Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Introduction to "Sustainable Water Solutions in the Western Desert, Egypt: Dakhla Oasis" -- 1 Background -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapters' Summary -- 3.1 Geology, Geomorphology, Archaeology and Climate -- 3.2 Land Use, Soil and Cultivation -- 3.3 Hydrology and Water -- References -- The Egyptian Western Desert: Water, Agriculture and Culture of Oasis Communities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Background of the Oasis Community in the Western Desert -- 3 Population -- 4 Migration -- 5 Economic Activities in Oases -- 5.1 Agriculture -- 5.2 Mining -- 5.3 Pottery -- 6 Women's Life and Activities -- 7 Impact of Tourism on Agriculture -- 8 Problems of Environment -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Geology, Geomorphology, Archaeology and Climate -- Geology of Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphology -- 2.1 The Dakhla-Abu Minqar Plateau -- 2.2 The Scarp Face -- 2.3 The Dakhla Depression -- 3 Stratigraphy -- 3.1 Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene Rock Units -- 3.2 Taref Formation -- 3.3 Paleocene-Lower Eocene Rock Units -- 3.4 The Quaternary Deposits -- 4 Geologic Structures -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- Geomorphology of Dakhla Depression -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Geomorphology -- 3 Principal Geomorphological Units -- 3.1 Plateau and Escarpment -- 3.2 Depression Floor -- 3.3 Sand Dunes -- 3.4 North: (El Dakar Dune Filed) -- 3.5 West: (Great Sand Sea) -- 3.6 East: (Dune Free-Zone) -- 3.7 South -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Archaeological Sites in Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Archaeological Sites in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.1 Deir al-Hagar Temple -- 2.2 Deir al-Hagar Ancient Water Supply System -- 2.3 Qaret al-Muzawaka Tombs -- 2.4 Al-Qasr Islamic Village. , 2.5 Darb al-Ghabari Inscriptions -- 2.6 Bashandi Village -- 2.7 Balat Village -- 2.8 The Pharaonic Tombs in Balat -- 3 Gilf Kebir Area -- 3.1 Abu Ballas Area -- 3.2 The Rock Art Inscriptions -- 3.3 Gilf Kebir National Park (GKNP) -- 3.4 The Silica Glass Area -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Climate Features of Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climatic History of the Western Desert of Egypt -- 3 Overview of the Climate in Egypt Today -- 4 Climatic Characteristics of Dakhla Oasis -- 4.1 Sunshine Duration, Precipitation, and Aridity -- 4.2 Temperature -- 4.3 Wind Conditions -- 4.4 Humidity -- 4.5 Climatic Differences Between the Dakhla and Kharga Oases -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Land Use, Soil and Cultivation -- Aeolian Sand Transport Potential and Its Environmental Impact in Dakhla Oasis, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sand Dunes in Africa -- 2.1 Sahara Dunes -- 2.2 Kalahari Dunes -- 2.3 Namib Sand Dunes -- 2.4 Topography of Dakhla Oasis -- 2.5 Geology of Dakhla Oasis -- 2.6 Land Use and Land Cover in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.7 Types of Sand Dunes in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.8 Grain Size of Sand Dunes of Dakhla Oasis -- 2.9 Sand Grain Morphology in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.10 Mineral Composition of Dune Sands of Dakhla Oasis -- 3 Movement of Sand Dunes in Dakhla Oasis -- 4 Sand Drift Potential (SDP) in Dakhla Oasis -- 5 Dune Movement Threat in Dakhla Oasis -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Soil Conditions of Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Location of Dakhla Oasis -- 3 Geomorphology of Dakhla Oasis -- 3.1 Escarpment -- 3.2 Sandy Plain -- 3.3 River Terraces -- 3.4 Sand Dune -- 3.5 Sand Sheet -- 3.6 Inselbergs -- 3.7 Pavement Plain -- 3.8 Playa -- 3.9 Footslope -- 4 Climate Data of Dakhla Oasis -- 5 Soil Characteristics of Dakhla Oasis -- 6 Soil Classification of Dakhla Oasis. , 7 Land Evaluation of Dakhla Oasis -- 7.1 Land Capability -- 7.2 Land Suitability -- 8 Conclusion -- 9 Recommendation -- References -- Remote Sensing and GIS for Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection in Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Location -- 2.2 Demographic Trend -- 2.3 Climate -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Main Land Use/Land Cover Classes -- 4.2 Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Crop Diversification and Its Efficiency in Rashda Village, Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diversification of Farming Practices in Rashda Village -- 2.1 Crops in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.2 Different Cultivations by Type of Well -- 2.3 Crop Rotation in the Government Well Irrigation Districts -- 2.4 Diversification Strategy According to Land Size -- 3 Model and Data -- 3.1 Model -- 3.2 Data -- 4 Empirical Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Empirical Results -- 4.2 Discussion -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrological Aspects and Water Resources -- Hydrologeological and Hydrological Conditions of Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate -- 3 Geologic Setting -- 4 Hydrologeological Conditions -- 4.1 The Aquifer Geometry -- 4.2 Aquifer Recharge -- 4.3 Aquifer Potentiometry and Pattern for Groundwater Flow -- 4.4 Groundwater Quality -- 4.5 Nubian Sandstone Age Dating -- 5 Irrigation and Drainage System in Dakhla Oasis -- 5.1 Drainage Network in the Depression -- 5.2 Drainage Ponds in Dakhla Oasis -- 5.3 Usage of Drainage Water -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- History of Wells in Rashda Village, Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Development of Modern Wells in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.1 Wells and Boring Until the Beginning of the Twentieth Century -- 2.2 Deep-Well Boring Since the Mid-Twentieth Century. , 3 Wells in Rashda Until the Beginning of the Twentieth Century -- 4 Wells in Rashda Since the Mid-Twentieth Century -- 4.1 End of the 1950s to the 1970s: Government Wells -- 4.2 Since the 1980s: Investment Wells and Surface Springs -- 5 Change in the Human-and-Water Relationship -- 5.1 Years of Well Construction -- 5.2 Continuous Well Drilling -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Development of Land Use and Groundwater in Rashda Village (Dakhla Oasis), 1960s-2018 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Site -- 2.1 Demographic Features -- 2.2 Topographic Features -- 3 Methods and Data Used -- 3.1 Data -- 3.2 Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Land Use/Cover Classifications -- 4.2 Land Use/Land Cover in 1968 -- 4.3 Land Use/Land Cover in 1988 -- 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover in 2003 -- 4.5 Land Use/Land Cover in 2018 -- 4.6 Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection -- 4.7 Land Use Change Detection from 1968 to 1988 -- 4.8 Land Use Change Detection from 1988 to 2003 -- 4.9 Land Use Change Detection from 2003 to 2018 -- 4.10 Land Use Change and Development of Wells in the Northern Section of Rashda Village -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Detecting and Controlling the Waterlogging in Dakhla Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Kharga-Dakhla-Farafra Depressions -- 2.2 New Valley Project -- 3 Case 1: Kharga Oasis -- 4 Case 2: Dakhla Oasis -- 5 Case 3: Farafra Oasis -- 6 Waterlogging in Dakhla Basin -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations and Potential for Future -- References -- Hydrogeophysical Investigations Using DC Resistivity Survey to Assess the Water Potentialities of the Shallow Aquifer Zone in East of Dakhla Oasis, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological and Hydrogeological Setting -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Aquifer Characterizations -- 4.2 Faults and Recharge of NSAS. , 4.3 Resistivity and Water Quality of the Upper Aquifer Zone -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations of "Sustainable Water Solutions in the Western Desert, Egypt: Dakhla Oasis" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Update -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Introduction to "Management and Development of Agricultural and Natural Resources in Egypt's Deserts" -- Egypt's Deserts -- The Main Geomorphic Features of the Agro-ecological Zones in the Egyptian Deserts -- Northern Coastal Belt -- Western Desert -- The Inland Sinai and the Eastern Desert -- The Climate in the Egyptian Deserts -- Northern Coastal Belt -- The Western Desert -- The Inland Sinai and the Eastern Desert -- Water Resources in the Egyptian Deserts -- Northern Coastal Belt -- The Western Desert -- The Inland Sinai and the Eastern Desert -- Soil Resources in the Egyptian Deserts -- Northern Coastal Belt -- The Western Desert -- The Inland Sinai and the Eastern Desert -- Biodiversity in Egypt -- Livestock -- Potential Uses of Agricultural and Natural Resources -- References -- Soil Resources and Their Management -- An Overview of Lakes and Depressions' Environments in the Egyptian Deserts -- Introduction -- How Deserts of Egypt Form and Evolve in Space and Time -- Western Desert -- Eastern Desert -- Sinai Peninsula -- Lakes and Depressions of the Western Desert -- Qattara Depression -- Wadi El-Natrun Lakes -- Siwa Oases: Salt Lakes and Soils -- Qarun (Moeris) Lake -- Wadi El-Rayyan Lakes -- Sustainable Land Resources of El-Faiyum -- Lakes of the Inland of Sinai and the Eastern Desert -- Lake Timsah -- Bitter Lakes -- El-Temsah and Bitter Lakes Pollution -- Soils of East Bitter Lakes -- Hardpan Hazard in East Bitter Lakes Soil -- Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Types and Distribution of Calcareous Soil in Egypt -- Introduction -- Definition of Calcareous Soil -- Types and Distribution of Calcareous Soils in Egypt -- Particle Size Distribution of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) -- Physical and Chemical Properties of Egyptian Calcareous Soils -- Soil Texture -- Calcium Carbonate Content. , Soil pH -- Organic Matter Content -- Soil Salinity -- Cation Exchange Capacity -- Soil Moisture Characteristics -- Soil Crusting -- Mineral Composition of Calcareous Soils -- Soil Fertility Status -- Soil Management Practices -- Tillage Operation -- Application of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers -- Irrigation Management -- Integrated Management Practices -- Soil Management and Irrigation with Low-Quality Water -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- Appendix -- References -- Re-inviting Mining for Egypt-A Framework for Small and Artisanal Mining -- Introduction -- Review of Artisanal and Small Scale Mining -- The Bolivian Model for Cooperatives of Miners -- The Moroccan Model for Cooperatives of Artisanal Miners -- Indian Experience -- US Aid Support for Small-Scale Mining -- Chinese Approach to Small Scale Mining -- South African Approach to Small-Scale Mining -- Artisanal Mining in Sudan -- Egypt's Needs for Small Scale Mining -- Small Scale Mining of Iron and Chrome Ores -- Potential Small Scale Mining of Zinc, Lead and Copper Ores -- Prospects for Small Scale Gold Mining -- Mineral Sands -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Microbial Biota in Some Localities in the Egyptian Desert Soils -- Introduction -- Background -- Assessment of Microbioata in Some Localities in the Egyptian Desert -- Total Microbial Counts -- Nitrogen Fixing Microorganisms -- Phosphate Dissolving Microorganisms -- Fungi -- Yeasts -- CO2 Evolution -- Western Desert Microbial Assessment -- Siwa Oasis -- New Valley -- Marsa Matrouh -- Alexandria (Maruit) -- Sinai Pensiula -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Incidence and Impact of Some Heavy Metals Pollutants in Some of the Different Newly Developed Regions, Egypt -- Introduction -- Background Pollution of Heavy Metals -- Sources of Heavy Metal Soil Pollutions. , Impact of Heavy Metal on -- Pollution in Egyptian Environment -- Heavy Metals in Soil and Plant -- Factors Affecting Heavy Metals Behavior in Soil -- Soil Remediation -- Traditional Treatment -- Soil Phytoremediation -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Development and Sustainability of Soil Resources in Egypt's Deserts -- Sustainable Soil Management to Mitigate Soil Erosion Hazards in Egypt -- Introduction -- General Knowledge on Soil Erosion -- Geologic Erosion -- Accelerated Erosion -- Soil Erosion in Egypt -- Distribution of Soil Erosion in Egypt -- Drivers of Soil Erosion in Egypt -- Water Erosion in Egypt -- Wind Erosion in Egypt -- Tillage Erosion in Egypt -- Measures of Soil Erosion Control in Egypt -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Sustainable Development of Microbial Community in Some Localities in the Desert Soil of Egypt -- Introduction -- Nitrogen Fixers -- Phosphate Dissolving Microorganisms -- Microbial Phytohormone Production -- Biochemical Activities of Soil Microorganisms -- Biological Control -- Background -- Sustainable Development of Microbial Communities at Different Localities in Egyptian Desert Soils -- Siwa Oases -- New Valley -- Maruit (West Alexandria) -- Sinai Pensiula -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Bio-fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture Development Under Salinity Stress -- Introduction -- Background on Sustainable Agriculture in Egypt -- Salinization as Critical Abiotic Stress and Its Impact -- Soils Salinization in Egypt -- Effect of Soil Salinity on Plants, Soil and Microbial Community -- Different Biological Approaches for Alleviating Soil Salinity -- Use of Salt Tolerant Crops and Genotypes -- Use of Microbes in the Form of Bio-fertilizers -- Bio-fertilizers as Efficient tool for Alleviation of Soil Salinity. , What is the Meaning of Bio-fertilizers -- Types of Microorganisms Used as Bio-fertilizers -- Mechanisms Used by Microorganisms in Bio-fertilizers for Alleviating Salinity Stress -- Stimulation of the Plant Growth Under Salt Stress -- Inducing Plant Resistance Against Salinity Stresses -- Impact of Bio-fertilizers on Plant Productivity Under Salt Stress -- Yield and Its Component -- Plant Chemical Constituents -- Soil Fertility and Microbial Diversity -- Application of Biofertilization Technology in the Egyptian Lands, Where and How? -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Weeds in the Egypt's Deserts and Their Management -- Multi-task of Weed Plants in Desert Environment -- Introduction -- Weeds in Desert Regions -- Weeds as a Source for Bioactive Constituents -- Weeds as Source of Biopesticides -- Phytochemicals from Weeds Root Exudates -- Weeds as a Source of Medicines -- Edible Weeds for Human Foods -- Palatable Weeds for Animal Grazing -- Weeds as Soil Indicators -- Weed Grasses for Landscape Purpose -- The Role of Some Weeds in Phytoremediation -- Weeds for Nitrogen Fixation and Replenish Elements to Soil Health -- Weeds in Industries Aspects -- Weeds as Soil Erosion Defender and Combat Land Degradation -- Weeds for Supporting Biodiversity -- Role of Weeds via Pollination in Crop Productivity -- Weeds to Combat Land Degradation and Desertification -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Ecological Management of Weeds in Desert Regions -- Introduction -- Damage Caused by Weeds -- Weeds Problems Over the World -- Weeds Problems in Egypt, Especially in Newly Reclaimed Lands -- Understudying the Ecology of Weeds for Successful Control -- Factors Affected Weeds Spreading -- The Superiority of Weeds than Crop Plants -- Characteristics Related to Weed Seeds Production -- Weed Classification. , The Natural Classification of Weeds -- Classification According to Water Requirements -- Classification According to Place of Spreading -- Weeds in Different Egyptian Desert Region -- Siwa Oasis -- Weeds Species in the North Coast of Egypt -- Weed Plants in Eastern North Coast of Egypt (North Sinai) -- Weed Species in South Sinai Egypt (Ras Sudr and El-Tur) -- Distribution of Weeds in New Valley Governorate (El-Frafra to El-Khraga Oasis) -- Distribution of Weeds in Tushka -- Practices for Managing Weeds -- Ecological Weeds Management -- Components of Ecological Weed Managements -- Weed Prevention -- Seed Banks -- Conservation Tillage -- Mulches -- Crop Rotation -- Cover Cropping -- Mowing -- Soil Solarization -- Reduced Nitrogen -- Biological Control -- Ecological Weed Management -- Ecological Weed Management in New Cultivated Lands -- Considerations -- Programs -- Considerations for Successfully Weeds Control -- Under Irrigated -- Under Rainfed -- Weed Managements for Conservation of Natural Range Lands Resources -- Rational Use of Chemical Control in Cultivated Desert Lands -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Insects in the Egypt's Deserts and Their Management -- Entomofaunal Communities in Desert Ecosystems -- Introduction -- Equilibrium Status of Desert Ecosystem -- Ecosystem Components -- Natural Criteria for Biotic Population Density Adjustment -- Natural Fundamentals Govern Desert Ecosystems -- Role of Entomofaunal Communities in Desert Ecosystems -- Role of Insect Species in the Food Chain -- Interactions of Entomofaunal Communities Under the Desert Ecosystems -- Entomofaunal Communities Under the Egyptian Desert Ecosystem Conditions (Northwestern Coast, Study Case) -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Sustainable Management of Insect Communities in the Cultivated Desert Regions -- Introduction. , Cultivation in Desert.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Introduction to "Water Resources Quality and Management in Baltic Sea Countries" -- 1 Background -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapters' Summary -- 3.1 Overview of Water Bodies and Water Resources in Baltic Sea Countries -- 3.2 Quality of Groundwater in the Baltic Sea -- 3.3 Water Quality and Wetlands in Latvia -- 3.4 Potential Management of Water Contaminates in Germany -- 3.5 Potential Stresses on Water Resources in Russia -- 3.6 Estonian Water Resources -- References -- Overview of Water Bodies and Water Resources in Baltic Sea Countries -- Overview of the Water Bodies in the Baltic Sea Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geography, Formation, and History of the Baltic Sea -- 3 The Dynamic Coastline of the Eastern Baltic Sea -- 4 Drainage Basin of the Baltic Sea -- 5 Fragile Ecosystem -- 6 Surface Topography in the Baltic Sea and Its Transition Area to the North Sea -- 7 General Types of Waters Considered in the Coastal Seas Around Europe -- 8 Is the Land Going up or the Water Going Down? Future Baltic Sea Level Rise -- 9 Adapting to Climate Change -- 10 Problems Meet Solutions -- 11 Conclusions and Meeting Future Challenges -- References -- Overview of Water Resources, Quality, and Management in Baltic Sea Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Information from Scopus Database -- 3 Information from Web of Science Database -- 4 Baltic Sea Overview -- 5 Baltic Sea Region Overview -- 6 Baltic Sea Regulations Overview -- 7 Water Status of Some Baltic Countries -- 7.1 Sweden -- 7.2 Germany -- 7.3 Denmark -- 7.4 Estonia -- 7.5 Poland -- 7.6 Iceland -- 7.7 Russia -- 8 Recommendations -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Quality of Groundwater in Baltic Sea -- Environmental Quality of Groundwater in Contaminated Areas-Challenges in Eastern Baltic Region -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope of the Problem. , 1.2 Legal Framework -- 1.3 Strategies and Criteria for Decision Making -- 1.4 Invisible Contamination -- 2 Revealing Geological Background of Contaminated Areas in Latvia -- 3 Monitoring in Gas Stations -- 4 Former Industry Sites and Dump Sites -- 5 Seawater Intrusion in the City-Example of Liepaja, Latvia -- 6 Metropolitan Wastewater Crisis in St. Petersburg, Russia -- 7 Problems with Heavy Metals in Soil at Kroodi Stream, Estonia -- 8 Multi-component Contaminated Objects -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Water Quality and Wetlands in Latvia -- Water Quality Assurance with Constructed Wetlands in Latvia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Constructed Wetlands for Domestic Wastewater Treatment -- 2.1 Sewage Treatment in Constructed Wetland in Tervete -- 2.2 Sewage Treatment in Constructed Wetland in Birzi -- 2.3 Sewage Treatment in Constructed Wetland in Tinuzi -- 2.4 Sewage Treatment in Constructed Wetland in Valti -- 3 Constructed Wetlands for Water Treatment from Agricultural Catchments -- 3.1 Nutrient Retention in the Constructed Wetland in Mezaciruli -- 3.2 Stormwater Treatment in Constructed Wetland in Mezaciruli -- 3.3 Nutrient Retention in Constructed Wetland in Sodite -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Potential Management of Water Contaminates in Germany -- Phosphorus Fluxes in the Baltic Sea Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Calculation of P Fluxes in the BSR -- 2.1 The Gross P Budget -- 2.2 P Flow Analyses (PFA) -- 3 Identification of Options to Improve P Use Efficiency in the BSR -- 4 Outlook: Future Obstacles and Necessities for Change -- References -- Regulatory Scenarios to Counteract High Phosphorus Inputs into the Baltic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Measures to Reach the Target of the BSAP to Reduce Nutrient Discharge into the Baltic Sea and by This Reduce the Extent of Eutrophication. , 2.1 EU-Wide Harmonization of Analytical Methods, Algorithms and Fertilizer Recommendations -- 2.2 Balanced Phosphorus Fertilization -- 2.3 Statutory Provisions Related to Maximum N and P Application Rates -- 2.4 Recycling of Sewage Sludge and Farmyard Manures -- 2.5 Differentiation Between Big Livestock Enterprises and Livestock Farms -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Challenges of Flood Risk Management at the German Coast -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Challenges at German's Shallow Coasts -- 2.1 Hydrological Boundary Conditions -- 2.2 The Illusion of Safety -- 3 Case Studies -- 3.1 Scenario-Based Assessment of Future Drainage Demands in East Frisia (Lower Saxony) -- 3.2 Risk Perception in the Wesermarsch (Lower Saxony) -- 4 Lessons Learned and Conclusions -- References -- Potential Stresses on Water Resources in Russia -- Water Resources of the Russian Part of the Baltic Sea Basin and Their Possible Changes Under Global Warming -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Estimates of the Water Resources of the Baltic Sea Basin Carried Out in Different Years at the State Hydrological Institute -- 3 River Water Resources of the Russian Part of the Baltic Sea Basin in Schemes of Integrated Use and Protection of Water Bodies -- 3.1 Schemes of Integrated Use and Protection of Water Bodies (Schemes) -- 3.2 The Gulf of Finland Basin from the Border of the Russian Federation with Finland to the Northern Border of the Neva River Basin -- 3.3 The Neva River Basin Within St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region -- 3.4 The Basin of the Luga River and the Gulf of Finland Basin from the Northern Border of the Luga River Basin to the Southern Border of the Neva River Basin -- 3.5 The Narva River Basin -- 4 Water Resources and Hydrological Regime of Rivers in the Russian Part of the Baltic Sea Basin Under the Climate Change. , 5 Probable Changes in Water Resources for the Near Future -- 6 Priority Research Areas -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Schemes of Integrated Use and Protection of Water Bodies in the Russian Part of the Baltic Sea Basin as a Basis for Water Resources Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Water Code and the Water Strategy of the Russian Federation as the Legal Framework for the Schemes -- 3 Schemes of Integrated Use and Protection of Water Bodies (Schemes) -- 4 Norms of Permissible Impact on Water Bodies (PIWBs) and Water Quality Targets for Water Bodies -- 5 Basin Management Principle for Use and Protection of Water Bodies -- 6 Schemes Content -- 7 Approved Norms of Permissible Impact on Water Bodies in the Baltic Sea Basin -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Implementation of Water Policy for Estonian Water Resources -- Estonian Fluvial Water Bodies and Inundation Directive -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials -- 2.1 Development of Estonian Fluvial Watercourses -- 2.2 Basic Background Information -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Boundary Conditions of the Flood Map Project -- 3.2 Composing of Data Sets -- 3.3 Numerical Modelling of High Water Levels -- 3.4 Hydro-Topographical Calibration of Elements of Fluvial Water Bodies -- 3.5 Floods Modelling on Digital Elevation Maps -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Joint Methodology for the Identification and Assessment of Groundwater Dependent Terrestrial Ecosystems in Estonia and Latvia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Country Profiles -- 2.1 Republic of Estonia -- 2.2 Republic of Latvia -- 2.3 Groundwater Monitoring in Estonia and Latvia -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Identification of Terrestrial Ecosystems Depending on Groundwater in Estonia and Latvia. , 3.2 Assessment of Significant Damage to Groundwater Dependent Terrestrial Ecosystems from Groundwater Body -- 3.3 Assessment Schemes for Quantitative Effect -- 3.4 Assessment Schemes for Qualitative Effect -- 3.5 Application of the Evaluation Schemes of Groundwater-Dependent Terrestrial Ecosystems in Estonia -- 3.6 Monitoring Scheme for Groundwater-Dependent Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations for "Water Resources Quality and Management in Baltic Sea Countries" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Update -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References -- Estonian Wetlands and the Water Framework Directive -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material -- 2.1 Contemporary Wetlands and Surface Water Bodies -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Identification of Wetland Extent -- 3.2 Identification of Water Body Important Wetlands -- 3.3 Identification of Important Floodplain Wetlands -- 3.4 Identification of Important Spring Mires -- 3.5 Identification of Important Coastal Wetlands -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Important Wetlands Associated with Flowing Water Bodies -- 4.2 Important Wetlands Associated with Standing Water Bodies -- 4.3 Important Floodplain Wetlands -- 4.4 Important Spring Mires -- 4.5 Important Coastal Wetlands -- 5 Discussions -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References.

Anmerkung: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction to the Nile Delta -- Nile Delta Biography: Challenges and Opportunities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Nile Delta -- 2.1 Geography -- 2.2 Climate -- 2.3 Geology -- 3 Nile Delta Challenges -- 3.1 Land Use Change -- 3.2 Coastal Erosion -- 3.3 Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise (SLR) -- 3.4 Water Quality Deterioration -- 3.5 Seawater Intrusion -- 4 Proposed Mitigation, Adaptation Scenarios, and Opportunities -- 4.1 Land Use Challenge Adaptation -- 4.2 Coastal Erosion/Accretion Adaptation -- 4.3 Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise (SLR) Adaptation -- 4.4 Water Quality Deterioration Adaptation -- 4.5 Seawater Intrusion Adaptation -- 5 Summary -- References -- Ancient Water Supply System in Tall Tanis, Archaeological Area Northeastern Nile Delta Region, Port Said, Egypt -- 1 Background -- 1.1 Geomorphology -- 1.2 Historical Background -- 2 Water Supply System -- 3 The Water Lifting System -- 3.1 The Shaduf -- 3.2 The Saqiya (Noria-Waterwheel) -- 4 The Water Stored System -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Part II: Groundwater in the Nile Delta -- Nile and Groundwater Interaction in the Western Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geology of the Nile Delta -- 3 Sampling and Analysis -- 4 Climate -- 4.1 Temperature -- 4.2 Rainfall -- 4.3 Evaporation -- 4.4 Relative Humidity -- 5 Hydrogeology -- 5.1 Oligocene Aquifer -- 5.2 Moghra (Miocene) Aquifer -- 5.3 Wadi El Natrun (Pliocene) Aquifer -- 5.4 Delta (Quaternary) Aquifer -- 6 Hydrogeochemistry -- 6.1 Electric Conductivity (EC) -- 6.2 Hydrogen Ion Activity (pH) -- 6.3 Salinity Content -- 6.4 Major Cations -- 6.4.1 Sodium -- 6.4.2 Potassium -- 6.4.3 Calcium -- 6.4.4 Magnesium -- 6.5 Major Anions -- 6.5.1 Chloride. , 6.5.2 Sulfate -- 6.5.3 Bicarbonate -- 6.5.4 Nutrients -- 7 Groundwater Types -- 7.1 Sulin´s Classification for the Groundwater -- 7.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio -- 7.3 Residual Sodium Carbonate -- 8 Trace Elements -- 9 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Mapping of Groundwater in Egypt Using RS/GIS: Case Studies, Areas Surrounding Nile Valley and Its Delta -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Resources in Egypt -- 3 Groundwater Mapping -- 3.1 Concepts and Benefits of Groundwater Mapping -- 3.2 Elements of a Groundwater Map -- 4 Applications of RS and GIS in Groundwater Mapping -- 4.1 Overview of Applications -- 4.2 Mapping Using Aerial Photos and Satellite Images -- 4.3 Mapping Using Radar Data -- 5 Mapping of Groundwater in Egypt Using RS and GIS (Case Studies) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Nile Delta Areas -- 5.3 Eastern Nile Valley Areas -- 5.4 Western Nile Valley Areas -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- GIS-Based Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality in the Western Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basics of Multivariate Analysis -- 2.1 Principal Components Analysis -- 2.2 Factor Analysis -- 3 Water Quality Indices -- 3.1 National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index -- 3.2 Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index -- 3.3 Oregon Water Quality Index -- 3.4 Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method -- 4 Suitability of Groundwater of Irrigation -- 4.1 Total Dissolved Solid -- 4.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio -- 4.3 Sodium Percentage -- 4.4 Residual Sodium Carbonate -- 4.5 Magnesium Hazard -- 4.6 Permeability Index -- 4.7 Kelly´s Ratio -- 4.8 Chloro-alkaline Indices -- 4.9 Corrosively Ratio -- 5 Case Study and Data Collection -- 6 Materials and Methods -- 7 Results and Discussions -- 7.1 Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality Parameters Based on Multivariate Analysis. , 7.2 Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation -- 7.2.1 Drinking -- 7.2.2 Irrigation -- 8 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Modeling of Fertilizer Transport Through Soil, Case Study: Nile Delta -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Groundwater Aquifers -- 2.1 Types of Aquifers -- 2.1.1 Confined Aquifers -- 2.1.2 Unconfined Aquifer -- 2.2 Physical Properties of Aquifers -- 2.2.1 Hydraulic Conductivity -- 2.2.2 Transmissivity -- 2.2.3 Storativity -- 2.3 Fundamental Equations of Groundwater Flow -- 2.3.1 Darcy Law -- 2.3.2 Equation of Continuity -- 3 Principles of Groundwater Contamination -- 3.1 Organic Contaminants -- 3.1.1 Hydrolysis -- 3.1.2 Oxidation-Reduction -- 3.1.3 Biodegradation -- 3.1.4 Adsorption -- 3.1.5 Volatilization -- 3.2 Inorganic Contaminants -- 3.2.1 Nitrogen -- 3.2.2 Phosphorous -- 3.2.3 Sulfur -- 4 Fertilizers in Nile Delta -- 4.1 Farming Systems and Agroecological Zones -- 4.1.1 Old Land -- 4.1.2 New Land -- 4.1.3 Oases -- 4.1.4 Rainfed Areas -- 4.2 Agricultural Production Systems -- 4.3 Crop Production System -- 4.3.1 Cereal Crops -- 4.3.2 Sugar Crops -- 4.3.3 Horticultural Crops -- 4.4 Cropping Patterns -- 4.5 Fertilizer Requirements and Crop Needs -- 4.6 Methods of Fertilizer Application -- 5 Transport of Contaminants in Groundwater -- 5.1 Advection -- 5.2 Dispersion -- 5.3 Retardation -- 6 Numerical Models and Computer Codes -- 6.1 Numerical Models -- 6.1.1 Finite Difference Methods -- 6.1.2 Finite Element Methods -- 6.1.3 Boundary Element Methods -- 6.2 Computer Codes -- 6.2.1 MODFLOW -- 6.2.2 MT3DMS -- 6.2.3 Groundwater Modeling System -- 6.2.4 Soil and Water Assessment Tool -- 6.2.5 Finite Element Subsurface Flow and Transport Simulation System -- 6.2.6 SUTRA -- 6.2.7 HYDRUS -- 6.2.8 SEAWAT -- 7 Case Study -- 7.1 General Considerations -- 7.2 Modeling Groundwater Flow -- 7.3 Modeling NO3- Transportation Processes. , 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 8 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Groundwater Degradation and Remediation in the Nile Delta Aquifer -- 1 Introduction to Groundwater Contamination -- 1.1 Aspects of Groundwater Degradation -- 1.2 Sources of Groundwater Contamination -- 1.2.1 Nitrate -- 1.2.2 Pathogens -- 1.2.3 Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater -- 1.2.4 Fluoride -- 1.2.5 Landfill Leachate -- 1.2.6 On-Site Sanitation Systems -- 1.2.7 Sewage Treatment Plants -- 1.2.8 Hydraulic Fracturing -- 1.2.9 Others -- 1.3 Migration of Groundwater Contaminants -- 1.3.1 Interactions with Surface Water -- 1.3.2 Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers -- 1.4 Advection-Dispersion Solute Transport -- 1.5 Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater -- 2 State of the Art of the Nile Delta Aquifer -- 2.1 Land Use and Climate Conditions -- 2.2 Irrigation-Drainage Network -- 2.3 Hydrogeology and Aquifer Characteristics -- 2.4 Recharge-Discharge Sources of the Nile Delta Aquifer -- 2.5 Groundwater Use and Quality in the Nile Delta -- 3 Groundwater Contamination and Degradation in Nile Delta -- 3.1 Groundwater Movement and Contaminant Distribution -- 3.2 Sources of Groundwater Pollution in the Nile Delta -- 3.3 Vulnerability of Aquifer to Pollution -- 3.4 Groundwater Pollution Hazard and Assessment -- 4 Groundwater Quality Monitoring in the Nile Delta -- 4.1 Basic Types of Groundwater Monitoring -- 4.1.1 Ambient Monitoring -- 4.1.2 Compliance Monitoring -- 4.1.3 Assessment Monitoring -- 4.1.4 Remediation Monitoring -- 4.1.5 Post-Closure Monitoring -- 4.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Systems -- 4.3 Choice of Monitoring System -- 4.4 Locations and Depths of Monitoring Wells -- 4.5 Statistical Analysis of Monitoring Data -- 4.6 Groundwater Quality Sampling and Testing -- 5 Groundwater Solute Transport Modeling -- 5.1 Advection with Dispersion and Chemical Retardation. , 5.2 Advective-Dispersive Transport Equations -- 5.3 Conceptual Modeling -- 5.4 Mathematical Modeling -- 5.4.1 Finite Difference Method -- 5.4.2 Finite Element Method -- 5.5 Numerical Modeling of Nile Delta Aquifer -- 5.5.1 Model Design (Input Parameters) -- 5.5.2 Model Discretization -- 5.5.3 Boundary Conditions -- 5.5.4 Groundwater Recharge -- 5.5.5 Abstraction Wells -- 5.6 Numerical Modeling of Groundwater Contamination -- 6 Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Nile Delta -- 6.1 Groundwater Quality Standards -- 6.2 Hydrochemistry and Stable Isotopes -- 6.3 Groundwater Quality Index WQI -- 6.4 Nile Delta Groundwater Quality Assessment -- 7 Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater in Nile Delta -- 7.1 Locating On-Site Sanitation Systems -- 7.2 Point-of-Use Treatment -- 7.3 Remedial Priority Ranking of Contaminated Sites -- 7.4 Groundwater Remediation Schemes -- 7.5 Remediation of Nitrate Contamination -- 8 Groundwater Salinity Management in Nile Delta -- 8.1 Freshwater-Saltwater Interface in the Nile Delta Aquifer -- 8.2 Groundwater Salinity Management in Nile Delta -- 8.3 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Part III: Land and Soil, On-Farm Irrigation and Drainage Water -- Land Degradation in the Nile Delta -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographic and Overview -- 2.1 Soils of the Nile Delta -- 2.2 The Main Key Facts of the Nile Delta [2] -- 3 Land Degradation -- 3.1 The Causes of Land Degradation -- 3.1.1 Natural Causes -- 3.1.2 Human-Induced Causes -- 3.2 Types and Causes of Land Degradation [9] -- 4 Land Degradation in the Nile Delta and Its Impact -- 4.1 Salinity -- 4.1.1 Irrigation Water -- 4.1.2 Shallow Water Table and Logging -- 4.1.3 Seawater Intrusion -- 4.2 Seawater Rise -- 4.3 Contamination of Surface Water Canals -- 4.4 Land Compaction and Nutrient Depletion -- 4.5 Deterioration of Soil Structure -- 4.6 Urban Sprawl. , 5 Assessment of Soil Degradation due to Salinity.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introducing the Book -- Introduction to "Sustainability of Groundwater in the Nile Valley, Egypt" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Summaries of the Book Chapters -- 2.1 Groundwater Modeling -- 2.2 Assessment of Groundwater Quality -- 2.3 Sustainability of Groundwater -- References -- Evaluation of the Groundwater Resources in the Nile Valley, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Resources -- 2.1 Renewable Water Resources -- 2.2 Non-renewable Water Resources -- 3 Groundwater Usage -- 4 Groundwater Quality -- 5 The Nile Valley and Delta Aquifers -- 6 Geomorphology and Main Characteristics of the Nile Valley -- 7 Hydrological Settings -- 8 Discharge and Recharge -- 9 Vulnerability Assessment -- 10 Proposed Scenarios and Solutions -- 11 Conclusions -- 12 Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Modeling -- Fundamentals of Groundwater Modeling Methods and a Focused Review on the Groundwater Models of the Nile Valley Aquifer -- 1 Background -- 2 Groundwater Modeling -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Defining the model's Objectives -- 2.3 Conceptual Model -- 2.4 Types of Models -- 2.5 Solution of Mathematical Formulation -- 2.6 Model Calibration -- 2.7 Model Validation: Acceptance or Rejection -- 2.8 Sensitivity Analysis -- 2.9 Uncertainty Analysis -- 2.10 Modeling Software/Codes -- 2.11 Limitations of Modeling Techniques -- 3 Application of Numerical Groundwater Modeling in the Nile Valley -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Groundwater Quality -- Contamination Sources Along the Nile Valley, Egypt and Its Impact on Groundwater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Surface Water System in the Nile Valley -- 4 Contamination Sources -- 4.1 Domestic Sources -- 4.2 Agricultural Sources -- 4.3 Industrial Sources -- 4.4 Dewatering Water -- 4.5 Colling Water -- 4.6 Impact of Contamination on Groundwater. , 4.7 Protection and Legislations -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Environmental Impacts of Treated Wastewater Contaminates on Groundwater Quality in the Nile River Valley, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Contaminants Seepage Between Groundwater and Surface Water -- 3 Environmental Impacts of Treated Wastewater Contamination -- 4 Wastewater Treatment Plants in Nile River Valley -- 5 Groundwater Assessment Methodologies -- 6 Investigations of Groundwater Contamination in Nile River Valley Aquifer -- 6.1 Case Study: Evaluation of Groundwater Resources Nearby the Main Wastewater Treatment Plants -- 7 Summary -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrochemistry and Hydrogeology Aspects of Alluvial Aquifer in Aswan City, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Collection and Methodology -- 3.1 Geomorphology -- 3.2 Geology -- 3.3 Hydrogeology -- 3.4 Water Chemistry -- 4 Numerical Groundwater Model -- 4.1 Model Setup -- 4.2 Calibration and Validation -- 4.3 Groundwater Head and Water Budget -- 5 Groundwater Table Rise Solutions -- 5.1 Bank Infiltration -- 5.2 Reduce the Water Losses from the Water Supply Network -- 5.3 Increase the Extraction Rates -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrochemical Analysis of Groundwater in the Area Northwest of El-Sadat City, West Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Overview -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Geological Settings -- 4 Hydrogeological Settings -- 4.1 Quaternary Aquifer -- 4.2 Pliocene Aquifer -- 4.3 Miocene Aquifer -- 4.4 Oligocene Aquifer -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Numerical Water Quality Indicators -- 5.2 Groundwater Hydrochemical Analysis -- 5.3 Water Quality Graphical Representation -- 6 Suitability of Groundwater for Irrigation Purposes -- 6.1 Sodium Content (SC) -- 6.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) -- 6.3 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) -- 6.4 Permeability Index (PI). , 6.5 EC and SAR Relationship -- 6.6 Magnesium Hazard (MH) -- 6.7 Kelly's Ratio (KI) -- 6.8 Chloride Classification -- 6.9 Chloro-Alkaline Indices (CAI) -- 6.10 Corrosively Ratio (CR) -- 7 Results and Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- As a Water Resources Management Tool, Groundwater Quality Assessment for Irrigation in the Young Alluvial Plain of Western Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Groundwater Sampling and Parameters Analytical Procedure -- 3.2 Groundwater Quality Calculations -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Individual Parameter -- 4.2 Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQ) -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Sustainability of Groundwater -- Agricultural Drainage Strategies in Egypt as a Protection Tool Against Groundwater Contamination by Fertilizers: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Drainage Practices -- 2.1 What Is Agricultural Drainage? -- 2.2 Agricultural Drainage Systems -- 3 Poor Drainage Conditions and Their Adverse Impacts on Groundwater Quality and the Surrounding Environment -- 3.1 Waterlogging -- 3.2 Salinity -- 4 Effect of Practicing Agricultural Drainage on Groundwater Quality, Agricultural Productivity, and the Surrounding Environment -- 4.1 Conventional Drainage Practices -- 4.2 Controlled Drainage Practices -- 4.3 Summary of Subsurface Drainage Practices' impacts on Groundwater -- 5 Agricultural Drainage in Egypt -- 5.1 Brief History and Authorities -- 5.2 Responsibilities and Targets -- 5.3 Exploring Ways of Practicing Agriculture Drainage Strategies in the Nile Valley: A Case Study of El-Minia Governorate -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Pliocene Aquifer Characterization Using TEM and VES Geophysical Techniques: Case Study at the Area to the East of Wadi El-Natrun City, West Nile Delta, Egypt. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphological and Topographic Settings and Climatic Conditions -- 3 Geological and Tectonic Settings -- 4 Hydrogeological Background -- 5 Literature Review -- 6 Geophysical Surveys -- 6.1 Electrical Resistivity of Minerals and Rocks -- 6.2 Resistivity Survey -- 6.3 Transient Electromagnetic Survey -- 7 Results and Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Electrical Resistivity and Hydrogeochemistry in West Tahta Region, Upper Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geology and Hydrology of the Study Area -- 3 Sampling, Data, and Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Geoelectrical Analysis -- 4.2 Hydrogeochemical Analysis -- 4.3 Assessment of the Collected Groundwater for Different Purposes -- 4.4 Mechanisms Controlling Groundwater Chemistry -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Mapping Groundwater Recharge Potential in the Nile Basin Using Remotely Sensed Data and GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geologic and Hydrologic Setting of the Nile Basin -- 3 Case Studies -- 4 Analytical Approach: Developing Thematic Maps -- 5 Wadis -- 5.1 Wadi Qena -- 5.2 Wadi Matula -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Sustainability of Groundwater in the Nile River Valley: Is It Possible After the Construction of GERD? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nile River Valley Aquifer -- 3 GERD Impacts on the Groundwater in the Nile River Valley -- 4 Impact of Filling GERD Reservoir in 10 years on Groundwater Level -- 4.1 Study Area and Groundwater Model -- 4.2 Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions and Recommendations for "Sustainability of Groundwater in the Nile Valley, Egypt" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Update -- 2.1 Groundwater Modeling -- 2.2 Assessment of Groundwater Quality. , 2.3 Sustainability of Groundwater -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References.