Note: Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Rethinking Environmental Governance: Exploring the Sustainability Potential in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives of the Study -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Major Initiatives to Govern Environment in India -- 4.1 Indian Forest Act, 1878, and Forest Conservation Act, 1980 -- 4.2 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 -- 4.3 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 -- 4.4 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 -- 4.5 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 -- 4.6 Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 -- 4.7 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 -- 4.8 Biological Diversity Act, 2002 -- 4.9 National Environmental Policy, 2006 -- 4.10 National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 -- 5 Attributes of Good Environmental Governance -- 6 Dimensions of Environmental Governance -- 7 In Search for Proper Plan of Action -- 8 In Conclusion: The Way Forward -- References -- Chapter 2: The Role of Local Governments in Encouraging Participation in Reforestation Activities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Conditions of the Forest Areas Around the World -- 3 SDG 2030, Climate Change, and Forest Fires -- 4 Local Government Role in Forest Areas and Reforestation -- 5 Public Participation in Protecting Forests and Being a Part in Reforestation Activities -- 6 Examples of Reforestation Activities with the Contributions of Local Governments and Public -- 6.1 China Reforestation Activities -- 6.2 The Great Green Wall of Africa -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Accessing Regional Liveability by Indicators: A Case Study of Mumbai Metropolitan Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Context -- 3 Discourses on Liveability -- 4 Methodology on Liveability and Sustainability -- 5 Observations from the Study Region -- 5.1 Mumbai Metropolitan Region. , 6 Generation of Local Benchmarks Through Community Participation -- 7 Suggestions and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Operationalizing the Regional Sustainability Assessment by Indicators -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sustainability: A Multidimensional Concept -- 3 Multidimensionality That Favors Assessment -- 4 Regional Sustainability Assessment: Operational Challenges -- 5 RSA Operational Gaps and Methodological Pathways -- 5.1 Multilevel Interaction in the RSA -- 5.1.1 Interregional Multilevel Interaction -- 5.1.2 Intraregional Multilevel Interaction -- 5.2 Stakeholder Participation in RSA -- 5.3 Geospatial Approach in the RSA -- 5.3.1 Spatialization of Data for RSA -- 5.3.2 Geospatialized RSA -- 6 Final Considerations -- 6.1 Research Limitations -- 6.2 Gaps That Persevere -- References -- Chapter 5: Voluntary Sustainability Standards for Corporate Social Responsibility -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS) -- 2.1 Emergence and Purpose of the VSS -- 2.2 VSS: Voluntary Use or Mandatory Trend? -- 3 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) -- 4 The VSS, Global Trade, and CSR for a Sustainability Network -- 5 VSS Contributions to CSR -- 6 Challenges VSS and CSR -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Universities to Educate in Sustainability: From Pedagogy to Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sustainable Universities -- 3 Pedagogical Transition -- 4 Management Transitions -- 4.1 Environmentalization -- 4.2 Tools for Assessing Sustainability Management at HEIs -- 4.2.1 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) -- 4.2.2 Graphical Assessment of Sustainability in Universities (GASU) -- 4.2.3 Green Report Card -- 4.2.4 STARS -- 4.2.5 GreenMetric -- 4.2.6 AISHE -- 4.2.7 CSAF -- 4.2.8 SAQ -- 4.2.9 KAP -- 4.2.10 Other Initiatives -- 4.2.11 Green Campus -- 4.2.12 Living Labs -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 7: Analysis of the Path of Studies on Financial Education and Sustainability -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Methodological Procedures -- 4 Presentation and Interpretation of Results -- 5 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: Unveiling Diversity and the Unwanted Inequality in Organizational Leadership -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Guaranteeing the Golden Ticket Is Not Enough -- 1.2 Consistent Signaling Diversity and Equity Through Leadership -- 2 Method -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Descriptive Data Analysis -- 3.2 Fixed and Random Effects on Panel Analysis -- 3.3 Hypothesis Results -- 4 Conclusions -- 4.1 Implications -- References -- Chapter 9: Critical and Instrumental Perspectives of Interdisciplinarity for Business Education -- 1 Introduction: The Generous Vision -- 2 Interdisciplinarity Genesis -- 2.1 Focus on the Society Issues: The Critical Dimension of Interdisciplinarity -- 3 Upstreaming CSR: The Principles for Responsible Management Education Role -- 4 PRME Harbors Interdisciplinarity in a "Brazilian Way" -- 4.1 Students Organizations Triggering Interdisciplinarity -- 5 Conclusion and Framework Proposal -- References -- Chapter 10: Who Pays for Corporate Social Responsibility?: Proposal for an Externalization Index of CSR Costs -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 The Theoretical Debate of Who Assumes CSR -- 2.2 An Index as an Answer -- 2.2.1 CSR Modality -- 2.2.2 Registry -- 2.2.3 Stakeholders -- 2.3 Proposed Behavioral Categories -- 2.4 The Proposed Externalization Index -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Measuring Instrument -- 3.2 Data Collection -- 3.3 Proposed Index -- 3.4 Index Validation -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Modality -- 4.2 Registry -- 4.3 CSR Cost Externalization Level -- 4.4 Registry Analysis -- 4.5 Modality Analysis -- 4.6 Overall Analysis -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 11: Emerging Civilian UAV Innovations Promoting Sustainability in Indian Agri-Insurance Through Embedding Culture-Specific Values -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Responsible Innovation -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Current Scenario -- 4.1 Agriculture Insurance -- 4.2 Civil UAV -- 5 Implications of Values in Civil UAV Deployment -- 6 Discussion of the Findings -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: COVID-19: The Urgency to Expand Sustainable Nutrition Solutions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 COVID-19 and Nutrition Disruption -- 3 Juxtaposing Nutrition and Sustainability -- 4 Advances in Science to Tackle Nutrition and Issue of Sustainability -- 5 Nutraceuticals and Sustainable Nutrition -- 6 Future Prospective -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Environmental Consciousness and Sustainable Development Goal with Special Reference to Public Transportation in India: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 3 Analytical Discussion -- 4 Sustainable Public Transportation in Kolkata -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Pandemic, Resilience and Sustainability: Agroecology and Local Food System as the Way Forward -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Discourse of Agricultural Modernism in India: A Critical Inquiry -- 3 Implications for Sustainability, Food Security and Farmer's Autonomy -- 4 The Way Forward: Agroecology, Resilience and Local Food Systems -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Integrated Water Resources Management and Urban Sustainability -- 1 Urban Sustainability and Water Concerns -- 1.1 Urban Water Management Transitions -- 1.2 Focusing on the Stages of Urban Management Transitions -- 2 IWRM and Sustainability Perspectives -- 2.1 Integrated Water Resources Management: Definitions and Perspectives -- 2.2 Adaptive Strategy to Operationalize IWRM -- 2.3 Principles of IWRM. , 2.4 Principles for Sustainability: From the Principles of Bellagio to the BellagioSTAMP -- 2.5 Interrelationship Between IWRM Principles and BellagioSTAMP Principles -- 3 Food-Energy-Water Nexus for the Global Sustainable Development -- 4 Water Relevance for the 2030 Agenda -- 5 Mitigation and Adaptation to Natural Disasters -- 6 The Concept of Water Security -- References -- Chapter 16: Corporate Social Responsibility and Roles of Developers for Sustainability in Companies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Efforts to Be Made by the Corporate Sector to Promote Sustainable Work Culture and Protecting Environment -- 3 Formal Practices for Corporate Sustainability -- 4 How CSR Leads Sustainable Corporate Sector -- 5 Total Disclosure on Region of Intervention in the CSR Policy -- 6 Employee Volunteering for the Implementation of CSR Projects -- 7 Similarities Between CSR and Corporate Sustainability -- 8 Differences Between CSR and Corporate Sustainability -- 9 Approaches for Sustainable Design -- 10 Eco-Labelling -- 11 Business Practices, Work Culture, and Environment -- 12 Overview -- 13 Principles of Corporate Governance and Work Culture -- 14 Role of Developers -- 15 Accountability of Software Developers -- 16 Futuristic Thoughts About CSR in New Normal -- 17 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17: Plastic Pollution During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Disaster in the Making -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diversity of Commonly Used Synthetic Plastics -- 3 Causes and Effects of Plastic Pollution on the Different Ecosystems: A Global Perspective -- 4 Generation of Biomedical and Domestic/Commercial Plastic Wastes During COVID-19 Pandemic -- 5 The Sustainable Road Ahead -- 5.1 Microbial Degradation of Plastics -- 5.2 Biodegradable Plastics or Bioplastics -- 5.2.1 Toxicological Impact of Biodegradable Plastics -- 5.3 Advocating the Principle of 4 Rs -- 5.4 Circular Economy. , 6 Conclusions and Way Forward.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 History and Development of Ionic Liquids -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Constituents of ILs -- 1.3 The Brief History -- 1.4 Ionic Liquid‐Like Systems -- 1.5 The Generation of ILs -- 1.5.1 First‐Generation ILs -- 1.5.2 Second‐Generation ILs -- 1.5.3 Third‐Generation ILs -- 1.6 Structural Development of ILs -- 1.6.1 Task‐Specific ILs (TSILs) -- 1.6.2 Chiral ILs -- 1.6.3 Switchable Polarity Solvent ILs -- 1.6.4 Bio‐ILs -- 1.6.5 Poly‐ILs -- 1.6.6 Energetic ILs -- 1.6.7 Metallic ILs -- 1.6.8 PILs -- 1.6.9 Acidic ILs -- 1.6.10 Basic ILs -- 1.6.11 Neutral ILs -- 1.6.12 Supported ILs -- 1.6.13 Magnetic ILs -- 1.7 Scope of ILs -- 1.8 Commercialization of ILs -- 1.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Growth of Ionic Liquids and their Applications -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Cations -- 2.1.2 Anions -- 2.2 Growth of Ionic Liquids -- 2.2.1 Quaternization -- 2.2.2 Anion Exchange -- 2.2.3 Acid-Base Neutralization -- 2.2.4 Direct Combination -- 2.2.5 Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis -- 2.2.6 Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis -- 2.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids -- 2.3.1 Electrochemistry -- 2.3.1.1 Electrodeposition -- 2.3.1.2 Electrosynthesis -- 2.3.1.3 Electrocatalysis -- 2.3.2 Solvents and Catalysis -- 2.3.2.1 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Organic Synthesis -- 2.3.2.2 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Inorganic Synthesis -- 2.3.2.3 Ionic Liquids as Catalysts for Organic Reactions -- 2.3.3 Separation -- 2.3.4 Heat Transport and Storage -- 2.3.5 Analytics -- 2.3.6 Engineering -- 2.3.7 Performance Additives -- 2.3.8 Biotechnology -- 2.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 3 Study of Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids -- 3.2.1 Density -- 3.2.2 Melting Point. , 3.2.3 Thermal Stability and Decomposition -- 3.2.4 Conductivity -- 3.2.5 Solubility -- 3.2.6 Surface Tension -- 3.2.7 Viscosity -- 3.2.8 Polarity -- 3.2.9 Diffusion -- 3.2.10 Vapor Pressure -- 3.2.11 Miscibility -- 3.3 Conclusion and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Are Ionic Liquids Nontoxic and Biodegradable? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Toxicity and Biodegradability of Ionic Liquids -- 4.2.1 Toxicological Effects and Toxicity Mechanisms of ILs -- 4.2.2 Scope of Biodegradable and Nontoxic ILs -- 4.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents -- 4.3.1 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents in Biomass Utilization and Extraction -- 4.3.2 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents in Energy Applications -- 4.3.3 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents in Biomedical Applications -- 4.4 IoNanofluids -- 4.4.1 Properties of INFs -- 4.4.2 Applications of INFs -- 4.4.3 Are IoNanofluids Nontoxic and Biodegradable? -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Promising Uses of Ionic Liquids on Carbon Carbon and Carbon Nitrogen Bond Formations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Carbon Carbon Bond Formation Reactions -- 5.2.1 C C Cross‐Coupling Reactions -- 5.2.1.1 Heck Coupling -- 5.2.1.2 Suzuki Coupling -- 5.2.1.3 Sonogashira Coupling -- 5.2.1.4 Stille Coupling -- 5.2.1.5 Hiyama Coupling -- 5.2.2 Aldol Condensation -- 5.2.3 Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Reaction -- 5.2.4 Friedel-Crafts Alkylation -- 5.2.5 Diel-Alder Reaction -- 5.2.6 Henry Reactions -- 5.2.7 Other C C Bond Formation Reaction -- 5.3 Carbon Nitrogen Bond Formation Reaction -- 5.3.1 Biginelli Reaction -- 5.3.2 N‐Allylation Reactions -- 5.3.3 Mannich Reaction -- 5.3.4 Other C N Bond Formation Reactions -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 General Characteristics of ILs. , 6.3 The Use of ILs in Separation Technology -- 6.3.1 IL‐Based Solid-Liquid Extractions -- 6.3.2 Simple SLEs -- 6.3.3 Microwave‐Assisted Extractions -- 6.3.4 Ultrasound‐Assisted Extractions -- 6.3.5 Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 6.3.6 ILs as Mobile Phase Additives in Liquid Chromatography -- 6.3.7 ILs Used as Surface‐Bonded Stationary Phases -- 6.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 Polymers and Ionic Liquids -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Properties of ILs -- 7.3 Synthesis of PILs -- 7.4 Types and Application of Common PILs -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Effect of Ionic Liquids on Electrochemical Biosensors and Other Bioelectrochemical Devices -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Importance of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemistry -- 8.2.1 Larger Electrochemical Window -- 8.2.2 Ionic Conductivity -- 8.2.3 Hydrophobicity -- 8.2.4 Viscosity -- 8.2.5 Catalytic Performance -- 8.3 Fabrication of IL‐Based Sensing Layers -- 8.3.1 Direct Mixing -- 8.3.2 Physical Adsorption -- 8.3.3 Casting and Rubbing -- 8.3.4 Electrodeposition -- 8.3.5 Sol-Gel Encapsulation -- 8.3.6 Layer‐by‐Layer (LbL) Method -- 8.3.7 Sandwich‐Type Immunoassay -- 8.4 IL‐Based Electrochemical Biosensors -- 8.4.1 Application of RTILs in Construction of Electrochemical Biosensors -- 8.4.1.1 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor as Cancer Biomarker -- 8.4.1.2 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Cardiac Diseases -- 8.4.1.3 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Immunoglobulins -- 8.4.1.4 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Neurotransmitters -- 8.4.1.5 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors -- 8.5 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioelectrochemical Devices -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 9 Nanopharmaceuticals With Ionic Liquids: A Novel Approach -- 9.1 Introduction. , 9.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Various Fields -- 9.3 Nanotechnology and Ionic Liquids -- 9.4 Use of Ionic Liquids in Nanocarrier Development (Reported Work) -- 9.5 Ionic Liquid‐Assisted Metal Nanoparticles -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Anticancer Activity of Ionic Liquids -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids -- 10.3 Toxicity of Ionic Liquids -- 10.4 Anticancer Potential of Ionic Liquids -- 10.5 Conclusions and Future Scope -- References -- Chapter 11 Importance of Ionic Liquids in Plant Defense: A Novel Approach -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Generation of ILs and Their Application -- 11.3 Role of ILs in Plant Defense Mechanisms -- 11.3.1 ILs as Antibacterial Agents -- 11.3.2 ILs as Antifungal Agents -- 11.3.3 ILs as an Herbicide and Plant Growth Promoters -- 11.3.4 Effects of ILs as Deterrents -- 11.3.5 Application of ILs as Bioactive Formulations -- 11.3.6 Role of ILs in SAR Induction Mechanism -- 11.4 IL Products in Future Management of Agri Industries: An Innovative Approach -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Theoretical Description of Ionic Liquids -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Ionic Liquid Dynamics -- 12.2.1 Self‐Diffusion -- 12.2.2 Viscosity -- 12.3 Theoretical Advances in Force Fields and Electronic Structures -- 12.4 Mixtures in Ionic Liquids -- 12.4.1 Ionic Liquids and Interfaces -- 12.4.2 Ionic Liquids and Water -- 12.5 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Processes -- 12.5.1 Preamble -- 12.5.2 Separation and Purification -- 12.5.3 Reaction Media in Chemical and Biochemical Catalysis -- 12.6 Future Developments -- 12.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Theoretical Understanding of Ionic Liquid Advancements in the Field of Medicine -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 A Brief History of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents -- 13.3 Biomedical Applications. , 13.3.1 Solubilization of Drugs -- 13.3.2 Protein Stabilization -- 13.4 Summary and Future Aspects -- 13.4.1 Developing a Microscopic Understanding to Enable Task‐Specific Design -- References -- Chapter 14 Recent Developments in Ionic Liquid Research from Environmental Perspectives -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids -- 14.2.1 Ionic Liquids as Solvents and Catalysts -- 14.2.2 Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry -- 14.2.3 Ionic Liquids in Electrochemical Applications -- 14.2.3.1 In Electrodeposition -- 14.2.3.2 Energy Management -- 14.2.3.3 Bioscience -- 14.2.3.4 Biomechanics -- 14.2.4 Ionic Liquids in Industrial Applications -- 14.2.5 Ionic Liquid as Lubricants -- 14.2.6 Ionic Liquids as a Corrosion Resistant Material -- 14.2.7 Ionic Liquids as Additives in Drilling Fluid -- 14.2.8 Ionic Liquids as Absorbents in Gas Capturing -- 14.2.9 Ionic Liquid Crystals -- 14.2.10 Ionic Liquids in Biomedical Applications -- 14.3 Limitations of Ionic Liquids -- 14.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Biomass Conversion in Biorefinery -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Biomass as a Source of Organic Compounds and Fuels -- 15.3 Biomass Conversion Process -- 15.3.1 Thermochemical Process -- 15.3.2 Lignin Extraction Processes -- 15.3.3 Enzymatic Processes -- 15.4 Value‐Added Organic Compounds from Biomass in Ionic Liquids -- 15.5 Production of Biodiesel with Ionic Liquids -- 15.6 Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of ILs for Biorefinery -- 15.6.1 Toxicity of ILs Used in Biorefinery -- 15.6.2 Biodegradation of ILs Used in Biorefinery -- 15.6.3 Conclusion Regarding Toxicity and Biodegradation of ILs -- 15.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16 Ionic Liquids for Atmospheric CO2 Capture: A Techno‐Economic Assessment -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Different Processes of CO2 Capture -- 16.2.1 Membrane Separation. , 16.2.2 Cryogenic Separation.

Note: Intro -- Hazardous Waste Management: An Overview of Advanced and Cost-Effective Solutions -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Section 1: Role of hazardous wastes and their environmental impacts -- Chapter 1: Hazardous wastes and the environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Environmental fate -- 3. Environmental science -- 4. Key concepts -- 5. Hazardous waste management hierarchy -- 5.1. Source reduction -- 5.2. Recycling -- 5.3. Disposal and treatment -- 5.4. Hazard incident response -- 6. Life cycles -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Hazardous wastes treatment, storage, and disposal facilities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Definition of hazardous waste -- 2.1. Hazardous waste characterization -- 2.2. Characteristics of hazardous wastes -- 2.2.1. Toxicity -- 2.2.2. Reactivity -- 2.2.3. Corrosivity -- 2.2.4. Ignitability -- 2.3. Hazardous waste management regulatory framework in India -- 2.4. Indian hazardous waste control regulations -- 3. Hazardous waste treatment methods -- 3.1. Physical treatment -- 3.1.1. Gravity separation -- 3.1.1.1. Sedimentation -- 3.1.1.2. Centrifugation -- 3.1.1.3. Flocculation -- 3.1.1.4. Dissolved air flotation -- 3.1.1.5. Heavy media separation -- 3.1.1.6. Macroencapsulation -- 3.1.1.7. Microencapsulation -- 3.1.1.8. Adsorption -- 3.1.1.9. Absorption -- 3.1.1.10. Precipitation -- 3.1.2. Phase change -- 3.1.2.1. Evaporation -- 3.1.2.2. Air stripping -- 3.1.2.3. Steam stripping -- 3.1.2.4. Distillation -- 3.1.3. Dissolution -- 3.1.3.1. Soil washing/flushing -- 3.1.3.2. Chelation -- 3.1.3.3. Liquid/liquid extraction -- 3.1.3.4. Supercritical solvent extraction -- 3.1.4. Size adsorptivity/ionic characteristics -- 3.1.4.1. Filtration -- 3.1.4.2. Carbon adsorption -- 3.1.4.3. Reverse osmosis -- 3.1.4.4. Ion exchange -- 3.1.4.5. Electrodialysis -- 3.2. Chemical treatment. , 3.2.1. Neutralization/precipitation -- 3.2.2. Oxidation and reduction -- 3.2.3. Hydrolysis -- 3.2.4. Photolysis -- 3.2.5. Chemical oxidation -- 3.3. Biological treatment -- 3.3.1. Aerobic degradation -- 3.3.2. Vermicomposting -- 3.3.3. Anaerobic digestion -- 3.4. Thermal treatment -- 3.4.1. Incineration -- 3.4.2. Thermoplastic stabilization -- 3.4.3. Sintering -- 3.4.4. Vitrification -- 4. Storage of hazardous waste -- 5. Disposal of hazardous waste -- 5.1. Aqueous organic treatment -- 5.2. Underground/deep well injection -- 5.3. Incineration -- 5.4. Surface impoundments -- 5.5. Waste piles -- 5.6. Land treatment units -- 5.7. Landfills -- 6. Technological advances -- 6.1. Thermal plasma technology -- 6.2. Bioremediation -- 6.3. Nanofiltration -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Section 2: Waste management hierarchy -- Chapter 3: Source reduction, recycling, disposal, and treatment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Source reduction of hazardous waste -- 3. Hazardous waste recycling -- 3.1. Reuse and recycle -- 3.2. Reformation -- 4. Hazardous waste disposal -- 4.1. Detoxification -- 4.2. Landfilling of hazardous waste -- 4.3. Hazardous waste surface impoundments -- 4.4. Waste piles -- 4.5. Ocean dumping of hazardous waste -- 4.6. Injection wells -- 4.7. Underground hazardous waste disposal -- 5. Treatment of hazardous waste -- 5.1. Chemical treatment methods -- 5.1.1. Chemical neutralization and precipitation -- 5.1.2. Hydroxide precipitation -- 5.1.3. Sulfide precipitation -- 5.1.4. Solidification and immobilization -- 5.2. Biological treatment methods -- 5.2.1. Aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes -- 5.2.2. Activated sludge and trickling filter treatment processes -- Biosorption or metabolism-independent process -- Bioaccumulation or metabolism-dependent process -- 5.2.3. Waste stabilization ponds -- 5.2.4. Rotating biocontactors. , 5.3. Thermal treatment method -- 5.3.1. Hazardous waste incinerators -- 5.3.2. Thermal treatment of hazardous waste -- 6. Conclusion and overview -- References -- Chapter 4: Measurement and practices for hazardous waste management -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Hazardous waste: Definition according to RCRA -- 1.2. Hazardous waste characteristics -- 1.3. Hazardous wastes list -- 1.4. Different mandatory regulatory measures of hazardous waste measurements -- 2. Hazardous waste measurement practices -- 2.1. Ignitability -- 2.1.1. Reference test methods of ignitability detection -- 2.1.2. Testing procedure -- 2.1.3. Sample storage and handling guidelines -- 2.2. Corrosivity of particular solid waste -- 2.3. Reactivity -- 2.4. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure -- 2.5. Importance and requirement of waste characterization information -- 3. Minimizing waste generation by process modification and optimization -- 3.1. Process management -- 3.2. Life cycle assessment -- 3.3. Decision support system -- 3.4. Environmental impact assessment -- 4. Emerging technologies for hazardous waste treatment and disposal -- 4.1. Harmless disposal of hazardous solid waste -- 4.2. Hazardous waste categorization -- 4.3. Biological process for treatment of hazardous waste -- 4.3.1. Physicochemical treatment -- Methods for solid waste -- 5. Role of public and private sector organizations in promoting pollution management -- 5.1. Industry -- 5.2. Individual activeness -- 5.3. Role of educators -- 5.4. Role of different organizations of solid waste collection -- 6. International intervention of hazardous chemicals and waste management and their implementation -- 6.1. Basel convention 1981 -- 6.2. Rotterdam convention 1998 -- 6.3. Stockholm convention -- 6.4. London convention -- 6.5. Waigani convention 2001. , 6.6. International convention for the prevention of pollution of ships (MARPOL 73/78) -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 5: Policies, issues, and major safety operations in the management of hazardous waste -- 1. Introduction to the hierarchy of the development of policies/acts/regulations to control hazardous wastes from the 20t ... -- 1.1. The Montreal protocol -- 2. US Environmental Protection Agency and hazardous waste management -- 2.1. Defining, identifying, and classifying hazardous waste -- 2.1.1. Definition-Hazardous waste -- 2.1.2. Identification and classification of hazardous waste -- 2.1.2.1. Generation of hazardous waste -- 2.1.2.2. Transportation of hazardous waste -- 2.1.2.3. Recycling, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste -- 2.2. Regulatory developments for management of hazardous wastes -- 2.2.1. Major requirements and regulations to be followed by hazardous waste generators -- 2.2.2. Regulations for specific wastes -- 2.2.3. Hazardous waste initiatives by the EPA -- 3. Occupational safety and health administration -- 3.1. Types of hazardous waste sites -- 3.2. Planning and organization of hazardous waste sites -- 3.2.1. OSHA's general reporting and record-keeping requirements -- 3.2.2. How to file a complaint regarding a hazardous workplace -- 3.3. Impact of OSHA in controlling hazardous waste management -- 4. The status of waste management in China -- 5. The status of waste management in the European Union -- 6. The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 of India -- 7. Some novel and noticed practices of hazardous waste management in other countries -- References -- Section 3: Hazardous waste characteristics and regulations -- Chapter 6: Hazardous waste characteristics and standard management approaches -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hazardous waste -- 2.1. Definition. , 2.2. Sources or generators of hazardous waste -- 2.3. Classification of hazardous waste -- 2.4. Hazardous waste characteristics -- 2.4.1. Characteristics of ignitability -- 2.4.2. Characteristics of corrosivity -- 2.4.3. Characteristics of reactivity -- 2.4.4. Characteristics of toxicity -- 2.5. Listed hazardous waste -- 3. Environmental impacts of hazardous waste -- 3.1. Water contamination -- 3.2. Soil contamination -- 3.3. Air contamination -- 4. Waste minimization and pollution prevention -- 4.1. Source reduction -- 4.2. Product change -- 4.3. Recycling -- 4.4. Life cycle assessment -- 5. Hazardous waste transportation -- 6. Hazardous waste treatment -- 6.1. Physical treatment -- 6.2. Chemical treatment -- 6.3. Biological treatment -- 6.4. Thermal treatment -- 7. Waste disposal -- 7.1. Landfilling of hazardous waste material -- 7.2. Ocean dumping -- 8. Legislative frameworks -- 8.1. Responsibilities of the generator -- 8.2. Responsibilities of the state pollution control board -- 8.3. Responsibilities of state government -- 9. Future aspects of hazardous waste management -- 10. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Toxicity and hazardous waste regulations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Criteria for determining hazardous waste -- 3. Hazardous waste storage -- 4. The problems that may result from the low efficiency of the solid waste system -- 5. Waste recycling -- 5.1. Stages of waste recycling -- 5.2. Means of collection for recycling waste -- 5.3. How to calculate recycling efficiency -- 6. Future vision -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Section 4: Hazardous wastes management -- Chapter 8: Toxicity and related engineering and biological controls -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Toxicity of hazardous material -- 2.1. Health and environmental risks due to HW mismanagement -- 3. Global trends -- 4. Major sources of HW -- 4.1. Domestic HW. , 4.2. Industrial and commercial hazardous wastes.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 - Water-related problem with special reference to global climate change in Brazil -- 1.1 - Overview of Brazilian water resources -- 1.2 - Major threats for conservation of Brazilian Amazonian water resources and aquatic biodiversity -- 1.2.1 - Industrial and domestic effluents -- 1.2.2 - Changes in land-use and deforestation -- 1.2.3 - Petroleum hydrocarbon -- 1.2.4 - Pesticides and herbicides -- 1.2.5 - Global climate changes -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 - Water-related problems with special reference to global climate change in Russia -- 2.1 - Introduction -- 2.2 - Water resources and anthropogenic impacts in Russia -- 2.3 - Climate change in Russia: trends and projections -- 2.4 - Impacts on water-related economic sectors -- 2.5 - Climatic risk management in Russia -- 2.6 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 - Water-related problem with special reference to global climate change in India -- 3.1 - Introduction -- 3.2 - Indian context on climate change and water -- 3.2.1 - Climate change and precipitation -- 3.2.2 - Climate change and Indian monsoon pattern -- 3.2.3 - Climate change and glaciers of Himalaya -- 3.2.4 - Climate change and groundwater resources -- 3.2.5 - Climate change and drought and flood -- 3.3 - Impact on agricultural economy -- 3.4 - Indian context on climate change and water policies -- 3.5 - Scientific simulation model for future prediction -- 3.5.1 - The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) modeling -- 3.5.2 - General Circulation Model or Global Climate Model (GCM) -- 3.5.3 - Regional Climate Modeling (RCM) -- 3.5.4 - ClimGen -- 3.5.5 - Precipitation Runoff Modelling Systems (PRMS) -- 3.6 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 - Water-related problems with special reference to global climate change in China. , 4.1 - Global climate change and China's water resources status -- 4.1.1 - Global climate change and water vulnerability -- 4.1.2 - The status of China's water resources -- 4.1.3 - The research history of the impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources -- 4.2 - China's water problem in the context of climate change -- 4.2.1 - Climate change poses new challenges to China's solutions to the water problem -- 4.2.2 - The sensitivity of China's water systems to climate change -- 4.2.3 - Quantitative analysis of the impact of climate change on the measured runoff of typical rivers in China -- 4.3 - Quantitative evaluation of the vulnerability of China's water systems under climate change conditions -- 4.3.1 - The concept and understanding of water resources vulnerability -- 4.3.2 - Index system construction -- 4.3.3 - Evaluation method -- 4.3.4 - Evaluation conclusion -- 4.4 - Future climate change trends in China and adaptive countermeasures -- 4.4.1 - Possible future climate change trends -- 4.4.2 - Climate change adaptive countermeasures -- References -- Chapter 5 - Influence of global climate change on water resources in South Africa: toward an adaptive management approach -- 5.1 - Introduction -- 5.2 - State of water resources and their management in South Africa -- 5.2.1 - Water availability -- 5.3 - Water resource quality -- 5.3.1 - Microbial pollution -- 5.3.2 - Eutrophication -- 5.3.3 - Salinization -- 5.3.4 - Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) -- 5.4 - Potential climate change impacts on water resources in South Africa -- 5.4.1 - Impacts on surface water resources -- 5.4.2 - Impacts on groundwater resources -- 5.4.3 - Impacts on rainwater harvesting -- 5.5 - Water security and governance in face of climate change risks -- 5.5.1 - Transitions toward adaptive management of water in South Africa: sector-wide challenges and opportunities. , 5.5.2 - Potential technologies in adaptation of the water sector to climate change -- 5.5.3 - Climate smart agriculture -- 5.5.4 - Recycling and reuse strategies -- 5.5.5 - Desalination -- 5.5.6 - Role of governance in adaptation to climate change -- 5.6 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 - Recent trends and research strategies for treatment of water and wastewater in Russia -- 6.1 - Introduction -- 6.2 - Materials and methods -- 6.3 - The Russian water supply and sanitation sector: key trends and uncertainties -- 6.4 - Strategies for Russian water supply and sanitation companies -- 6.5 - Policy recommendations for the governance of water resources -- 6.6 - Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 - Recent trends and research strategies for treatment of water and wastewater in India -- 7.1 - Introduction -- 7.2 - Water resources in India -- 7.2.1 - Water demand -- 7.2.2 - Water sources -- 7.2.3 - Water supply -- 7.3 - Water contaminants -- 7.4 - Water treatment technologies -- 7.4.1 - Thermal (heat-based) technologies -- 7.4.2 - Solar disinfection -- 7.4.3 - UV light technologies using lamps, including UV light-emitting diodes -- 7.4.4 - Coagulation-flocculation and/or sedimentation -- 7.4.5 - Chemical disinfection -- 7.4.5.1 - Chlorination -- 7.4.5.2 - Disinfection with iodine -- 7.4.5.3 - Ozone disinfection -- 7.4.5.4 - Disinfection by strong acids or bases -- 7.4.5.5 - Silver- and copper-based disinfectants -- 7.4.6 - Ion exchange -- 7.4.7 - Filtration -- 7.4.7.1 - Cloth filters -- 7.4.7.2 - Ceramic filters -- 7.4.7.3 - Granular media filters -- 7.4.7.4 - Carbon adsorption -- 7.4.7.5 - Ultrafiltration -- 7.4.7.6 - Nanofiltration -- 7.4.7.7 - Reverse osmosis -- 7.5 - Treatment of wastewater -- 7.5.1 - Primary treatment -- 7.5.1.1 - Screening -- 7.5.1.2 - Filtration -- 7.5.1.3 - Centrifugal separation. , 7.5.1.4 - Sedimentation and gravity separation -- 7.5.1.5 - Floatation -- 7.5.2 - Secondary treatment -- 7.5.2.1 - Aerobic decomposition -- 7.5.2.2 - Anaerobic decomposition -- 7.5.3 - Tertiary treatment -- 7.5.3.1 - Soil aquifer treatment -- 7.5.4 - Use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture -- 7.5.5 - Production of drinking water from wastewater -- 7.6 - Technological advances in water purification technologies -- 7.7 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 - Recent trends and research strategies for wastewater treatment in China -- 8.1 - A definition of wastewater and an overview of wastewater in China -- 8.1.1 - Definition of wastewater -- 8.1.2 - Types of wastewater treatment in China -- 8.1.3 - Commonly used methods in wastewater treatment -- 8.2 - Advances in wastewater treatment technology and research in China -- 8.2.1 - Process flow -- 8.2.2 - Sludge disposal -- 8.2.3 - Chlorination -- 8.2.4 - Phosphorus and nitrogen removal -- 8.3 - Methods and research progress in water treatment in different industries in China -- 8.3.1 - Industrial field -- 8.3.1.1 - Electroplating wastewater -- 8.3.1.2 - Heavy metal wastewater -- 8.3.1.3 - Grading -- 8.3.2 - Domestic water -- 8.3.3 - Environmental field -- 8.4 - Characteristics and experience of wastewater treatment in China -- 8.4.1 - Micro-electrolysis technology used in wastewater pretreatment -- 8.4.2 - Research on ceramic membranes: from organic membranes to inorganic membranes -- 8.4.3 - Combining water management and other administrative means to improve wastewater treatment efficiency -- 8.5 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 - Recent trends and national policies for water provision and wastewater treatment in South Africa -- 9.1 - Introduction -- 9.2 - The human right to water in South Africa -- 9.3 - Drinking water infrastructure in South Africa. , 9.4 - Water services regulation framework in South Africa -- 9.5 - Blue Drop Certification scheme -- 9.6 - Overview of wastewater treatment facilities in South Africa -- 9.7 - Wastewater reuse in South Africa -- 9.8 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 - Government initiative and policies on water conservation and wastewater treatment in Brazil -- 10.1 - Introduction -- 10.2 - Historical and legal framework -- 10.3 - National Policy of Water Resources - PNRH -- 10.3.1 - Water resources plans -- 10.3.2 - Framing of water bodies in classes of prevailing uses -- 10.3.3 - Granting of rights to use water resources -- 10.3.4 - Charge for the use of water resources -- 10.3.5 - National Information System on Water Resources -- 10.4 - Administrative aspects -- 10.5 - Additional government initiatives -- References -- Chapter 11 - Government initiative and policies on water conservation and wastewater treatment in Russia -- 11.1 - Introduction -- 11.2 - Materials and methods -- 11.3 - Water infrastructure state and environmental issues -- 11.4 - National regulation -- 11.5 - Water supply and sanitation infrastructure management system -- 11.6 - Tariff policy and financial standing of enterprises -- 11.7 - Water meters -- 11.8 - Mechanisms of public private partnership -- 11.9 - Is it possible to increase tariffs? -- 11.10 - Are there alternatives to unitary enterprises and concession? -- 11.11 - Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Legislative and normative acts -- Chapter 12 - The role of sustainable decentralized technologies in wastewater treatment and reuse in subtropical Indian con... -- 12.1 - Introduction -- 12.2 - Decentralized wastewater treatment: Case studies -- 12.2.1 - Constructed wetlands -- 12.2.2 - Rooftop wastewater treatment gardens -- 12.2.3 - Zero liquid discharge technology for industry -- 12.3 - Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 13 - An exploration of China's practices in water conservation and water resources management.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Sources, Occurrence, and Analysis of Microplastics in Freshwater Environments: A Review -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sources of Microplastic -- 1.2.1 Primary Sources -- 1.2.1.1 Microplastics from Personal Care Products -- 1.2.1.2 Microplastics from Plastic Resins -- 1.2.2 Secondary Sources -- 1.2.2.1 Microplastics from Degradation of Plastic Debris -- 1.2.2.2 Microplastics from Textile and Domestic Washing -- 1.3 Pathways of Microplastics into Freshwater Environments -- 1.4 Microplastic Analytical Methods in Freshwater -- 1.4.1 Sampling of Microplastic -- 1.4.1.1 Water Samples -- 1.4.1.2 Sediment Samples -- 1.4.2 Sample Preparation -- 1.4.2.1 Extraction of Microplastics -- 1.4.2.2 Removal of Organic Debris -- 1.4.3 Identification of Microplastic -- 1.4.3.1 Visual Sorting -- 1.4.3.2 Identification of Microplastics by Chemical Composition -- 1.5 Occurrence of Microplastic in Freshwater Environments -- 1.5.1 Microplastic in Lakes -- 1.5.2 Microplastic in Rivers -- 1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments - With Special Focus on the Indian Scenario -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Nature and Production of Microplastics -- 2.3 Global Ecological Impacts of Plastic Pollution -- 2.4 Socio-Economic Impacts of Plastic Pollution -- 2.5 Freshwater Plastic Pollution -- 2.5.1 Sources of Freshwater Microplastics -- 2.5.2 Studies on Freshwater Plastic Pollution from around the World -- 2.5.3 The Problem of Freshwater Microplastics in Developing Countries -- 2.5.4 Status of India's Freshwater Plastic Problem -- 2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 3 Microplastic Contamination in the Marine Food Web: : Its Impact on Human Health -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.1.1 Microplastic in the Marine Food Web -- 3.1.2 Toxic Impacts on Primary Producers -- 3.1.3 Toxic Impacts on Consumers -- 3.1.4 Associated Risk -- 3.2 Human Health Implication -- 3.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 Microplastic in the Aquatic Ecosystem and Human Health Implications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources and Food-Chain Entry -- 4.3 Human Health Implications -- 4.3.1 Digestive System -- 4.3.2 Respiratory System -- 4.3.3 Nervous System -- 4.3.4 Placental Barrier -- 4.3.5 Other Health Impacts -- 4.4 Future Directions and Plausible Solutions -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Interactions of Microplastics Toward an Ecological Risk in Soil Diversity: An Appraisal -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microplastic-Types and Properties -- 5.3 Microplastic Sources and Accumulation in Soil and Sediments -- 5.4 Migration of Microplastics' Fate in Environment -- 5.5 Migration of Microplastics through Soil -- 5.6 Soil Analysis Methodology -- 5.7 Collection of Samples -- 5.8 Sample Preparation -- 5.8.1 Drying -- 5.8.2 Sieving -- 5.8.3 Soil Aggregates Dismantling and Density Separation -- 5.8.4 Removing Soil Organic Matter (SOM) -- 5.8.5.1 Microscopy -- 5.8.5.2 Spectroscopy -- 5.8.5.3 Thermoanalysis -- 5.8.5 Microplastics Quantification -- 5.9 Interactions and Impacts on Soil Diversity -- 5.9.1 Soil Properties -- 5.9.2 Soil Microbial Activity -- 5.9.3 Microplastics Entered Via Food Chains -- 5.9.4 The Effect of MPs on Soil Animals -- 5.9.5 The Effect of MPs on Plants -- 5.10 Ecotoxicology of Microplastic -- 5.11 Mitigation Process of Microplastics -- 5.11.1 Biological Methods -- 5.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 6 Microplastics in the Air and Their Associated Health Impacts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 6.2.1 Physical Characteristics. , 6.2.2 Chemical Characteristics -- 6.2.3 Sources and Generation -- 6.2.4 Fate and Dispersion -- 6.3 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics -- 6.3.1 Sampling and Analysis -- 6.3.2 Atmospheric Abundance of Microplastics -- 6.4 Health Impacts of Microplastics -- 6.4.1 Routes of Exposure and Interaction with Body Tissues -- 6.4.2 Health Impacts -- 6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 Plastic Marine Litter in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Current Research Trends and Management Strategies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Analysis of Marine Litter Research Trends in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Sea Countries -- 7.3 Microplastics Abundance in the Marine Environment of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries -- 7.4 Microplastics Characterization and Identification Techniques -- 7.5 Microplastics in Coastal Areas Affected by Rivers -- 7.6 Socioeconomic Impact of Plastic Marine Litter and Reduction Approaches -- 7.7 Knowledge Gaps and Recommendation for Future Research -- References -- Chapter 8 Advanced Detection Techniques for Microplastics in Different Environmental Media -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.2.1 Selection of Criteria and Search for Articles -- 8.2.2 Item Selection -- 8.3 Results -- 8.3.1 Sampling Techniques in Different Marine Environments -- 8.3.1.1 Seawater -- 8.3.1.2 Sea Sediments -- 8.3.1.3 Beaches -- 8.3.1.4 Mangroves -- 8.3.1.5 Marine Fauna -- 8.3.1.6 Marine Vegetation -- 8.3.2 Sample Processing in Laboratory -- 8.3.2.1 Water -- 8.3.2.2 Sediments -- 8.3.2.3 Marine Fauna -- 8.3.2.4 Marine Vegetation -- 8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9 Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics as Alternatives to Conventional Plastics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definition and Classification of Plastics. , 9.3 Current Status of Conventional Plastics and Effect on Environment -- 9.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Plastics -- 9.4.1 Advantages -- 9.4.2 Disadvantages -- 9.5 Current Status of Biodegradable Plastics and Effect on Environment -- 9.6 How Plastic Degrades -- 9.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio-Based Plastics -- 9.8 National and International Agreements and Conventions to Control Use of Plastics -- 9.9 The Future of Plastics -- 9.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Biodegradable Plastics: New Challenges and Possibilities toward Green Sustainable Development -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 The Environmental Impact of Conventional Plastics -- 10.1.2 Classification and Types of Biopolymers -- 10.2 Biopolymers of Microbial Systems -- 10.2.1 Microbial Polyesters: Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 10.2.2 Recombinant Protein Polymers -- 10.2.3 The Microbial Polysaccharides -- 10.2.3.1 Bacterial Cellulose -- 10.2.3.2 Xanthan -- 10.2.3.3 Dextrans: Phullan and Glucans -- 10.3 Biopolymers of Plants and Higher Organisms -- 10.3.1 Starch -- 10.3.2 Cellulose -- 10.3.3 Lignin -- 10.3.4 Chitin and Chitosan -- 10.3.5 Polylactic Acid -- 10.3.5.1 Properties of PLA -- 10.3.5.2 Improvements in PLA -- 10.3.5.3 Application -- 10.4 Factors Affecting the Rate of Degradation of Bio-plastics and Biodegradable Plastics -- 10.5 Future Aspects and Challenges for Development of Bio-based and Biodegradable Plastics -- 10.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 11 Current Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities for Plastic Recycling -- 11.1 Introduction: The Pollution Problem Involving Plastic -- 11.2 Sources, Types, and Transportation of Plastics in the Environment -- 11.2.1 Plastics Sources and Types -- 11.2.2 Plastic Transportation in Aquatic Environments -- 11.3 An Introduction to Waste Management -- 11.3.1 Plastic Waste Treatment. , 11.4 Plastic Recycling Systems -- 11.4.1 Recovery -- 11.4.2 Preparation -- 11.4.3 Primary Recycling -- 11.4.4 Energy Recovery -- 11.4.5 Mechanical Recycling -- 11.4.5.1 Sorting/Separating -- 11.4.5.2 Electrostatic Separation -- 11.4.5.3 Manual Sorting -- 11.4.5.4 Sink Float Method -- 11.4.5.5 Plastic Identification -- 11.4.5.6 Shredding -- 11.4.5.7 Agglomeration -- 11.4.5.8 Washing/Cleaning -- 11.4.6 Chemical Recycling of Solid Plastic Pollutants -- 11.4.7 Reuse and Re-stabilization -- 11.5 Latest Industry Trends and a Future Perspective -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Microbial Degradation of Micro-Plastics -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Plastic Categorization Based on Biodegradability -- 12.2.1 Non-biodegradable Plastics -- 12.2.2 Biodegradable Plastics -- 12.2.3 Biosynthetic Plastics -- 12.2.4 Blended Plastics -- 12.2.5 Biocomposite Polymers -- 12.3 Microplastics Cycling into the Environment -- 12.4 Microorganisms and Interactions with Microplastics -- 12.5 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of Microplastics -- 12.6 Mechanisms of Microplastic Biodegradation -- 12.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 13 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Plastics -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Plastics -- 13.2.1 Types of Plastics -- 13.2.2 Plastic Bags -- 13.2.3 Plastic Waste -- 13.2.4 Recycling and Disposal -- 13.2.5 Indian Scenario -- 13.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -- 13.3.1 Phases of LCA -- 13.3.1.1 Goal and Scope Definition -- 13.3.1.2 Inventory Analysis -- 13.3.1.3 Impact Assessment -- 13.3.1.4 Interpretation -- 13.3.2 Importance of LCA -- 13.3.3 LCA for Plastics -- 13.4 Plastics Sustainability by LCA -- 13.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Role of Education and Society in Dealing Plastic Pollution in the Future -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Consumption -- 14.3 Global Dimension of Plastic Pollution. , 14.4 Plastic Pollution in Natural Environments.

Note: Front Cover -- ABATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS -- ABATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 - Bioremediation: a sustainable approach for management of environmental contaminants -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Application of bioremediation for environmental pollutants cleanup -- 2.1 Bioremediation strategy for hydrocarbon contaminated water and soil -- 2.2 Bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated water -- 2.3 Bioremediation of dye contaminated water -- 2.3.1 Bioremediation approaches used for dye degradation -- 2.3.1.1 Aerobic treatment -- 2.3.1.2 Anaerobic treatment -- 2.3.1.3 Anoxic treatment -- 2.3.1.4 Sequential degradation of dyes -- 2.4 Vermi-biofiltration of wastewater -- 2.5 Bioremediation of pesticide contamination -- 2.6 Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products by biological degradation processes -- 2.6.1 Pure cultures -- 2.6.2 Mixed cultures -- 2.6.3 Activated sludge process -- 2.7 Vermicomposting of solid wastes -- 2.8 Genetically engineered microorganism-based bioremediation -- 2.9 Factors affecting bioremediation with emphasis on petrochemical and other organic pollutants -- 2.10 Concentration of pollutant -- 2.11 Nutrients availability -- 2.12 Microbial adaptation (acclimatization) -- 2.13 Bioavailability -- 2.14 Effect of environmental conditions -- 2.14.1 Temperature -- 2.14.2 pH -- 2.14.3 Oxygen availability -- 3. Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Pollution status and biodegradation of organophosphate pesticides in the environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Organophosphates and other pesticides -- 3. Effect of pesticides -- 3.1 Effects on human health -- 3.1.1 Acute effect -- 3.1.2 Chronic effect -- 3.2 Environmental impact -- 3.3 Impact on nontarget organisms -- 3.4 Effects on the microbial diversity of soil -- 3.5 Pesticide resistance. , 4. Toxicological mechanism of organophosphates -- 5. Status of organophosphate pesticide pollution -- 6. Degradation of organophosphate pesticides -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- 3 - Recent trends in the detection and degradation of organic pollutants -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Persistent organic pollutants: health effects and environmental chemistry -- 3. Method of POPs analysis (soil and water) -- 3.1 Samples collection, extraction, storage, and preparation -- 3.2 Conventional techniques -- 3.3 Analytical techniques for POPs quantification -- 3.3.1 UV-Vis spectroscopy -- 3.3.2 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering -- 4. Methods for POPs degradation -- 4.1 Biological -- 4.1.1 Microbial degradation -- 4.1.1.1 Bacterial degradation -- 4.1.1.2 Fungal degradation -- 4.2 Chemical -- 4.3 Advanced oxidation approaches -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 - Phytoremediation of organic pollutants: current status and future directions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The process of phytoremediation -- 3. Physiological and biochemical aspects of phytoremediation -- 4. Strategies of phytoremediation of organic pollutants -- 4.1 Direct uptake (direct phytoremediation) -- 4.2 Phytoremediation explanta -- 5. Role of enzymes -- 6. Role of plant-associated microflora -- 7. Fate and transport of organic contaminants in phytoremediation -- 8. Genetically engineered organisms for phytoremediation -- 9. Research and development in phytoremediation -- 9.1 Current status -- 9.2 Biotechnological approaches -- 9.3 Protein engineering -- 10. Advantages and limitations of phytoremediation -- 11. Emerging challenges to phytoremediation -- 12. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 5 - Bioremediation of dyes from textile and dye manufacturing industry effluent -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Importance of characterization of dye-containing wastewater. , 3. Factors affecting biological removal of textile dyes -- 4. Microorganisms and mechanism involved in dye bioremediation process -- 4.1 Bacteria -- 4.2 Fungi -- 4.3 Algae -- 5. Application of enzymes as biocatalyst in dye bioremediation -- 5.1 Immobilization of biological catalysts -- 5.2 Potential of biocatalysts for reusability -- 6. Advancements in bioreactor systems for dye remediation -- 7. Treatment of dye-containing industrial effluents using genetically modified microorganisms or enzymes -- 8. Current status of bioreactor application in CETPs of industrial areas for dye removal -- 9. Microbial fuel cell: a novel system for the remediation of colored wastewater -- 9.1 Microorganisms used in microbial fuel cells -- 9.2 Microbial fuel cell configuration and operation -- 10. Potential of constructed wetlands for the treatment of dye-contaminated effluents -- 11. Conclusion and suggestions -- References -- 6 - Mycoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 PAHs: environmental concern -- 1.2 Effect of PAHs exposure on environment and human health -- 1.3 Bioremediation approach -- 2. Mycoremediation: intact potential -- 2.1 Ligninolytic fungi -- 2.2 Nonligninolytic fungi -- 3. Major enzymes -- 3.1 Hydrolases -- 3.1.1 Proteases -- 3.1.2 Cellulases -- 3.1.3 Lipases -- 3.2 Versatile peroxidases -- 3.3 Ligninolytic enzymes -- 3.3.1 Laccase -- 3.3.2 Heme peroxidases -- 4. Biosurfactant production by fungi and its application in bioremediation -- 5. Factors affecting growth of fungi -- 5.1 Temperature -- 5.2 Humidity -- 5.3 pH -- 5.4 Light -- 5.5 Trace elements -- 5.6 Aeration -- 6. Conclusion and future perspective -- References -- Further reading -- 7 - Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and their functional role in salinity stress management -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. , 3. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in salinity stress -- 3.1 Functional aspects of PGPR under salt stress -- 4. PGPR and ACC deaminase activity -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 8 - Plant growth-promoting bacteria and their role in environmental management -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Plant growth-promoting bacteria -- 3. Xenobiotic compounds and their classification -- 4. Effect of xenobiotics on the health of human beings -- 5. Effects of xenobiotics on the plant growth -- 5.1 Plant growth-promoting bacteria in bioremediation -- 5.2 Plant growth-promoting bacteria mechanism of xenobiotics degradation -- 5.3 Microbial degradation of xenobiotic compounds -- 6. Future prospective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 9 - Fungi as potential candidates for bioremediation -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Fungal enzymes for bioremediation -- 1.1.1 Extracellular oxidoreductases -- 1.2 Cell-bound enzymes -- 1.3 Transferases -- 2. Fungal bioremediation -- 2.1 Toxic recalcitrant compound -- 2.2 Heavy metal -- 2.3 Municipal solid waste -- 3. Fungi in bioremediation -- 3.1 White-rot fungi -- 3.2 Marine fungi -- 3.3 Extremophilic fungi -- 3.4 Symbiotic association of fungi with plants and bacteria -- 4. Technology advancement -- 4.1 Conclusions and future prospective -- References -- 10 - Cyanobacteria: potential and role for environmental remediation -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 General features of cyanobacteria -- 1.2 Role of cyanobacteria in agriculture management -- 1.3 The cyanobacterial potential in environmental development -- 1.4 Cyanobacteria: role in bioremediation -- 2. Conclusions and future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 11 - An effective approach for the degradation of phenolic waste: phenols and cresols -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Cresol production. , 1.2 Adverse effects of phenols and cresols on the environment and human health -- 2. Treatment technologies for phenolic compound removal -- 2.1 Physical method -- 2.2 Chemical method -- 2.3 Biological method -- 2.3.1 Bacteria -- 2.3.2 Biodegradation mechanism -- 2.3.3 Aerobic degradation of phenolic waste -- 2.3.4 Anaerobic degradation of phenolic waste -- 2.3.5 Fungi biodegradation -- 2.3.6 Enzymes participating in degradation of phenolic compounds -- 2.3.7 Biosurfactants -- 2.3.8 Genetically modified bacteria -- 3. Factors influencing bioremediation of phenolic waste -- 3.1 Temperature -- 3.2 Nutrient availability -- 3.3 Effect of pH on phenol degradation potential -- 3.4 Effect of additional carbon sources on phenol degradation potential -- 3.5 Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on phenol degradation potential -- 3.6 Microbial growth kinetics -- 4. Limitations of biodegradation -- 5. Photocatalytic degradation -- 5.1 Photo catalyst and its description -- 5.2 Mechanism of TiO2 in photocatalytic degradation of phenolic compounds -- 6. Factors affecting photocatalytic degradation of TiO2 -- 6.1 Light intensity -- 6.2 Reaction temperature -- 6.3 Catalyst loading -- 6.4 pH of solution -- 6.5 Inorganic ions -- 6.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 - Environmental fate of organic pollutants and effect on human health -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Persistent organic pollutants -- 1.2 General characteristics of persistent organic pollutants -- 1.3 Sources of persistent organic pollutants -- 2. Types of persistent organic pollutants -- 2.1 Pesticides -- 2.1.1 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane -- 2.1.2 Aldrin -- 2.1.3 Chlordane -- 2.1.4 Heptachlor -- 2.1.5 Endrin -- 2.1.6 Mirex -- 2.2 Industrial chemicals -- 2.2.1 Polychlorinated biphenyls -- 2.2.2 Hexachlorobenzene -- 2.2.3 Hexachlorobutadiene -- 2.2.4 Short-chain chlorinated paraffins. , 2.3 Industrial by-products.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Part I Water Pollution and Its Security -- Chapter 1 Water Security and Human Health in Relation to Climate ChangeAn Indian Perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Quantity of Available Water Resources in India -- 1.3 Quality of Available Water Resources in India -- 1.4 The Impact of Climate Change on the Quantity of Water Resources -- 1.5 Impact of Climate Change on the Quality of Water Resources -- 1.6 The Health Perspective in Association with Water Security and Climate Change -- 1.7 Major Challenges to Water Security -- 1.8 Government Initiatives to Ensure Water Security -- 1.9 Managing Water Resources Under Climate Change -- 1.10 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 2 Assessment of Anthropogenic Pressure and Population Attitude for the Conservation of Kanwar Wetland, Begusarai, India: A Case Study -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Method -- 2.3 Results -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Grossly Polluting Industries and Their Effect on Water Resources in India -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Industrialization in India -- 3.3 Categorization of Industries -- 3.4 Criteria for Determination of Grossly Polluting Industries -- 3.5 Different Type of Grossly Polluting Industries and their Impact on Water Bodies -- 3.6 Major Water Body Pollution Due to Grossly Polluting Industries -- 3.7 Environmental Infrastructure in Grossly Polluting Industries and its Performance -- 3.8 Challenges Faced in Industrial Water Regulations -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Part II Phytoremediation of Water Pollution -- Chapter 4 Phytoremediation: Status and Outlook -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Status of Heavy Metal Pollution: Global and Indian Scenarios -- 4.3 Status of Phytoremediation -- 4.4 Metal Hyperaccumulators for Phytoremediation. , 4.5 Advancements in Techniques for the Improvement of the Phytoremediation Ability in Plants and the Status of Genetically Modified Organisms -- 4.6 Physiological Mechanisms for the Sequestration of Metals -- 4.7 Socio-Economic Costs and Benefits of Phytoremediation -- 4.8 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 5 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals from the Biosphere Perspective and Solutions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Heavy Metals -- 5.3 Heavy Metals in Air -- 5.4 Heavy Metals: Problems and Harmful Effects -- 5.5 Remediation of Heavy Metals: Need and Conventional Treatments -- 5.6 Conventional Remedial Techniques: Challenges -- 5.7 Metal Hyperaccumulators: Scope of Phytoremediation -- 5.8 Advantages and Limitations of Phytoremediation -- 5.9 Useful Plants -- 5.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Phytoremediation for Heavy Metal RemovalTechnological Advancements -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Phytoremediation -- 6.3 Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) -- 6.4 Mustard (Brassica juncea) -- 6.5 Rhizobacteria -- 6.6 Seagrass -- 6.7 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) -- 6.8 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart) -- 6.9 Willow (Salix alba L.) -- 6.10 Description of Heavy Metal Removal from Water -- 6.11 Conclusion and Future Research Recommendations -- References -- Part III Microbial Remediation of Water Pollution -- Chapter 7 Advances in Biological Techniques for Remediation of Heavy Metals Leached from a Fly Ash Contaminated Ecosphere -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Status of Fly Ash Heavy Metals: Composition and Remediation -- 7.3 Treatment of Fly Ash Heavy Metal Contaminated Ecospheres -- 7.4 Case Study of Gandhinagar Thermal Power Plant, Gandhinagar, India -- 7.5 Conclusion and Future Prospectives -- References -- Chapter 8 Microbial Degradation of Organic Contaminantsin Water Bodies: Technological Advancements -- 8.1 Organic Contaminants in Water. , 8.2 Treatment of Organic Contaminants Using Microbes -- 8.3 The Process Design for Microbial Treatment -- 8.4 Future Prospects -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Abbreviations Used -- References -- Chapter 9 The Fate of Organic Pollutants and Their Microbial Degradation in Water Bodies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Classification of Organic Pollutants in the Environment -- 9.3 Organic Contaminants in Water and Their Sources -- 9.4 Effects of Organic Pollutants on Aquatic Ecosystems -- 9.5 The Fate of Organic Pollutants in Natural Water Bodies -- 9.6 Microbial Enzymes in the Degradation of Organic Pollutants -- 9.7 Approaches for Organic Pollutant Bioremediation -- 9.8 Microbial Bioaccumulation of Organic Pollutant in Water Bodies -- 9.9 Factors Affecting Microbial Degradation -- 9.10 Conclusion and Future Recommendations -- References -- Part IV Removal of Water Pollutants by Nanotechnology -- Chapter 10 Detection and Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using Nanomaterials -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in Wastewater -- 10.3 Toxicity of Heavy Metals Concerning Human Health and Environment -- 10.4 Role of Nanomaterials in the Removal of Heavy Metals -- 10.5 Different Types of Nanoadsorbents -- 10.6 Comparison of Adsorption Capacities of Various Heavy Metal Ions by Nanomaterials and Conventional Methods -- 10.7 Conclusion and Future Trends -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 11 Spinel Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles: An Alternative for Wastewater Treatment -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles -- 11.3 Synthesis of Spinel Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 11.4 Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanisms -- 11.5 Recovery and Reuse -- 11.6 Future Perspectives -- 11.7 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 12 Biocompatible Cellulose-Based Sorbents for Potential Application in Heavy Metal Ion Removal from Wastewater -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Heavy Metal Ions as Pollutants -- 12.3 Cellulose as Biosorbents: Fundamentals to the Mechanistic Approach -- 12.4 Modification of Cellulose -- 12.5 Removal of Various HMi -- 12.6 Adsorption and Kinetic Studies -- 12.7 The Role of Thermodynamics -- 12.8 Prospects Toward Sustainability -- 12.9 Summary -- References -- Part V Advances in Remediation of Water Pollution -- Chapter 13 Advances in Membrane Technology Used in the Wastewater Treatment Process -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Membrane Technologies for Wastewater Treatment -- 13.3 Advancements in Membrane Technology for Wastewater Treatment -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14 Occurrence, Fate, and Remediation of Arsenic -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Sources of Arsenic Contamination in the Environment -- 14.3 Health Effects of Arsenic Toxicity -- 14.4 Remediation Techniques for Arsenic Contamination -- 14.5 Coagulation and Flocculation -- 14.6 Bioremediation for the Treatment of Arsenic -- 14.7 The Fate of Arsenic in the Environment -- 14.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Physical and Chemical Methods for Heavy Metal Removal -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals -- 15.3 Methods -- 15.4 Chemical Methods for Heavy Metal Removal -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part VI Policy Dimensions on Water Security -- Chapter 16 The Role of Government and the Public in Water Resource Management in India -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Distribution of Water in India -- 16.3 Challenges in Water Resource Management -- 16.4 Traditional Ways of Water Resource Management in India -- 16.5 Present Management Measures -- 16.6 The Role of the Public in Water Resource Management -- 16.7 Recommendations and Conclusion -- References. , Web References/Online Sources -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Energy Crisis and Climate Change: Global Concerns and Their Solutions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Energy Crisis -- 1.3 Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development -- 1.4 Climate Change and Energy Crisis -- 1.5 Climate Change -- 1.5.1 Environmental and Social Consequences of Climate Change -- 1.5.2 Process and Causes of Global Warming -- 1.6 Cleaner Alternatives to Coal to Alleviate Climate Change -- 1.6.1 Carbon Sequestering and Clean Coal -- 1.6.2 Natural Gas and Nuclear Energy -- 1.6.3 Hydrogen -- 1.7 Climate Change and Energy Demand -- 1.8 Mitigation Measures for the Energy Crisis and Global Warming: Reduce Emissions of Greenhouse Gases (IPCC) -- 1.9 Conclusion -- 1.10 Future Considerations -- References -- Chapter 2 Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy: Opening New Doors for Energy Sustainability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Need of Novel Research in Alternative Sources of Energy -- 2.3 Recent Advances in Renewable Sources of Energy -- 2.3.1 Solar Energy -- 2.3.2 Wind Energy -- 2.3.3 Hydropower -- 2.3.4 Geothermal Energy -- 2.3.5 Bioenergy -- 2.3.6 Ocean Energy -- 2.4 Future Fuel: Hydrogen -- 2.4.1 Hydrogen Production Methods Using Renewable Sources -- 2.5 Challenges -- 2.5.1 Efficiency -- 2.5.2 Large-Scale Production -- 2.5.3 Cost-Effective Production -- 2.6 Future: Alternative Sources of Energy -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Recent Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Different Innovations Employed in Major Types of Alternative Sources of Energy -- 3.2.1 Solar Energy (Semiconductor Technology to Harness Solar Power) -- 3.2.2 Hydropower -- 3.2.3 Wind Energy -- 3.2.4 Geothermal Energy -- 3.2.5 Biomass Energy -- 3.2.6 Hydrogen as a Fuel -- 3.3 Environmental Impacts -- 3.4 Future Prospects. , 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Energy and Development in the Twenty-First Century - A Road Towards a Sustainable Future: An Indian Perspective -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Energy Consumption and Economic Development -- 4.3 Environmental Issues - A Corollary of Economic Development -- 4.4 Air Quality - Deterioration Leading to Development of another Mars -- 4.5 Carbon Footprints - Gift of Mankind to Mother Earth -- 4.6 Sustainable Development -- 4.6.1 Problems Faced by the Country in Implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) -- 4.6.2 Paris Accord -- 4.6.3 Steps Taken by India to Reduce the Carbon Emission -- 4.7 Coronavirus Pandemic and its Impact on the Carbon Emission -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Nations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Energy and Economic Development -- 5.2.1 The Impact of Economic Development on Energy -- 5.2.2 Economic Development and Fluctuations in Energy Consumption -- 5.2.3 Energy Consumption in Developing Nations -- 5.2.4 The Price of Energy and Management of Demand -- 5.3 Energy Services in Developing Nations -- 5.4 Energy Supplies in the Developing Nations -- 5.5 Energy and the Environment in Developing Nations -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Pathways of Energy Transition and Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Brazil -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Rationale for Public Investment in Research and Development in Energy Sector -- 6.3 Overview of the Electricity Sector in Brazil -- 6.3.1 Energy Policies in Brazil -- 6.3.2 Climate Change: National Policy 2009 -- 6.3.3 Prioritization of Policies in Choice of Energy Mix (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006) -- 6.4 Market Structure -- 6.4.1 Government Players -- 6.4.2 Private and Public Players. , 6.5 Programmes and Laws Under the Government of Brazil -- 6.6 An Overview of the Sources of Finance in the Energy Sector: Brazil -- 6.6.1 The Regime for Funding Agency (World Energy Outlook 2013) -- 6.6.2 Source of Funding and Trends in Research and Development -- 6.7 Climate-Resilient Growth: Environmental Consequences -- 6.7.1 Environmental Consequences: Key Takeaways -- 6.8 Social Consequences: Availability, Affordability and Accessibility -- 6.8.1 Social Consequences: Key Takeaways -- 6.9 The Political Economy of Energy Transition: A Brazilian Experience -- 6.10 Interlinking Economic Growth and Energy Use: A Theoretical Construct -- 6.10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption, per Capita GDP Growth, CO2 Emissions, Research and Development Expenditure: A Comparison of BRICS -- 6.11 Conclusion -- Chapter 7 Renewable Energy: Sources, Importance and Prospects for Sustainable Future -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources of Renewable Energy -- 7.2.1 Solar Energy -- 7.2.2 Wind Energy -- 7.2.3 Hydropower -- 7.2.4 Geothermal Energy -- 7.2.5 Biomass -- 7.2.6 Tidal Energy -- 7.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Renewable Energy Resources -- 7.4 Importance of Renewable Energy -- 7.5 Benefits of Renewable Energy Production to the Society -- 7.6 Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development Goals -- 7.7 Limitations in Renewable Energy -- 7.8 Current Status and Future Perspectives -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Clean Energy Sources for a Better and Sustainable Environment of Future Generations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Conventional Sources of Energy -- 8.2.1 Hydro Energy -- 8.2.2 Wind Energy -- 8.2.3 Geothermal Energy -- 8.2.4 Solar Energy -- 8.2.5 Ocean Energy -- 8.3 Environmental Impacts of Renewable Resources -- 8.4 Mitigation Strategies and Sustainable Development of Renewable Resources -- 8.5 Biomass and Microorganisms-Derived Energy. , 8.6 Alternative Energy Resources -- 8.6.1 Biodiesel from Bioengineered Fungi -- 8.6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCS) -- 8.6.3 Waste-to-Energy Technology -- 8.6.4 Hydrogen as a Fuel -- 8.6.5 Fuel Cell -- 8.6.6 Radiant Energy -- 8.7 Challenges: Implementation to the Usage of Renewable Energy -- 8.7.1 Social Barriers -- 8.7.2 Ecological and Environmental Issues -- 8.7.3 Commercialization and Scalability -- 8.7.4 Material Requirement -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- Suggested Readings -- Chapter 9 Sustainable Energy Policies of India to Address Air Pollution and Climate Change -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Energy Sector of India -- 9.2.1 Energy Reserves -- 9.2.2 Production of Energy -- 9.2.3 Consumption of Fossil Fuel and Electricity -- 9.2.4 Energy Sector and Greenhouse Gases Emission -- 9.3 India's Potential and Policies to Exploit Renewable Sources -- 9.3.1 Solar Energy -- 9.3.2 Wind Energy -- 9.3.3 Hydropower -- 9.3.4 Biomass Energy -- 9.4 National Strategies to Promote Renewable Energy: Policy Framework with Their Objectives -- 9.4.1 India's Electricity Act -- 9.4.2 National Electricity Policy (NEP), 2005 -- 9.4.3 NAPCC-National Action Plan on Climate Change, 2008 -- 9.4.4 Copenhagen Accord -- 9.4.5 India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) -- 9.5 Financial Instruments to Promote Renewable Sources in India -- 9.5.1 Coal Tax -- 9.5.2 Subsidy Cuts on Fossil Fuels -- 9.5.3 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) -- 9.5.4 Perform, Achieve and Trade Scheme -- 9.5.5 Other Government Policies, Their Budget and Status -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 A Regime Complex and Technological Innovation in Energy System: A Brazilian Experience -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Brazil: Its Changing Role in Global Governance -- 10.3 Brazilian Energy: A Regime Complex -- 10.3.1 Role of Brazil and Regime Complex for Climate Change. , 10.4 Implications of Climate Regime on Brazilian Energy Regime -- 10.5 A Shift in Energy Regime: Technological Innovations in Energy Sector -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Websites -- Chapter 11 Opportunities in the Living Lights: Special Reference to Bioluminescent Fungi -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 History of Bioluminescence -- 11.3 Bioluminescence in Terrestrial Organisms -- 11.4 Bioluminescence Molecules -- 11.5 Bioluminescent Fungi -- 11.5.1 Diversity -- 11.5.2 Mechanism of Bioluminescence in Fungi -- 11.5.3 Significance -- 11.6 Opportunities in Fungal Bioluminescence -- 11.6.1 Glowing Tree -- 11.6.2 Bioassay of Toxicity -- 11.6.3 In-Vivo Imaging -- 11.6.4 Animal Model Study -- 11.6.5 Bioactive Secondary Metabolites -- 11.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Production of Liquid Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 12.2.1 Pretreatment of LCB -- 12.2.2 Detoxification -- 12.2.3 Hydrolysis -- 12.2.4 Fermentation -- 12.2.5 Product Recovery -- 12.3 Bio-gasoline from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 12.3.1 Hydrolysis to Monosaccharides -- 12.3.2 Hydrogenation of Monosaccharides to Polyols -- 12.3.3 Conversion of Polyols and Carbohydrates to C5/C6 Alkanes -- 12.4 Jet Fuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 12.4.1 Production of Jet Fuels from Sugars and Platform Molecules -- 12.4.2 Production of Oil to Jet Fuels -- 12.4.3 Production of Gas to Jet Fuels -- 12.4.4 Production of Alcohol to Jet Fuels -- 12.5 Conversion of Lignin to Hydrocarbons -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Sustainable Solution for Future Energy Challenges Through Microbes -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Importance of Energy and Energy Statistics -- 13.3 Brief History of Biofuels -- 13.4 Classification of Biofuels -- 13.4.1 First Generation (1G) -- 13.4.2 Second Generation (2G). , 13.4.3 Third Generation (3G).