Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Executive Summary -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Fundamentals of Geostatistics for Assessing Spatial Variation of Groundwater Resources -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Random Field Model -- 2.1 Random Variables -- 3 The Normal Distribution -- 4 Probability Distribution Versus Frequency Distribution -- 5 Covariance and Correlation -- 6 Random Fields -- 7 Statistical Measure of Spatial Variation: The Variogram -- 7.1 The Variogram -- 7.2 Relationship Between the Variogram, Covariance Function and Correlogram -- 8 Kriging -- 8.1 Ordinary Kriging Equations -- 8.2 Cross-Validation -- 8.3 Kriging Extensions -- 9 Sampling Design Optimization -- 10 Spatial Stochastic Simulation -- 10.1 Spatial Stochastic Simulation Versus Kriging -- 11 Conclusion -- References -- Recent Trends in GIS and Geostatistical Approaches to Analyze Groundwater Resource in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical Information System -- 3 Geostatistics -- 3.1 Kriging -- 4 Applications of Kriging in Groundwater -- 4.1 Mapping of Groundwater Depth -- 4.2 Mapping Groundwater Quality -- 4.3 Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zone -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Concept of Artificial Intelligence and Its Applications in Groundwater Spatial Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications -- 3 Models -- 3.1 Fuzzy Logic -- 3.2 Sugeno Fuzzy Logic -- 3.3 Neurofuzzy (NF) -- 3.4 Gradient-Based Groundwater Model -- 3.5 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) -- 3.6 Support Vector Machine (SVM) -- 3.7 Wavelet Transform -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Multi-criteria Decision-Making Approach Using Remote Sensing and GIS for Assessment of Groundwater Resources -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Generation of Thematic Maps -- 3.2 MCDA Based Weight Assignment Modeling -- 4 Results and Discussion. , 4.1 Weightage Overlay Analysis -- 4.2 Evaluation of Physical Factors Controlling Groundwater Occurrence -- 4.3 Delineating the Groundwater Potential Zone -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Groundwater Using Conventional Graphical, Geospatial and Multivariate Statistical Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Hydrochemical Facies -- 4.2 Assessment of Water Quality for Drinking -- 4.3 Assessment of Water Quality for Irrigation -- 4.4 Statistical Analyses -- 4.5 Bivariate Plots -- 4.6 Indices of Base Exchange -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Efficacy of Geospatial Technologies for Groundwater Prospect Zonation in Lower Western Ghats Area of Maharashtra, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Slope -- 4.2 Geomorphology -- 4.3 Geology -- 4.4 Land Use and Land Cover -- 4.5 Drainage Density -- 4.6 Runoff -- 4.7 Soil -- 4.8 Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) -- 4.9 Multi Influencing Factor -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Identifying Suitable Sites for Rainwater Harvesting Structures Using Runoff Model (SCS-CN), Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Upper Kangsabati Watershed, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Source -- 2.3 Data Processing -- 2.4 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling (SCS-CN) -- 2.5 Weighted Overlay Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) -- 3.2 Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG) -- 3.3 Curve Number (CN) -- 3.4 Rainfall -- 3.5 Slope -- 3.6 Lineaments Density -- 3.7 Drainage -- 3.8 Geomorphology -- 3.9 Weathering Profile -- 3.10 Estimation of Rainfall-Runoff -- 3.11 Weighted Overlay Analysis and Sites for RWH Structures -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , Identification of Groundwater Potential Areas Using Geospatial Technologies: A Case Study of Kolkata, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Data and Methods -- 4 Results and Analysis -- 5 Discussion and Recommendation -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Geospatial Assessment of Groundwater Potential Zone in Chennai Region, Tamil Nadu, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Methodology Framework -- 2.3 Data Used -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Geology -- 3.2 Geomorphology -- 3.3 Soil Texture -- 3.4 Land Use/Land Cover -- 3.5 Slope -- 3.6 Elevation -- 3.7 Rainfall -- 3.8 Drainage Density (DD) -- 3.9 Lineament Density (LD) -- 3.10 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.11 Weightage Calculation -- 3.12 Demarcation of Groundwater Potential Zone -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Multi-influencing Factors (MIF) Technique: A Geospatial Study on Purba Bardhaman District of India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Used -- 2.3 Multi-influencing Factors (MIF) for Weightage -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 3.1 Influencing Factors of Groundwater Potentiality -- 3.2 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones -- 3.3 Validation of the Groundwater Potential Zones -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Delineating the Status of Groundwater in a Plateau Fringe Region Using Multi-influencing Factor (MIF) and GIS: A Study of Bankura District, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Used and Methodology -- 3.1 Preparation of Thematic Map -- 3.2 Assigning of Weights and Ranks -- 3.3 Weighted Overlay Method -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Input Parameters for MIF -- 4.2 Groundwater Potential Zones -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment of Chaka River Basin, Purulia, India Using GIS-Based DRASTIC Model -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Depth to Water Level -- 4.2 Net Recharge -- 4.3 Aquifer Media -- 4.4 Soil Media -- 4.5 Topography -- 4.6 Impact of Vadose Zone -- 4.7 Hydraulic Conductivity -- 4.8 Aquifer Vulnerability Zone -- 4.9 Validation -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Water Level Behaviour to Investigate the Hydrological Conditions of Bokaro District, Jharkhand, India Using GIS Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Rainfall and Climate -- 2.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.3 Geomorphology and Soil -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Graphical Analysis of WLF Under Different Factors -- 4.2 Comparative Analysis of WLF Using GIS Technique -- 4.3 Comparative Statistical Analysis -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Investigation of Lineaments for Identification of Deeper Aquifer Zones in Hard Rock Terrain: A Case Study of WRWB-2 Watershed from Nagpur District, Central India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Geomorphological Set-Up -- 4.2 Lineaments -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendation -- References -- Assessing Contamination of Groundwater with Fluoride and Human Health Impact -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Method -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Spatial Variation of Fluoride Contaminated Groundwater -- 3.2 Block-Wise Distribution of Fluoride Level -- 3.3 Gram Panchayat Wise Distribution of Fluoride Contamination -- 3.4 Factors of Fluoride Contamination in Ground Water and Onset of Fluorosis -- 3.5 Impact on Human Health -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Primary Concept of Arsenic Toxicity: An Overview -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Routes of Exposure for Arsenic -- 3 Metal Toxicities in Human and Experimental Animal -- 4 Some Specific Aspects of Arsenic Toxicities -- 4.1 Genotoxicities -- 4.2 Immunological Toxicities -- 4.3 Carcinogenicity -- 4.4 Endocrine Effects -- 4.5 Neurogenic Effects -- 4.6 Gastrointestinal Effects -- 4.7 Musculoskeletal Effects -- 4.8 Cardiovascular Effects -- 4.9 Dermal Effects -- 4.10 Metabolic Effects -- 4.11 Hematologic Effects of Arsenic -- 5 Effects on Plants -- 6 Arsenic Mitigation and Management -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Evaluation of Ground Water Quality by Use of Water Quality Index in the Vicinity of the Rajaji National Park Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Material -- 2.1 Research Area -- 2.2 Collection of Groundwater Samples and Anlysis -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 3.1 pH -- 3.2 DO -- 3.3 BOD -- 3.4 TS, TDS and TSS -- 3.5 Total Alkalinity and Total Hardness -- 3.6 Acidity -- 3.7 Potassium -- 3.8 WQI Interpretation -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Groundwater Resource Pollution in Kangsabati River Basin, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiographic and Climatology of Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 pH -- 4.2 Ionic Chemistry -- 4.3 Total Dissolved Solids -- 4.4 Total Hardness -- 4.5 Chloride -- 4.6 Sulphate, Calcium and Magnesium Ion -- 4.7 Irrigation Related to Water Quality -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Effect of Conventional Sand Mining Along Heavy Mineral Beach Placers and Its Environmental Impact -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Thermal Imagery Principles -- 3.2 Thermal Imagery of the Study Area -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussions -- 6 Conclusion -- References. , Evaluation of Shallow Ground Water Quality: A Case Study for a Coal Mining Environment (East Bokaro Coalfield) of Damodar Valley, India.

Note: Intro -- Foreword by Dr. V Balaram -- Foreword by Prof. N. Janardhana Raju -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Soil and Sediment Contaminants, Risk Assessment and Remediation -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Part I: Soil and Sediment Contaminants, Risk Assessment, and Remediation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2: Combating Arsenic Pollution in Soil Environment via Alternate Agricultural Land Use -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Location: An Overview -- 2.2.2 Arsenic Contamination Status Appraisal -- 2.2.3 Combating Arsenic Pollution via Alternate Agricultural Land Use -- 2.2.4 Soil Resource Mapping, Land-Use Mapping, and Climatic Data Analysis -- 2.2.5 Spatial Integration of Generalized Soil and Land-Use Map for Identifying Land Units -- 2.2.6 Identification of Major Production Systems and Delineation of Land Management Units (LMUs) -- 2.2.7 Evaluation of Land Management Units for Exploring the Crop Suitability for Alternate Land Use -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Arsenic Contamination Status Scenario -- 2.3.2 Combating Arsenic Pollution Via Alternate Agricultural Land Use -- 2.4 Risk Assessment and Remediation -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Temporal and Seasonal Variation in Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) in Sanitary Landfill Sites: A Case Study of Baidy... -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Encapsulation/Total Containment -- 3.1.2 Containment and Collection of Leachate -- 3.1.3 Controlled Contaminant Release -- 3.1.4 Unrestricted Contaminant Release -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Sampling Site -- 3.2.2 Sampling Process and Physicochemical Analysis -- 3.2.3 LPI Index -- 3.2.3.1 Laboratory Analysis -- 3.2.3.2 Calculation of Sub-index Value and Pollutant Weight Factor -- 3.2.3.3 Pollutant Weights. , 3.2.3.4 Aggregation of Sub-index Values -- 3.2.3.5 LPIor Calculation -- 3.3 Results -- 3.3.1 Sub-index Value -- 3.3.2 Cumulative Pollution Rating -- 3.3.3 Calculation of LPIor -- 3.4 Discussion -- 3.5 Risk Assessment and Remediation -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Quantification of Landfill Gas Emission and Energy Recovery Potential: A Comparative Assessment of LandGEM and MTM ... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Area -- 4.2.2 Prediction of Disposed MSW in Dhapa -- 4.2.3 Selection of LFG Emission Models -- 4.2.4 LandGEM (3.02) -- 4.2.5 Evaluation of Rate Constant for Methane Generation (K) -- 4.2.6 Laboratory Simulation Method -- 4.2.7 Evaluation of Methane Generation Potential (L0) -- 4.2.8 Modified Triangular Method (MTM) -- 4.2.9 Evaluation of Energy Generation Potential of Landfill Gas -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Assessment of Natural Enrichment of Heavy Minerals along Coastal Placers of India: Role of Lake and River Mouth Emb... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Radioelement Analysis -- 5.2.2 Absorbed Dose Rate -- 5.2.3 Annual Effective Dose Rate -- 5.2.4 Radium Equivalent -- 5.2.5 Rare Earth Element Analysis -- 5.3 Results -- 5.4 Discussion -- 5.5 Risk and Remediation -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Assessment on the Impact of Plastic-Contaminated Fertilizers on Agricultural Soil Health: A Case Study in Memari II... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Measurement of the Amount of Plastic Additives in Agricultural Lands -- 6.3.2 Categorically Description of Detected Plastic Additives -- 6.3.3 Major Sources of Plastics in Agricultural Lands -- 6.3.4 Soil Properties -- 6.4 Risk Assessment and Remediation. , 6.4.1 Assessing the Correlation between Plastic Additives and Bulk Density -- 6.4.2 Plastic Additives and Soil Porosity -- 6.4.3 Impact of Plastic on Soil Water Content and Pore Spaces Filled with Water of Agricultural Soils -- 6.4.4 Impact of Plastic on Soil Aggregate Stability -- 6.4.5 Compare the Result with Soil Respiration and Microbial Activities -- 6.4.6 Plastics and pH -- 6.4.7 Consciousness of the Farmers about the Influences of Plastics on Soil Health -- 6.5 Remediation -- 6.5.1 Biodegradable Plastics -- 6.5.2 Alternative Materials -- 6.5.3 Separate Compost Pit -- 6.5.4 Tillage Separation -- 6.5.5 Spreading Awareness -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Determining the Role of Leaf Relative Water Content and Soil Cation Exchange Capacity in Phytoextraction Process: U... -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.2.2 Methodology -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Soil -- 7.3.2 Plant -- 7.3.3 Interaction between Soil and Plant -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.5 Risk Assessment and Remediation -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Phytoremediation of Arsenic Using Allium sativum L. as a Model System -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 In Vivo Culture and Treatment of Arsenic on Allium sativum L. (Garlic) -- 8.2.2 Cytological Studies -- 8.2.3 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) -- 8.3 Results and Discussions -- 8.4 Risk Assessment and Remediation -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Spatio-temporal Analysis of Open Waste Dumping Sites Using Google Earth: A Case Study of Kharagpur City, India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area and Current Scenario of MSW Management in Kharagpur -- 9.3 Material and Methodology -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 Site Near OT Road (Dumpsite 1). , 9.4.2 Site Near Railway Workshop in Ayma (Dumpsite 2) -- 9.4.3 Dumping Site in Nimpura (Dumpsite 3) -- 9.4.4 Illegal Dumping Site Near IIT Kharagpur Flyover (Dumpsite 4) -- 9.4.5 Dumping Site in IIT Kharagpur Campus (Dumpsite 5) -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Water Contaminants, Risk Assessment and Remediation -- Chapter 10: Introduction to Part II: Water Contaminants, Risk Assessment, and Remediation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 11: Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Zone Based on Geospatial Modeling, Risk, and Remediation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methodology -- 11.2.1 Study Area and Data -- 11.2.2 Methodology -- 11.2.2.1 Data Processing -- 11.2.2.2 Preparation of Arsenic Concentration Zone Map by Applying Thiessen Polygon Spatial Interpolation Method -- 11.2.2.3 Mechanism of Thiessen Polygon -- 11.2.2.4 Impact of Subsurface Geology in Groundwater Arsenic of Study Area -- 11.2.2.5 Transfer Pathways of Arsenic from Irrigation Water to Crop System -- 11.2.2.6 Arsenic in Food Chain -- 11.2.2.6.1 Arsenic Intake Via Rice Consumption and Vegetables -- 11.2.2.6.2 Drinking Water and Cooking Water Consumption -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Preparation of Zone Maps of Groundwater Arsenic Concentration -- 11.3.2 Arsenic Total Daily Intake (Dietary Exposure to Arsenic) -- 11.4 Risk Assessment and Remediation -- 11.4.1 Correlation between Depth of the Tube Well and Groundwater Arsenic Concentration -- 11.4.2 Role of Surface Water Body to Alleviate Arsenic Risk -- 11.4.3 Remediation -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Geospatial Assessment of Surface Water Pollution and Industrial Activities in Ibadan, Nigeria -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Surface Water Contamination -- 12.1.2 Industrial Activities and Surface Water Pollution. , 12.1.3 Global Scenario of Industrial River Pollution -- 12.1.4 The Threat of Industrial River Pollution in Nigeria -- 12.1.5 Modeling Water Pollution and Its Associated Environmental Pollution -- 12.2 Materials and Method -- 12.2.1 Study Site -- 12.2.2 Sampling -- 12.2.3 Laboratory Analysis -- 12.2.4 Geospatial Analysis -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Distribution of Selected Physiochemical Parameters -- 12.3.2 Spatial Pattern of Heavy Metals and Their Associated Health Implications -- 12.4 Risk Assessment -- 12.5 Remediation -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Aquaculture-Based Water Quality Assessment and Risk Remediation along the Rasulpur River Belt, West Bengal -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Databases and Methodology -- 13.2.1 Study Area -- 13.2.2 Sample Collection -- 13.2.3 Data Analysis and Spatial Water Quality Assessment -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Status of Physicochemical Components in the Aquaculture Pond -- 13.3.1.1 pH -- 13.3.1.2 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) -- 13.3.1.3 Sulfate (SO4) -- 13.3.1.4 Fluoride (F-) -- 13.3.1.5 Arsenic (As) -- 13.3.1.6 Dissolve Oxygen (DO) -- 13.3.1.7 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) -- 13.3.1.8 Nitrate (NO3) -- 13.3.1.9 Chloride -- 13.3.1.10 Total Hardness -- 13.3.2 Spatial Analysis of Water Quality during Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon -- 13.3.3 Chemical Components Inside the Aquaculture Pond -- 13.3.3.1 Soil and Water Treatment Components -- 13.3.3.2 Fertilizers -- 13.3.3.3 Pesticides and Disinfectants -- 13.3.3.4 Antibiotics -- 13.3.3.5 Feed Additives -- 13.4 Risk Assessment and Remediation -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Heavy Metal Contamination in Groundwater and Impact on Plant and Human -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Essential and Nonessential Heavy Metals -- 14.1.2 Sources of Heavy Metals -- 14.1.3 Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism. , 14.2 Materials and Methods.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Groundwater Resources and Societal Development -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Groundwater and Society: Applications of Geospatial Technology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Key Aims of the Book -- 1.3 Sections of the Book -- 1.3.1 Section I: Groundwater Resources and Societal Development -- 1.3.2 Section II: Groundwater Availability, Quality and Pollution -- 1.3.3 Section III: Sustainable Groundwater Resources Management -- References -- Chapter 2: Groundwater and Society in India: Challenging Issues and Adaptive Strategies -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Water Source and Civilization: A Changing Spectrum -- 2.2.1 Water Source and Establishment of Settlements -- 2.2.2 Water Source and Livelihood Practices -- 2.2.3 Modern Civilization and Deterioration of Groundwater Quality -- 2.2.4 Water Quality and Human Health -- 2.3 Groundwater Depletion and Society -- 2.3.1 Climate Change and Groundwater Depletion -- 2.3.2 Urbanization and Groundwater Depletion -- 2.4 Groundwater and Future Society -- 2.4.1 Efficiency in Water Utilization -- 2.4.2 Water Storage -- 2.4.3 Groundwater Recharge -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Groundwater Research and Societal Development: Integration with Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Significance of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Groundwater Research -- 3.3 Application of Geospatial Technology for Groundwater -- 3.3.1 Groundwater Exploration -- 3.3.2 Groundwater Potential Mapping -- 3.3.3 Groundwater Modelling -- 3.3.4 Geochemical Quality of Groundwater -- 3.3.5 Identification of Suitable Areas for Groundwater Recharge Using GIS -- 3.4 Recent Trend of Open Sources Data and Software in Groundwater Study -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 4: Geospatial and Geophysical Approaches for Assessment of Groundwater Resources in an Alluvial Aquifer of India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Method -- 4.2.1 The Study Area -- 4.2.2 Physiography, Relief, and Drainage -- 4.2.3 Climate -- 4.2.4 Soils and Geology -- 4.2.5 Natural Vegetation and Land Use -- 4.2.6 Geophysical Imaging Investigation -- 4.2.7 Interpretation of Geophysical Data -- 4.2.8 Geospatial Approach in Development of Spatial Variability Models -- 4.3 Result and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Geophysical Imaging -- 4.3.1.1 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 1 -- 4.3.1.2 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 2 -- 4.3.1.3 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 3 -- 4.3.1.4 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 4 -- 4.3.1.5 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 5 -- 4.3.1.6 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 6 -- 4.3.1.7 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 7 -- 4.3.1.8 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 8 -- 4.3.1.9 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 9 -- Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 10 -- 4.3.1.10 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 11 -- 4.3.1.11 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 12 -- 4.3.1.12 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 13 -- 4.3.1.13 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 14 -- 4.3.1.14 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 15 -- 4.3.1.15 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 16 -- 4.3.1.16 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 17 -- 4.3.1.17 Geophysical Imaging Through Profile 18 -- 4.3.2 Iso-resistivity Contours -- 4.3.2.1 Geophysical Layer 1 -- 4.3.2.2 Geophysical Layer 2 -- 4.3.2.3 Geophysical Layers 3 and 4 -- 4.3.3 Delineation of Water Potential Zones -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Groundwater and Space Technology: Issues and Challenges -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum and Waterbody Extraction -- 5.3 Remote Sensors in Groundwater Applications. , 5.4 Remote Sensing Data in Groundwater Studies -- 5.5 Spectral Indices and Water Assessment -- 5.6 Digital Elevation Model and Groundwater Investigation -- 5.7 Spatial Modelling and Groundwater Evaluation -- 5.8 Need for Future Research and Development -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Groundwater Availability, Quality and Pollution -- Chapter 6: Groundwater Quality Through Multi-Criteria-Based GIS Analysis: Village Level Assessment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Collection of Samples and Chemical Analysis -- 6.3.2 Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG) -- 6.3.3 Spatial Interpolation -- 6.3.4 Statistical Analysis -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Groundwater Quality and Chemistry -- 6.4.1.1 pH -- 6.4.1.2 TDS -- 6.4.1.3 EC -- 6.4.1.4 TA -- 6.4.1.5 TH -- 6.4.1.6 Ca and Mg -- 6.4.1.7 Na and K -- 6.4.1.8 Cl and CO3 -- 6.4.1.9 HCO3-, SO4, and F- -- 6.4.2 Statistical Analysis -- 6.4.3 Irrigation Water Quality Assessment -- 6.4.3.1 Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR) -- 6.4.3.2 Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) -- 6.4.3.3 Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) -- 6.4.3.4 Kelly´s Ratio -- 6.4.4 Analysis of Groundwater Pollution Zone by PIG Method -- 6.4.5 Water Quality Assessment in Relation with Physical Condition of the Study Area -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Analysis of Groundwater Potentiality Zones of Siliguri Urban Agglomeration Using GIS-Based Fuzzy-AHP Approach -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.3.1 Data Used -- 7.3.2 Data Processing and Creation of Thematic Layers -- 7.3.3 Fuzzy-AHP and Assignments of Normal Weighted Overlay of the Selected Thematic Layers -- 7.3.4 Delineation of the GPZ -- 7.4 Result and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Thematic Layers -- 7.4.1.1 DEM -- 7.4.1.2 Slope -- 7.4.1.3 Soil -- 7.4.1.4 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC). , 7.4.1.5 Precipitation -- 7.4.1.6 Lineament Density -- 7.4.1.7 Moisture Index (MI) -- 7.4.1.8 Geology -- 7.4.2 GPZ Map -- 7.4.3 Validation of GPZ Map -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Assessing the Groundwater Potentiality of the Gumani River Basin, India, using Geoinformatics and Analytical Hierar... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Dataset and Methodology -- 8.3.1 Dataset -- 8.3.2 Methodology -- 8.3.2.1 Methodological Design -- 8.3.2.2 Processing of Geospatial Data -- 8.3.2.3 Assignment Weights and Weights Normalization -- 8.3.2.4 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zone -- 8.3.2.5 Validation Techniques -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 The Pattern of Factorial Behavior -- 8.4.1.1 Lithology -- 8.4.1.2 Lineaments Density -- 8.4.1.3 Soil Texture -- 8.4.1.4 Geomorphology -- 8.4.1.5 Relief -- 8.4.1.6 Slope -- 8.4.1.7 Average Rainfall -- 8.4.1.8 Drainage Density -- 8.4.1.9 Distance from the River -- 8.4.1.10 Land Use and Land Cover -- 8.4.2 Groundwater Potential Zones -- 8.4.3 Validation -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Application of AHP for Groundwater Potential Zones Mapping in Plateau Fringe Terrain: Study from Western Province o... -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Materials and Methods -- 9.3.1 Data Sources -- 9.3.2 Preparation of Thematic Layers -- 9.3.3 Application of AHP Model -- 9.3.4 Calculation of Groundwater Potential Zones Index and Accuracy Assessment -- 9.3.5 Groundwater Recharge Estimation -- 9.4 Results and Discussions -- 9.4.1 Geological Setting -- 9.4.2 Lineament Density -- 9.4.3 Geomorphology -- 9.4.4 Slope -- 9.4.5 Curvature -- 9.4.6 Drainage Density -- 9.4.7 Rainfall -- 9.4.8 Soil -- 9.4.9 Infiltration Number -- 9.4.10 Topographic Wetness Index -- 9.4.11 Land Use Land Cover -- 9.4.12 GPZ of the Joyponda River Basin -- 9.4.13 Accuracy Assessment of GPZ Map. , 9.4.14 Estimation of Natural Groundwater Recharge -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Performance of Frequency Ratio Approach for Mapping of Groundwater Prospect Areas in an Area of Mixed Topography -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Data and Methodology -- 10.3.1 Data Collection -- 10.3.2 Methodology -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.4.1 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) -- 10.4.2 Vegetation -- 10.4.3 Altitude -- 10.4.4 Slope -- 10.4.5 Rainfall -- 10.4.6 Soil -- 10.4.7 Geology -- 10.4.8 Geomorphology -- 10.4.9 Hydrogeology -- 10.4.10 Drainage Density -- 10.4.11 Lineament Density -- 10.4.12 Aquifer -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Artificial Neural Network for Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Part of Hugli District, West Bengal... -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Data and Methodology -- 11.2.1 Methodology -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Multi-criteria Analysis for Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Study in Paschim Barddhaman District of West Bengal,... -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Test Area -- 12.3 Materials and Method -- 12.4 Result and Discussion -- 12.4.1 Spatial Distribution of pH -- 12.4.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) -- 12.4.3 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) -- 12.4.4 Total Hardness (TH) -- 12.4.5 Calcium and Magnesium (Ca and Mg) -- 12.4.6 Sodium and Potassium (Na and K) -- 12.4.7 Bicarbonate (HCO3) -- 12.4.8 Chloride (Cl) -- 12.4.9 Fluoride (F) -- 12.4.10 Iron (Fe) -- 12.4.11 Sulphate (SO4) and Phosphate (PO4) -- 12.4.12 Silica (SiO2) -- 12.4.13 Co-relation Analysis -- 12.4.14 Factor Analysis -- 12.4.15 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis -- 12.4.16 Mechanism Regulating the Groundwater Chemistry -- 12.4.17 Evaluation of Groundwater Quality -- 12.4.17.1 Water Quality Index -- 12.4.17.2 Irrigation Suitability -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 13: Performance of WQI and HPI for Groundwater Quality Assessment: Study from Sangramgarh Colliery of West Burdwan Dis.