Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Executive Summary -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Fundamentals of Geostatistics for Assessing Spatial Variation of Groundwater Resources -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Random Field Model -- 2.1 Random Variables -- 3 The Normal Distribution -- 4 Probability Distribution Versus Frequency Distribution -- 5 Covariance and Correlation -- 6 Random Fields -- 7 Statistical Measure of Spatial Variation: The Variogram -- 7.1 The Variogram -- 7.2 Relationship Between the Variogram, Covariance Function and Correlogram -- 8 Kriging -- 8.1 Ordinary Kriging Equations -- 8.2 Cross-Validation -- 8.3 Kriging Extensions -- 9 Sampling Design Optimization -- 10 Spatial Stochastic Simulation -- 10.1 Spatial Stochastic Simulation Versus Kriging -- 11 Conclusion -- References -- Recent Trends in GIS and Geostatistical Approaches to Analyze Groundwater Resource in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical Information System -- 3 Geostatistics -- 3.1 Kriging -- 4 Applications of Kriging in Groundwater -- 4.1 Mapping of Groundwater Depth -- 4.2 Mapping Groundwater Quality -- 4.3 Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zone -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Concept of Artificial Intelligence and Its Applications in Groundwater Spatial Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications -- 3 Models -- 3.1 Fuzzy Logic -- 3.2 Sugeno Fuzzy Logic -- 3.3 Neurofuzzy (NF) -- 3.4 Gradient-Based Groundwater Model -- 3.5 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) -- 3.6 Support Vector Machine (SVM) -- 3.7 Wavelet Transform -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Multi-criteria Decision-Making Approach Using Remote Sensing and GIS for Assessment of Groundwater Resources -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Generation of Thematic Maps -- 3.2 MCDA Based Weight Assignment Modeling -- 4 Results and Discussion. , 4.1 Weightage Overlay Analysis -- 4.2 Evaluation of Physical Factors Controlling Groundwater Occurrence -- 4.3 Delineating the Groundwater Potential Zone -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Groundwater Using Conventional Graphical, Geospatial and Multivariate Statistical Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Hydrochemical Facies -- 4.2 Assessment of Water Quality for Drinking -- 4.3 Assessment of Water Quality for Irrigation -- 4.4 Statistical Analyses -- 4.5 Bivariate Plots -- 4.6 Indices of Base Exchange -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Efficacy of Geospatial Technologies for Groundwater Prospect Zonation in Lower Western Ghats Area of Maharashtra, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Slope -- 4.2 Geomorphology -- 4.3 Geology -- 4.4 Land Use and Land Cover -- 4.5 Drainage Density -- 4.6 Runoff -- 4.7 Soil -- 4.8 Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) -- 4.9 Multi Influencing Factor -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Identifying Suitable Sites for Rainwater Harvesting Structures Using Runoff Model (SCS-CN), Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Upper Kangsabati Watershed, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Source -- 2.3 Data Processing -- 2.4 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling (SCS-CN) -- 2.5 Weighted Overlay Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) -- 3.2 Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG) -- 3.3 Curve Number (CN) -- 3.4 Rainfall -- 3.5 Slope -- 3.6 Lineaments Density -- 3.7 Drainage -- 3.8 Geomorphology -- 3.9 Weathering Profile -- 3.10 Estimation of Rainfall-Runoff -- 3.11 Weighted Overlay Analysis and Sites for RWH Structures -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , Identification of Groundwater Potential Areas Using Geospatial Technologies: A Case Study of Kolkata, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Data and Methods -- 4 Results and Analysis -- 5 Discussion and Recommendation -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Geospatial Assessment of Groundwater Potential Zone in Chennai Region, Tamil Nadu, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Methodology Framework -- 2.3 Data Used -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Geology -- 3.2 Geomorphology -- 3.3 Soil Texture -- 3.4 Land Use/Land Cover -- 3.5 Slope -- 3.6 Elevation -- 3.7 Rainfall -- 3.8 Drainage Density (DD) -- 3.9 Lineament Density (LD) -- 3.10 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.11 Weightage Calculation -- 3.12 Demarcation of Groundwater Potential Zone -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Multi-influencing Factors (MIF) Technique: A Geospatial Study on Purba Bardhaman District of India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Used -- 2.3 Multi-influencing Factors (MIF) for Weightage -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 3.1 Influencing Factors of Groundwater Potentiality -- 3.2 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones -- 3.3 Validation of the Groundwater Potential Zones -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Delineating the Status of Groundwater in a Plateau Fringe Region Using Multi-influencing Factor (MIF) and GIS: A Study of Bankura District, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Used and Methodology -- 3.1 Preparation of Thematic Map -- 3.2 Assigning of Weights and Ranks -- 3.3 Weighted Overlay Method -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Input Parameters for MIF -- 4.2 Groundwater Potential Zones -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment of Chaka River Basin, Purulia, India Using GIS-Based DRASTIC Model -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Depth to Water Level -- 4.2 Net Recharge -- 4.3 Aquifer Media -- 4.4 Soil Media -- 4.5 Topography -- 4.6 Impact of Vadose Zone -- 4.7 Hydraulic Conductivity -- 4.8 Aquifer Vulnerability Zone -- 4.9 Validation -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Water Level Behaviour to Investigate the Hydrological Conditions of Bokaro District, Jharkhand, India Using GIS Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Rainfall and Climate -- 2.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.3 Geomorphology and Soil -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Graphical Analysis of WLF Under Different Factors -- 4.2 Comparative Analysis of WLF Using GIS Technique -- 4.3 Comparative Statistical Analysis -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Investigation of Lineaments for Identification of Deeper Aquifer Zones in Hard Rock Terrain: A Case Study of WRWB-2 Watershed from Nagpur District, Central India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Geomorphological Set-Up -- 4.2 Lineaments -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendation -- References -- Assessing Contamination of Groundwater with Fluoride and Human Health Impact -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Method -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Spatial Variation of Fluoride Contaminated Groundwater -- 3.2 Block-Wise Distribution of Fluoride Level -- 3.3 Gram Panchayat Wise Distribution of Fluoride Contamination -- 3.4 Factors of Fluoride Contamination in Ground Water and Onset of Fluorosis -- 3.5 Impact on Human Health -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Primary Concept of Arsenic Toxicity: An Overview -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Routes of Exposure for Arsenic -- 3 Metal Toxicities in Human and Experimental Animal -- 4 Some Specific Aspects of Arsenic Toxicities -- 4.1 Genotoxicities -- 4.2 Immunological Toxicities -- 4.3 Carcinogenicity -- 4.4 Endocrine Effects -- 4.5 Neurogenic Effects -- 4.6 Gastrointestinal Effects -- 4.7 Musculoskeletal Effects -- 4.8 Cardiovascular Effects -- 4.9 Dermal Effects -- 4.10 Metabolic Effects -- 4.11 Hematologic Effects of Arsenic -- 5 Effects on Plants -- 6 Arsenic Mitigation and Management -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Evaluation of Ground Water Quality by Use of Water Quality Index in the Vicinity of the Rajaji National Park Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Material -- 2.1 Research Area -- 2.2 Collection of Groundwater Samples and Anlysis -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 3.1 pH -- 3.2 DO -- 3.3 BOD -- 3.4 TS, TDS and TSS -- 3.5 Total Alkalinity and Total Hardness -- 3.6 Acidity -- 3.7 Potassium -- 3.8 WQI Interpretation -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Groundwater Resource Pollution in Kangsabati River Basin, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiographic and Climatology of Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 pH -- 4.2 Ionic Chemistry -- 4.3 Total Dissolved Solids -- 4.4 Total Hardness -- 4.5 Chloride -- 4.6 Sulphate, Calcium and Magnesium Ion -- 4.7 Irrigation Related to Water Quality -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Effect of Conventional Sand Mining Along Heavy Mineral Beach Placers and Its Environmental Impact -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Thermal Imagery Principles -- 3.2 Thermal Imagery of the Study Area -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussions -- 6 Conclusion -- References. , Evaluation of Shallow Ground Water Quality: A Case Study for a Coal Mining Environment (East Bokaro Coalfield) of Damodar Valley, India.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Part I: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Land Resources -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2 Spatio-Temporal Investigation of Mining Activity and Its Effect on Landscape Dynamics: A Geo-Spatial Study of Beejoliya Tehsil, Rajasthan (India) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Data Used -- 2.2.3 Methodology -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 LULC Change Assessment -- 2.3.2 LULC Gain and Losses and Prediction Modeling -- 2.3.3 NDVI Change Assessment -- 2.3.4 Elevation Profile Change Assessment -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Mapping Areas for Growing Pulses in Rice Fallows Using Multi-Criteria Spatial Decisions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Data and Methodology -- 3.2.3 Potential Areas for Identification of Pulses -- 3.2.4 Identification of Assessment Factors -- 3.2.5 Fuzzy Set Modeling -- 3.2.6 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach -- 3.2.7 Calculation of Suitability Index Using Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) -- 3.2.8 Generating Land Suitability Maps -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessing Desertification Using Long-Term MODIS and Rainfall Data in Himachal Pradesh (India) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Materials and Methods -- 4.3.1 Methodology -- 4.3.2 MODIS NDVI Analysis -- 4.3.3 RUE -- 4.3.4 Residual Image -- 4.3.5 Statistical Significance Test -- 4.3.6 Significance Level -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Relationship between NDVI and Rainfall -- 4.4.2 RUE -- 4.4.3 RUE Trend -- 4.4.4 Residual Trend and Human-Induced Desertification. , 4.4.5 Regression Slope between Residual NDVI and Time (Year) -- 4.4.6 Comparison between RUE and RESTREND -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Scope for Further Research -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Land Use/Land Cover Characteristics of Odisha Coastal Zone: A Retrospective Analysis during the Period between 1990 and 2017 -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Data Used -- 5.4 Methodology -- 5.4.1 Pre-processing of Satellite Image -- 5.4.2 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Map Preparation -- 5.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis -- 5.4.4 Accuracy Assessment -- 5.4.5 Estimation of Resource Degradation -- 5.5 Results -- 5.5.1 Spatio-temporal Distribution of LULC Categories -- 5.5.1.1 Agricultural Fallow Land -- 5.5.1.2 Cultivated Land -- 5.5.1.3 Aquaculture -- 5.5.1.4 Fallow/Open Land -- 5.5.1.5 Beach/Sand Dune (with Vegetation) -- 5.5.1.6 Industrial Built-up Area -- 5.5.1.7 Mudflat -- 5.5.1.8 Mangrove -- 5.5.1.9 Marshy Land -- 5.5.1.10 Open Vegetation -- 5.5.1.11 Rural and Urban Settlement -- 5.5.1.12 Scrub Land -- 5.5.1.13 Water Bodies (Streams/Canals/Ponds/Lakes) -- 5.5.1.14 Ocean -- 5.5.2 Estimation of Land Degradation Characteristics -- 5.6 Discussion -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Evaluating Landscape Dynamics in Jamunia Watershed, Jharkhand (India) Using Earth Observation Datasets -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Study Area -- 6.2.2 Data Processing -- 6.2.3 LULC Classification -- 6.2.4 Landscape Metrics Analysis -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Classification and Accuracy Assessment of LULC Images -- 6.3.2 Fragmentation Analyses -- 6.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Drought Frequency and Soil Erosion Problems in Puruliya District of West Bengal, India: A Geo-Environmental Study -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Role of Open Source Software Packages -- 7.2.1 SAGA -- 7.2.2 QGIS. , 7.2.3 GRASS GIS -- 7.2.4 Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) -- 7.2.5 Others -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.3.1 Study Area -- 7.3.2 Methodology -- 7.3.2.1 Assessment and Monitoring of Vegetative Drought -- 7.3.2.2 Modeling Soil Erosion: -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Severity of Drought -- 7.4.2 Threat of Soil Erosion -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 Effects of Cyclone Fani on the Urban Landscape Characteristics of Puri Town, India: A Geospatial Study Using Free and Open Source Software -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Data Source -- 8.2.3 Image Processing -- 8.2.4 LULC Classification -- 8.2.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based assessment -- 8.2.6 Community Perception-Based Vegetation Appraisal -- 8.2.7 Change Detection Analysis -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover Pattern of Puri Town -- 8.3.2 Pre-Fani Vegetation Scenario -- 8.3.3 Post-Fani Vegetation Scenario -- 8.3.4 Cyclone-Induced Changes in Vegetation Cover -- 8.3.5 Community-Formulated Plantation Guidelines -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring: Advances of Open Source Geospatial Data and Techniques -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Combinatorial Innovation in Sustainable Land Management -- 9.3 Big (Geo) Data -- 9.3.1 Coarse Resolution Satellite Data (> -- 100 m Pixel Size) -- 9.3.2 Medium Resolution Satellite Data (10-99 m Pixel Size) -- 9.3.3 High Resolution Satellite Data (< -- 10 m Pixel Size) -- 9.4 Web Search Engine for Free Access Remote Sensing Data -- 9.4.1 Open Source Vector Data -- 9.5 Open Source Software for Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring -- 9.6 Crowdsource Platform -- 9.7 High-Quality Ground Truth and Land Use Management -- 9.8 Cloud Computing. , 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Introduction to Part II: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Water Resources -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 11 Improving Wetland Mapping Techniques Using the Integration of Image Fusion Techniques and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Materials and Methodology -- 11.3.1 Materials -- 11.3.2 Methods for Image Fusion -- 11.3.3 Methods for Evaluating the Performances of Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.3.4 Artificial Neural Network for Wetlands Mapping -- 11.3.5 Validation of Wetland Maps -- 11.3.6 Comparisons of Wetland Mapping Models -- 11.3.6.1 Kendall Correlation -- 11.3.6.2 Spearman's Correlation -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Analysis of Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.4.2 Evaluation of the Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.4.3 Wetland Mapping Using Artificial Neural Network -- 11.4.4 Validation of the Wetland Modeling Models -- 11.4.5 Comparison of the Association among Wetland Modeling Models -- 11.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 12 Open Source Geospatial Technologies for Generation of Water Resource Development Plan -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area -- 12.3 Data Used -- 12.4 Methodology -- 12.4.1 WRDP Generation Using Open Source Desktop GIS -- 12.4.2 WRDP Generation Using Web-Enabled Open Source GIS -- 12.4.2.1 Creation of Database and Web Services -- 12.4.2.2 Development of Customized Web GIS Application for WRDP Generation -- 12.5 Results and Discussion -- 12.5.1 Desktop Interface -- 12.5.2 Web Interface -- 12.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13 Geo-Spatial Enabled Water Resource Development Plan for Decentralized Planning in India: Myths and Facts -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Water Resource Development Program in India. , 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Extent and Size of Water Resource Development Plans -- 13.2.2 Effect of Scale on Water Resource Development Plan -- 13.2.2.1 Study Area -- 13.2.2.2 Remote Sensing/GIS Data Used -- 13.2.2.3 Remote Sensing / GIS Software Used -- 13.2.2.4 Process Flow for Image Analysis -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Generation of Thematic Map -- 13.3.2 Slope -- 13.3.3 Land Capability -- 13.3.4 Erosion -- 13.3.5 Soil Depth -- 13.3.6 Drainage -- 13.3.7 Land Use/Land Cover -- 13.3.7.1 Land Evaluation and Land Use Plan -- 13.3.8 Water Resource Action Plan Generation -- 13.3.9 Weighted Overlay Techniques -- 13.3.10 Resource Conservation Practices in India -- 13.3.10.1 Water and Soil Conservation Activities in Maharashtra State -- 13.4 Conclusion -- 13.4.1 Effect of Water Resources on the Community -- References -- Chapter 14 Automatic Extraction of Surface Waterbodies of Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh (India) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Methods -- 14.3.1 Spectral Water Indexes -- 14.3.2 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) -- 14.3.3 Modified Difference Water Index (MNDWI) -- 14.3.4 Water Ratio Index (WRI) -- 14.3.5 Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) -- 14.3.6 Accuracy Assessment -- 14.3.7 Correlation Analysis And Evaluation -- 14.4 Results and Discussion -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Valuing Ecosystem Services for the Protection of Coastal Wetlands Using Benefit Transfer Approach: Evidence from Bangladesh -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.2.1 Study Area -- 15.2.2 Methodology -- 15.2.3 Land Use Land Cover Classification -- 15.2.4 Ecosystem Services Value (ESV) Estimation -- 15.2.5 Spatial Analysis of ESV Flow -- 15.2.6 Sensitivity Factor -- 15.3 Results -- 15.3.1 Land Cover Classes in the Study Area -- 15.3.2 Estimation of Total ESV. , 15.3.3 Estimation of Ecosystem Function Value (ESVf).

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Groundwater Resources and Societal Development -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Groundwater and Society: Applications of Geospatial Technology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Key Aims of the Book -- 1.3 Sections of the Book -- 1.3.1 Section I: Groundwater Resources and Societal Development -- 1.3.2 Section II: Groundwater Availability, Quality and Pollution -- 1.3.3 Section III: Sustainable Groundwater Resources Management -- References -- Chapter 2: Groundwater and Society in India: Challenging Issues and Adaptive Strategies -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Water Source and Civilization: A Changing Spectrum -- 2.2.1 Water Source and Establishment of Settlements -- 2.2.2 Water Source and Livelihood Practices -- 2.2.3 Modern Civilization and Deterioration of Groundwater Quality -- 2.2.4 Water Quality and Human Health -- 2.3 Groundwater Depletion and Society -- 2.3.1 Climate Change and Groundwater Depletion -- 2.3.2 Urbanization and Groundwater Depletion -- 2.4 Groundwater and Future Society -- 2.4.1 Efficiency in Water Utilization -- 2.4.2 Water Storage -- 2.4.3 Groundwater Recharge -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Groundwater Research and Societal Development: Integration with Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Significance of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Groundwater Research -- 3.3 Application of Geospatial Technology for Groundwater -- 3.3.1 Groundwater Exploration -- 3.3.2 Groundwater Potential Mapping -- 3.3.3 Groundwater Modelling -- 3.3.4 Geochemical Quality of Groundwater -- 3.3.5 Identification of Suitable Areas for Groundwater Recharge Using GIS -- 3.4 Recent Trend of Open Sources Data and Software in Groundwater Study -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 4: Geospatial and Geophysical Approaches for Assessment of Groundwater Resources in an Alluvial Aquifer of India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Method -- 4.2.1 The Study Area -- 4.2.2 Physiography, Relief, and Drainage -- 4.2.3 Climate -- 4.2.4 Soils and Geology -- 4.2.5 Natural Vegetation and Land Use -- 4.2.6 Geophysical Imaging Investigation -- 4.2.7 Interpretation of Geophysical Data -- 4.2.8 Geospatial Approach in Development of Spatial Variability Models -- 4.3 Result and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Geophysical Imaging -- 4.3.1.1 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 1 -- 4.3.1.2 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 2 -- 4.3.1.3 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 3 -- 4.3.1.4 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 4 -- 4.3.1.5 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 5 -- 4.3.1.6 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 6 -- 4.3.1.7 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 7 -- 4.3.1.8 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 8 -- 4.3.1.9 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 9 -- Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 10 -- 4.3.1.10 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 11 -- 4.3.1.11 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 12 -- 4.3.1.12 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 13 -- 4.3.1.13 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 14 -- 4.3.1.14 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 15 -- 4.3.1.15 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 16 -- 4.3.1.16 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 17 -- 4.3.1.17 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 18 -- 4.3.2 Iso-resistivity Contours -- 4.3.2.1 Geophysical Layer 1 -- 4.3.2.2 Geophysical Layer 2 -- 4.3.2.3 Geophysical Layers 3 and 4 -- 4.3.3 Delineation of Water Potential Zones -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Groundwater and Space Technology: Issues and Challenges -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum and Waterbody Extraction -- 5.3 Remote Sensors in Groundwater Applications. , 5.4 Remote Sensing Data in Groundwater Studies -- 5.5 Spectral Indices and Water Assessment -- 5.6 Digital Elevation Model and Groundwater Investigation -- 5.7 Spatial Modelling and Groundwater Evaluation -- 5.8 Need for Future Research and Development -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Groundwater Availability, Quality and Pollution -- Chapter 6: Groundwater Quality Through Multi-Criteria-Based GIS Analysis: Village Level Assessment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Collection of Samples and Chemical Analysis -- 6.3.2 Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG) -- 6.3.3 Spatial Interpolation -- 6.3.4 Statistical Analysis -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Groundwater Quality and Chemistry -- 6.4.1.1 pH -- 6.4.1.2 TDS -- 6.4.1.3 EC -- 6.4.1.4 TA -- 6.4.1.5 TH -- 6.4.1.6 Ca and Mg -- 6.4.1.7 Na and K -- 6.4.1.8 Cl and CO3 -- 6.4.1.9 HCO3-, SO4, and F- -- 6.4.2 Statistical Analysis -- 6.4.3 Irrigation Water Quality Assessment -- 6.4.3.1 Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) -- 6.4.3.2 Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) -- 6.4.3.3 Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) -- 6.4.3.4 Kelly´s Ratio -- 6.4.4 Analysis of Groundwater Pollution Zone by PIG Method -- 6.4.5 Water Quality Assessment in Relation with Physical Condition of the Study Area -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Analysis of Groundwater Potentiality Zones of Siliguri Urban Agglomeration Using GIS-Based Fuzzy-AHP Approach -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.3.1 Data Used -- 7.3.2 Data Processing and Creation of Thematic Layers -- 7.3.3 Fuzzy-AHP and Assignments of Normal Weighted Overlay of the Selected Thematic Layers -- 7.3.4 Delineation of the GPZ -- 7.4 Result and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Thematic Layers -- 7.4.1.1 DEM -- 7.4.1.2 Slope -- 7.4.1.3 Soil -- 7.4.1.4 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC). , 7.4.1.5 Precipitation -- 7.4.1.6 Lineament Density -- 7.4.1.7 Moisture Index (MI) -- 7.4.1.8 Geology -- 7.4.2 GPZ Map -- 7.4.3 Validation of GPZ Map -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Assessing the Groundwater Potentiality of the Gumani River Basin, India, using Geoinformatics and Analytical Hierar... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Dataset and Methodology -- 8.3.1 Dataset -- 8.3.2 Methodology -- 8.3.2.1 Methodological Design -- 8.3.2.2 Processing of Geospatial Data -- 8.3.2.3 Assignment Weights and Weights Normalization -- 8.3.2.4 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zone -- 8.3.2.5 Validation Techniques -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 The Pattern of Factorial Behavior -- 8.4.1.1 Lithology -- 8.4.1.2 Lineaments Density -- 8.4.1.3 Soil Texture -- 8.4.1.4 Geomorphology -- 8.4.1.5 Relief -- 8.4.1.6 Slope -- 8.4.1.7 Average Rainfall -- 8.4.1.8 Drainage Density -- 8.4.1.9 Distance from the River -- 8.4.1.10 Land Use and Land Cover -- 8.4.2 Groundwater Potential Zones -- 8.4.3 Validation -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Application of AHP for Groundwater Potential Zones Mapping in Plateau Fringe Terrain: Study from Western Province o... -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Materials and Methods -- 9.3.1 Data Sources -- 9.3.2 Preparation of Thematic Layers -- 9.3.3 Application of AHP Model -- 9.3.4 Calculation of Groundwater Potential Zones Index and Accuracy Assessment -- 9.3.5 Groundwater Recharge Estimation -- 9.4 Results and Discussions -- 9.4.1 Geological Setting -- 9.4.2 Lineament Density -- 9.4.3 Geomorphology -- 9.4.4 Slope -- 9.4.5 Curvature -- 9.4.6 Drainage Density -- 9.4.7 Rainfall -- 9.4.8 Soil -- 9.4.9 Infiltration Number -- 9.4.10 Topographic Wetness Index -- 9.4.11 Land Use Land Cover -- 9.4.12 GPZ of the Joyponda River Basin -- 9.4.13 Accuracy Assessment of GPZ Map. , 9.4.14 Estimation of Natural Groundwater Recharge -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Performance of Frequency Ratio Approach for Mapping of Groundwater Prospect Areas in an Area of Mixed Topography -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Data and Methodology -- 10.3.1 Data Collection -- 10.3.2 Methodology -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.4.1 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) -- 10.4.2 Vegetation -- 10.4.3 Altitude -- 10.4.4 Slope -- 10.4.5 Rainfall -- 10.4.6 Soil -- 10.4.7 Geology -- 10.4.8 Geomorphology -- 10.4.9 Hydrogeology -- 10.4.10 Drainage Density -- 10.4.11 Lineament Density -- 10.4.12 Aquifer -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Artificial Neural Network for Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Part of Hugli District, West Bengal... -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Data and Methodology -- 11.2.1 Methodology -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Multi-criteria Analysis for Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Study in Paschim Barddhaman District of West Bengal,... -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Test Area -- 12.3 Materials and Method -- 12.4 Result and Discussion -- 12.4.1 Spatial Distribution of pH -- 12.4.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) -- 12.4.3 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) -- 12.4.4 Total Hardness (TH) -- 12.4.5 Calcium and Magnesium (Ca and Mg) -- 12.4.6 Sodium and Potassium (Na and K) -- 12.4.7 Bicarbonate (HCO3) -- 12.4.8 Chloride (Cl) -- 12.4.9 Fluoride (F) -- 12.4.10 Iron (Fe) -- 12.4.11 Sulphate (SO4) and Phosphate (PO4) -- 12.4.12 Silica (SiO2) -- 12.4.13 Co-relation Analysis -- 12.4.14 Factor Analysis -- 12.4.15 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis -- 12.4.16 Mechanism Regulating the Groundwater Chemistry -- 12.4.17 Evaluation of Groundwater Quality -- 12.4.17.1 Water Quality Index -- 12.4.17.2 Irrigation Suitability -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 13: Performance of WQI and HPI for Groundwater Quality Assessment: Study from Sangramgarh Colliery of West Burdwan Dis.

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: River Health and Ecology: Perspective View and Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 2 River Health: Issues and Challenges -- 3 Key Aims of the Book -- 4 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2: Arthropods: An Important Bio-Indicator to Decipher the Health of the Water of South Asian Rivers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Monitoring Pollution Using Bioindicator -- 2.1 Various Characteristics that Make an Organism a Bioindicator -- 2.1.1 How to Select a Bioindicator? -- 2.2 Biomonitoring and Bioindicators -- 2.3 Various Advantages of Biomonitoring -- 2.3.1 Biomonitoring Approaches Based on Hopkin (1993): -- 3 Various Aquatic Organisms used as Bioindicators -- 4 Various Arthropod Species Used as a Bioindicator -- 4.1 Class: Insecta -- 4.2 Class: Crustacea -- 5 Arthropods Used as Bioindicators in South Asian Rivers -- 6 Advantages of Biomonitoring the River Ecosystem -- 6.1 Diversity Indices -- 6.2 Multimeric Approaches -- 6.3 Indices of Biological Integrity -- 6.4 Biotic Indices -- 6.5 Multivariate Approaches -- 6.6 Functional Approaches -- 6.6.1 Functional Feeding Groups (FFGs) -- 6.6.2 Multiple Biological Traits -- 6.7 Early Warning Bioindicators -- 6.8 Bioassays Protocols -- 6.9 Widely Used Methods of Biomonitoring in River -- 6.9.1 Measures of the BMWP Scores -- 6.9.2 BMWP-ASPT (Biological Monitoring Working Party Average Score Per Taxon) -- 6.9.3 Percentage of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (%EPT) -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Anthropogenic Stress on River Health: With Special Reference to Kangsabati River, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Impacts on Riparian Areas -- 3.2 Sand Mining -- 3.3 Agricultural Practices -- 3.4 Construction of Bridge on River. , 3.5 Brick Factory Adjacent to River -- 3.6 Recreational Use -- 3.7 Harmful Fishing -- 3.8 Construction of Dam -- 3.9 Introduction of Exotic Fish and Plant Species -- 3.10 Fisheries Sector/Overfishing -- 3.11 Discharge of Plastic and Domestic Sewage -- 3.12 Cattle Washing -- 3.13 Soaps and Detergents -- 3.14 Mass Bathing and Religious Activities -- 3.15 Pollution Indicator Species -- 4 Conclusions -- 4.1 River Conservation Efforts -- 4.2 Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4: Role of Modern Biotechnology in the Era of River Water Pollution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metagenomics Approach for Detection of Water Pollution -- 3 NGS Platform for Metagenome Sequencing -- 4 Bioinformatics Tools Used for Sequence Analysis -- 5 Biofilms as Aquatic Environment Cleaning Technology -- 6 Removal of Pesticide from Polluted Water through Remediation Technology -- 7 Floating Treatment Wetlands as a Remediation Agent of Contaminated Water -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Assessment of Chitinolytic Bacteria Isolated from Zooplankton of Freshwater Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Plankton Density and Water Physiochemical Property -- 2.3 Isolation and Screening -- 2.4 Colloidal Chitin Agar (CCA) Preparation and Screening of Chitinolytic Bacteria -- 2.5 Biochemical Characterization and Assessment of Enzyme Sensitivity through Vitek2 Compact System -- 2.6 Assay of β-N-Acetyl-Glucosaminidase and Chitinase Activity -- 2.7 16 S rRNA Sequencing and Phylogenetic Tree Construction -- 2.8 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Abiotic and Plankton Density -- 3.2 Microbiological Study -- 3.3 Biochemical Characterizations of the Isolates -- 3.4 Isoenzyme Activity Analysis of the Isolates -- 3.5 β-N-Acetyl-Glucosaminidase and Chitinase Activity -- 3.6 Identification of Isolates and Phylogenetic Tree Analysis. , 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Microplastics in Freshwater Riverine Systems: Brief Profile, Trophic-Level Transfer and Probable Remediation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Major Pollutants Responsible for Degradation of Riverine Health -- 3 Microplastics as an Anthropogenic Pollutant -- 4 Distribution of MPs in Aquatic Ecosystems -- 5 Freshwater Riverine Systems are in Crisis due to MPs Pollution -- 6 Difficulties of South-Asian Rivers: An Overall Scenario of MPs Pollution -- 7 MPs Pollution in the European River Basins -- 8 MPs pollution in the North and South American River Basins -- 9 MPs Pollution in African Riverine Basins -- 10 Plastic Pollution and MPs Interaction with Biota: Status and Risk Assessment -- 11 Probable Remediation -- 12 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7: Assessment of River Health through Water and Biological Characteristics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Meta Diversity Analysis -- 2.3 Analysis of Water Quality Parameters -- 2.4 Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 2.5 Nutrient Pollution Index (NPI) -- 2.6 Qualitative Habitat Index (QHEI) and Assessment of Physical Habitats -- 2.7 Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) -- 2.8 Statistical Analyses -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Assessment of Water Quality -- 3.2 Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 3.3 Chemical Health Evaluation Based on Nutrient Pollution Index (NPI) -- 3.4 Physical Habitat Health Assessment Based on Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) -- 3.5 Macroinvertebrates -- 3.6 Biological River Health Evaluation Based on Biological Integrity Index (IBI) -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Estimating Water Quality of Sundarban Coastal Zone Area Using Landsat Series Satellite Data -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data and Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion. , 3.1 Surface Water Resource -- 3.2 Physico-Chemical Analysis -- 3.2.1 pH -- 3.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) -- 3.2.3 Chlorophyll Concentration -- 3.2.4 Water Salinity Range -- 3.2.5 Turbidity Water -- 3.3 Hydrological Condition -- 3.3.1 Waterbodies -- 3.3.2 Ground Water -- 3.3.3 Freshwater Related Problems in Sundarbans -- 3.3.4 Remediation of Water Issues -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Anthropogenic Impacts on Hydro-Morphodynamic Behavior in the Middle-Lower Course of Subarnarekha River, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Database and Data Processing -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Impacts of Sand Mining and Artificial Structural Measures -- 3.1.1 Changing Hydrodynamic Behavior -- 3.1.2 Morphodynamic Adjustment -- 3.1.3 Ecological Impact -- 3.1.4 Impact on Socioeconomic Status -- 3.2 Loss of Channel Capacity -- 3.3 Recommended Management Strategies -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Perturbation of the Health of the Riverine Ecosystem and its Impact on the Biogeochemical, Ecological, and Molecular Perspectives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Toxicology of Riverine Pollution: Impact on the Microbial Communities, Plants, and Animals -- 2.1 Effect of Organic Compounds on the Health of the Riverine Ecosystem -- 2.1.1 Phenol and Phenolic Compounds -- 2.1.2 Organophosphorus Compounds and their Derivatives -- 2.1.3 Organochlorines and Polychlorinated Derivatives -- 2.1.4 Pyrethroids -- 2.1.5 Herbicides -- 2.2 Effects of Heavy Metals on the Health of the Riverine Ecosystem -- 2.2.1 Cadmium -- 2.2.2 Lead -- 2.2.3 Arsenic -- 2.2.4 Mercury -- 2.2.5 Nickel -- 2.2.6 Barium -- 2.2.7 Chromium -- 3 Impact of Riverine Pollution on the Riverine and Extra-Riverine Ecosystem -- 3.1 Behavioral Abnormalities Caused by Freshwater Pollution -- 3.2 Reproductive Abnormalities Caused by Freshwater Pollution. , 3.3 Effects on Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, and Food Web -- 3.3.1 Bioaccumulation, Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation Factor, and Bioconcentration Factor -- 3.3.2 Bioamplification or Biomagnification and Biomagnification Factor -- 4 Remediation Approaches: Advantages and Drawbacks -- 5 Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 11: Assessment of Habitat Quality in Quarried Reach of Alluvial River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Methods and Database -- 2.3 Assessment of Geomorphic Indicators -- 2.3.1 Estimation of Planform Change -- 2.4 Assessment of Hydroecological Indicators -- 2.4.1 Water Sampling Process and Adopted Methods -- 2.4.2 Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 2.5 Measurement of Microhabitat Patch -- 2.6 Final Rank Score of Assessment Indicators -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Analysis of Geomorphic Indicators -- 3.1.1 Channel Geometry -- 3.1.2 Sedimentary Facies and Textural Attributes -- Sediment Facies at Bank Margin Site -- Sediment Facies at Riparian Site -- Sediment Facies on a River Bed -- 3.1.3 Pool-Riffle Sequence -- 3.1.4 Thalweg Shifting -- 3.1.5 Channel Planform Change -- 3.1.6 Water Flow Regime -- 3.2 Analysis of Ecological Indicators -- 3.2.1 Riverine LULC -- 3.2.2 Microhabitat Patch -- 3.2.3 Water Quality Index -- 3.2.4 Biodiversity Index in Microhabitat Patch -- 3.3 River Habitat Assessment -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Physicochemical and Microbial Indicators for Water Quality Assessment in an Industrial Catchment of River Damodar, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Collection of Samples and Physicochemical Analysis -- 3.2 Pollution Index (PI) for Drinking Water -- 3.3 Microbial Analysis -- 3.3.1 Total Viable Count (TVC) -- 3.3.2 Coliform Count (TC and FC) -- 3.4 Multivariate Analysis -- 4 Results. , 4.1 Hydro-Chemistry of River Water.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Introduction to Drainage Basin Dynamics: Morphology, Landscape and Modelling -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Key Aims of the Book -- 1.3 Organization of This Volume -- References -- 2 Morphological Dynamics, Erosion Potential and Morphogenesis of Badlands in Laterites of the Bengal Basin, India -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Geomorphic Identities of Study Area -- 2.3 Materials and Methods -- 2.3.1 Secondary Data Collection -- 2.3.2 Digital Topographic Analysis -- 2.3.3 Topology of Drainage Network -- 2.3.4 Morphometric Attributes -- 2.3.5 SCS-CN Method and Runoff-Sediment Yield Coupling -- 2.3.6 Quantitative Measures of Gully Erosion Potential -- 2.4 Results and Interpretation -- 2.4.1 Stream Ordering System in Gullies -- 2.4.2 Fractal Dimension of Drainage Network (FDDN) -- 2.4.3 Model of Stream Magnitude and Channel Link -- 2.4.4 Linear Aspects of Gullies -- 2.4.5 Slope and Relief Aspects of Gullies and Statistical Inference -- 2.4.6 Topographic Threshold of Gully Initiation -- 2.4.7 Rainfall-Runoff Simulation and Sediment Yield -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.5.1 Triggers of Gully Development -- 2.5.2 Local Triggers -- 2.5.3 Upstream Triggers -- 2.5.4 Downstream Triggers -- 2.5.5 Geochronology of Gully Initiation -- 2.5.6 Connectivity Model of Badland Evolution -- 2.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Plan Shape Geomorphology of Alluvial Valley in the Middle-Lower and Deltaic Courses of the Subarnarekha River Basin, India -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Database and Data Processing -- 3.2.3 Extraction of Landform Terraces and Morphological Features -- 3.2.4 Geometrical Analysis -- 3.2.5 Sedimentological Analysis -- 3.3 Results and Discussion. , 3.3.1 Fluvio-Marine Environments and Landform Terraces -- 3.3.2 Geometrical Diversity of River Course -- 3.3.3 Plan Shape Geomorphology and Depositional Environments -- 3.3.3.1 Geomorphological Features in the Upper Cut and Fill Valley Terrace -- 3.3.3.2 Geomorphological Features in the Lower Cut and Fill Valley Terrace -- 3.3.3.3 Geomorphological Features in the Deltaplain -- 3.3.4 Morphology of Mid-Channel bar -- 3.4 Sedimentary Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Quantitative Assessment of Channel Planform Dynamics and Meander Bend Evolution of the Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Database and Methodology -- 4.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 4.3.2 Image Processing -- 4.3.3 Channel Planform Parameters -- 4.3.4 Delineation of Bank Lines -- 4.3.5 Determining Bank Line Migration -- 4.3.6 Meander Bend Morphology -- 4.4 Result -- 4.4.1 Active Channel Width (ACW) -- 4.4.2 Active Channel Total Channel Width Ratio (ACTCWR) -- 4.4.3 Channel Length (CL) -- 4.4.4 Channel Sinuosity (CS) -- 4.4.5 Braiding Index (BI) -- 4.4.6 Active Channel Area (ACA) -- 4.4.7 Channel Belt Area (CBA) -- 4.4.8 Active Channel Area-Channel Belt Ratio (ACACBR) -- 4.4.9 Sandbar Number and Types -- 4.4.10 Sandbar Area Active Channel Area Ratio (SAACAR) -- 4.4.11 Channel Centreline Migration -- 4.4.12 Bank Line Migration -- 4.4.13 Meander Bend Dynamics -- 4.4.13.1 Meander Bend Radius (Rmb) -- 4.4.13.2 Meander Bend Width (Wmb) -- 4.4.13.3 Meander Bend Curvature Channel Width Ratio (Rcw) -- 4.4.13.4 Length of Meander Bend (Lmb) -- 4.4.13.5 Meander Bend Amplitude (Amb) -- 4.4.13.6 Wavelength of Meander Bend (Wmb) -- 4.4.13.7 Meander Bend Sinuosity (Smb) -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.5.1 Dynamics of Channel Planform Parameters. , 4.5.2 Changes in Channel Pattern/Growth of Bars and Islands -- 4.5.3 Trend of Channel Migration -- 4.5.4 Pattern of Bank Line Migration -- 4.5.5 Role of Flood in Channel Planform Change and Channel Migration -- 4.5.6 Role of Dam on Channel Planform -- 4.5.7 Evolution of Meander Bend Parameters -- 4.5.8 Mechanism of Change in Meander Bend Morphology -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Changes of Flow Regime in Response to River Interventions in the Barakar River, India -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Barakar River: Geomorphic and Climatic Settings -- 5.3 Materials and Methods -- 5.4 Results and Discussions -- 5.4.1 Temporal Trend of Rainfall and Discharge Using the Mann-Kendall Test -- 5.4.2 Variability in Hydrological Characteristics of the Barakar River -- 5.4.2.1 Temporal Change in Seasonal Flow Discharge -- 5.4.2.2 Late Shifting of the Hydrograph at the Maithon Hydraulic Station -- 5.4.2.3 The Trend of Maximum (Qmax) and Minimum (Qmin) Flow Discharge at Tilaiya and Maithon Hydraulic Station: -- 5.4.3 Relationship Between Discharge and Rainfall of Two Stations on the Barakar River Basin -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Landscape Characterization using Geomorphometric Parameters for a Small Sub-Humid River Basin of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, Eastern India -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Database -- 6.2.2 Data Analysis -- 6.2.3 Extraction of Morphometric Parameters -- 6.3 Study Area -- 6.3.1 River Course and Basin Physiography -- 6.3.2 Climatic Attributes and Soil Cover -- 6.3.3 Basin Lithology -- 6.3.4 Basin Geomorphology -- 6.4 Results and Discussions -- 6.4.1 Enumerated Morphometric Parameters -- 6.4.2 Statistical Analysis of enumerated Morphometric Parameters -- 6.4.4 Relating changing LULC attributes with the Terrain Units -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 7 River Raidak-I Migration Dynamics Within Himalayan Foreland Basin Applying Quaternary Sedimentological Bank Facies and Geospatial Techniques -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 7.3.2 Bank Line Change Detection and Measurement of Lateral Channel Migration -- 7.3.3 Bank Facies Study -- 7.3.4 Statistical Techniques -- 7.4 Results -- 7.4.1 Channel Sinuosity -- 7.4.2 Radius of Curvature (Rc) -- 7.4.3 Channel Width -- 7.4.4 Short-Term Riverbank Erosion and Accretion Trend -- 7.4.5 Long-Term Riverbank Erosion and Accretion Trend -- 7.4.6 Short-Term Channel Migration -- 7.4.7 Long-Term Channel Migration -- 7.4.8 Quaternary Sedimentary Bank Facies -- 7.5 Discussion -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Spatio-Temporal Variation of Morphological Characteristics in Bhagirathi River-Case Study in Murshidabad District, West Bengal (India) -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methods -- 8.3.1 Data Used -- 8.3.2 Digitization of Satellite Data -- 8.3.3 Cross-Sectional Analysis -- 8.3.4 Identification of Morphological Characteristics -- 8.3.5 Hydraulic Sinuosity Index (HSI) -- 8.3.6 Braiding Index (BI) -- 8.3.7 Entrenchment Ratio (ER) -- 8.3.8 Statistical Analysis -- 8.4 Results -- 8.4.1 Morphometric Pattern at Different Time Intervals -- 8.5 Discussion -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Sedimentation and Shifting of Lower Mundeswari and Rupnarayan River, West Bengal, India -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Database and Methodology -- 9.3.1 River Velocity -- 9.3.2 River Discharge -- 9.3.3 Carrying Capacity -- 9.3.5 Bank-Full Index -- 9.3.6 Stream Power -- 9.3.7 Size of Grain and Particles -- 9.3.8 Channel Shifting -- 9.3.9 Sedimentation Analysis -- 9.3.9.1 River Channel Cross Profile -- 9.4 Results. , 9.4.1 Different Kinds of Criteria on River Rupnarayan and Mundeswari -- 9.5 Discussion -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Role of Controlling Factors in the Development of Drainage Around Rajmahal Hills, Jharkhand and West Bengal -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Database and Methodology -- 10.4 Result and Discussion -- 10.4.1 Drainage Characteristics -- 10.4.1.1 Linear Aspects -- Stream Number -- Mean Stream Length -- Stream Length Ratio (RL) -- Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) -- Stream Length-Gradient Index -- The Best-Fit Functions to River Longitudinal Profiles -- Drainage Density (Dd) -- Stream Frequency (Sf) -- Constant of Channel Maintenance (CCM) -- Length of Overland Flow (Lo) -- Drainage Texture -- 10.4.2 Topographic Characteristics -- 10.4.2.1 Relative Relief (Rr) -- 10.4.2.2 Average Slope (as) -- 10.4.2.3 Hypsometric Index (Hi) -- 10.4.3 Geology -- 10.4.4 Vegetation -- 10.4.5 Controls on Drainage -- 10.4.5.1 Topography -- 10.4.5.2 Geology -- 10.4.5.3 Lithology -- 10.4.5.4 Drainage Network and Lineament in Relation to the Structure -- 10.4.6 Climate -- 10.4.7 Vegetation -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Analyzing Morphometric Attributes of Kopai River Basin of West Bengal, India, Using Geospatial Technology -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Materials and Methods -- 11.4 Result and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Quantitative Study of Different Geomorphic Attributes -- 11.4.1.1 Relief Attributes -- Absolute Relief -- Relative Relief -- Average Relief -- Relief Variability Index -- Dissection Index -- 11.4.1.2 Slope Attributes -- Actual and Average Slope -- Slope Variability Index -- Slope Aspect -- 11.4.1.3 Drainage Attributes -- Stream Order -- Stream Number -- Stream Length -- Bifurcation Ratio -- Drainage Density -- Ruggedness Index -- Drainage Texture -- 11.4.1.4 Basin Geometry. , Circulatory Ratio.