- 13.3.1 BSR and Cold Seeps in Taixinan Basin -- 13.3.2 BSRs in the Pearl River Mouth Basin -- 13.3.3 BSRs in the Qiongdongnan Basin -- 13.4 Well Log Anomalies of Different Types of Gas Hydrate -- 13.5 BSR Dynamics and Response to Fluid Migration -- 13.6 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Gas Hydrate and Fluid-Related Seismic Indicators Across the Passive and Active Margins off SW Taiwan -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Geological Setting -- 14.3 Seismic Observations -- 14.3.1 Gas Accumulation -- 14.3.2 Fluid Migration -- 14.3.3 Presence of Gas Hydrate -- 14.4 Distribution of the Seismic Indicators and Implications for Understanding the Hydrate System -- 14.5 Summary -- References -- 15 Gas Hydrate Drilling in the Nankai Trough, Japan -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Discovery of Gas Hydrates and Early Expeditions in the Nankai Trough Area -- 15.3 MITI Exploratory Test Well: Nankai Trough (1999-2000) -- 15.4 METI Multi-well Exploratory Drilling Campaign and Resource Assessments. , 15.4.1 Drilling Operations and Achievements -- 15.4.2 Discovery of the Methane Hydrate Concentration Zone and Resource Assessments -- 15.5 Tests for Gas Production Undertaken in 2013 and 2017 -- 15.5.1 Gas Production Techniques and Site Selection -- 15.5.2 Drilled Boreholes and Data/Sample Acquisitions -- 15.5.3 Production Test Results and Findings -- 15.6 Other Gas Hydrate Occurrences and Resource Evaluation Results -- 15.7 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Alaska North Slope Terrestrial Gas Hydrate Systems: Insights from Scientific Drilling -- Abstract -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Alaska North Slope Gas Hydrate Accumulations -- 16.3 Alaska North Slope Gas Hydrate Research Drilling Programs -- 16.3.1 Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well -- 16.3.2 Iġnik Sikumi Gas Hydrate Production Test Well -- 16.3.3 Hydrate-01 Stratigraphic Test Well -- 16.4 Alaska North Slope Gas Hydrate Energy Assessments -- 16.5 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Arctic -- 17 Gas Hydrates on Alaskan Marine Margins -- Abstract -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Southeastern Alaskan Margin -- 17.3 Aleutian Arc -- 17.3.1 Eastern Aleutian Arc -- 17.3.2 Central Aleutian Arc -- 17.3.3 Western Aleutian Arc -- 17.3.4 Bering Sea -- 17.4 US Beaufort Sea -- 17.5 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 Gas Hydrate Related Bottom-Simulating Reflections Along the West-Svalbard Margin, Fram Strait -- Abstract -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Geological and Oceanographic Settings -- 18.2.1 Regional Tectonic Setting -- 18.2.2 Sedimentary Setting -- 18.2.3 Oceanographic Setting -- 18.3 BSR Distribution and Characteristics Within Various Sediment Types -- 18.3.1 Regional Extent of the BSRs -- 18.4 Evidence for Gas Migration from Deep and Shallow Sources -- 18.4.1 The Gas Sources -- 18.4.2 Vertical Fluid Migration Features -- 18.5 Inferred Gas Hydrate Distribution. , 18.6 BSR Dynamics and Response to Natural Changes in the Environment.