Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Part I: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Land Resources -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2 Spatio-Temporal Investigation of Mining Activity and Its Effect on Landscape Dynamics: A Geo-Spatial Study of Beejoliya Tehsil, Rajasthan (India) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Data Used -- 2.2.3 Methodology -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 LULC Change Assessment -- 2.3.2 LULC Gain and Losses and Prediction Modeling -- 2.3.3 NDVI Change Assessment -- 2.3.4 Elevation Profile Change Assessment -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Mapping Areas for Growing Pulses in Rice Fallows Using Multi-Criteria Spatial Decisions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Data and Methodology -- 3.2.3 Potential Areas for Identification of Pulses -- 3.2.4 Identification of Assessment Factors -- 3.2.5 Fuzzy Set Modeling -- 3.2.6 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach -- 3.2.7 Calculation of Suitability Index Using Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) -- 3.2.8 Generating Land Suitability Maps -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessing Desertification Using Long-Term MODIS and Rainfall Data in Himachal Pradesh (India) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Materials and Methods -- 4.3.1 Methodology -- 4.3.2 MODIS NDVI Analysis -- 4.3.3 RUE -- 4.3.4 Residual Image -- 4.3.5 Statistical Significance Test -- 4.3.6 Significance Level -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Relationship between NDVI and Rainfall -- 4.4.2 RUE -- 4.4.3 RUE Trend -- 4.4.4 Residual Trend and Human-Induced Desertification. , 4.4.5 Regression Slope between Residual NDVI and Time (Year) -- 4.4.6 Comparison between RUE and RESTREND -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Scope for Further Research -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Land Use/Land Cover Characteristics of Odisha Coastal Zone: A Retrospective Analysis during the Period between 1990 and 2017 -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Data Used -- 5.4 Methodology -- 5.4.1 Pre-processing of Satellite Image -- 5.4.2 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Map Preparation -- 5.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis -- 5.4.4 Accuracy Assessment -- 5.4.5 Estimation of Resource Degradation -- 5.5 Results -- 5.5.1 Spatio-temporal Distribution of LULC Categories -- 5.5.1.1 Agricultural Fallow Land -- 5.5.1.2 Cultivated Land -- 5.5.1.3 Aquaculture -- 5.5.1.4 Fallow/Open Land -- 5.5.1.5 Beach/Sand Dune (with Vegetation) -- 5.5.1.6 Industrial Built-up Area -- 5.5.1.7 Mudflat -- 5.5.1.8 Mangrove -- 5.5.1.9 Marshy Land -- 5.5.1.10 Open Vegetation -- 5.5.1.11 Rural and Urban Settlement -- 5.5.1.12 Scrub Land -- 5.5.1.13 Water Bodies (Streams/Canals/Ponds/Lakes) -- 5.5.1.14 Ocean -- 5.5.2 Estimation of Land Degradation Characteristics -- 5.6 Discussion -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Evaluating Landscape Dynamics in Jamunia Watershed, Jharkhand (India) Using Earth Observation Datasets -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Study Area -- 6.2.2 Data Processing -- 6.2.3 LULC Classification -- 6.2.4 Landscape Metrics Analysis -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Classification and Accuracy Assessment of LULC Images -- 6.3.2 Fragmentation Analyses -- 6.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Drought Frequency and Soil Erosion Problems in Puruliya District of West Bengal, India: A Geo-Environmental Study -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Role of Open Source Software Packages -- 7.2.1 SAGA -- 7.2.2 QGIS. , 7.2.3 GRASS GIS -- 7.2.4 Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) -- 7.2.5 Others -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.3.1 Study Area -- 7.3.2 Methodology -- 7.3.2.1 Assessment and Monitoring of Vegetative Drought -- 7.3.2.2 Modeling Soil Erosion: -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Severity of Drought -- 7.4.2 Threat of Soil Erosion -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 Effects of Cyclone Fani on the Urban Landscape Characteristics of Puri Town, India: A Geospatial Study Using Free and Open Source Software -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Data Source -- 8.2.3 Image Processing -- 8.2.4 LULC Classification -- 8.2.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based assessment -- 8.2.6 Community Perception-Based Vegetation Appraisal -- 8.2.7 Change Detection Analysis -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover Pattern of Puri Town -- 8.3.2 Pre-Fani Vegetation Scenario -- 8.3.3 Post-Fani Vegetation Scenario -- 8.3.4 Cyclone-Induced Changes in Vegetation Cover -- 8.3.5 Community-Formulated Plantation Guidelines -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring: Advances of Open Source Geospatial Data and Techniques -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Combinatorial Innovation in Sustainable Land Management -- 9.3 Big (Geo) Data -- 9.3.1 Coarse Resolution Satellite Data (> -- 100 m Pixel Size) -- 9.3.2 Medium Resolution Satellite Data (10-99 m Pixel Size) -- 9.3.3 High Resolution Satellite Data (< -- 10 m Pixel Size) -- 9.4 Web Search Engine for Free Access Remote Sensing Data -- 9.4.1 Open Source Vector Data -- 9.5 Open Source Software for Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring -- 9.6 Crowdsource Platform -- 9.7 High-Quality Ground Truth and Land Use Management -- 9.8 Cloud Computing. , 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Introduction to Part II: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Water Resources -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 11 Improving Wetland Mapping Techniques Using the Integration of Image Fusion Techniques and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Materials and Methodology -- 11.3.1 Materials -- 11.3.2 Methods for Image Fusion -- 11.3.3 Methods for Evaluating the Performances of Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.3.4 Artificial Neural Network for Wetlands Mapping -- 11.3.5 Validation of Wetland Maps -- 11.3.6 Comparisons of Wetland Mapping Models -- 11.3.6.1 Kendall Correlation -- 11.3.6.2 Spearman's Correlation -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Analysis of Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.4.2 Evaluation of the Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.4.3 Wetland Mapping Using Artificial Neural Network -- 11.4.4 Validation of the Wetland Modeling Models -- 11.4.5 Comparison of the Association among Wetland Modeling Models -- 11.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 12 Open Source Geospatial Technologies for Generation of Water Resource Development Plan -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area -- 12.3 Data Used -- 12.4 Methodology -- 12.4.1 WRDP Generation Using Open Source Desktop GIS -- 12.4.2 WRDP Generation Using Web-Enabled Open Source GIS -- 12.4.2.1 Creation of Database and Web Services -- 12.4.2.2 Development of Customized Web GIS Application for WRDP Generation -- 12.5 Results and Discussion -- 12.5.1 Desktop Interface -- 12.5.2 Web Interface -- 12.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13 Geo-Spatial Enabled Water Resource Development Plan for Decentralized Planning in India: Myths and Facts -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Water Resource Development Program in India. , 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Extent and Size of Water Resource Development Plans -- 13.2.2 Effect of Scale on Water Resource Development Plan -- 13.2.2.1 Study Area -- 13.2.2.2 Remote Sensing/GIS Data Used -- 13.2.2.3 Remote Sensing / GIS Software Used -- 13.2.2.4 Process Flow for Image Analysis -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Generation of Thematic Map -- 13.3.2 Slope -- 13.3.3 Land Capability -- 13.3.4 Erosion -- 13.3.5 Soil Depth -- 13.3.6 Drainage -- 13.3.7 Land Use/Land Cover -- 13.3.7.1 Land Evaluation and Land Use Plan -- 13.3.8 Water Resource Action Plan Generation -- 13.3.9 Weighted Overlay Techniques -- 13.3.10 Resource Conservation Practices in India -- 13.3.10.1 Water and Soil Conservation Activities in Maharashtra State -- 13.4 Conclusion -- 13.4.1 Effect of Water Resources on the Community -- References -- Chapter 14 Automatic Extraction of Surface Waterbodies of Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh (India) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Methods -- 14.3.1 Spectral Water Indexes -- 14.3.2 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) -- 14.3.3 Modified Difference Water Index (MNDWI) -- 14.3.4 Water Ratio Index (WRI) -- 14.3.5 Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) -- 14.3.6 Accuracy Assessment -- 14.3.7 Correlation Analysis And Evaluation -- 14.4 Results and Discussion -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Valuing Ecosystem Services for the Protection of Coastal Wetlands Using Benefit Transfer Approach: Evidence from Bangladesh -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.2.1 Study Area -- 15.2.2 Methodology -- 15.2.3 Land Use Land Cover Classification -- 15.2.4 Ecosystem Services Value (ESV) Estimation -- 15.2.5 Spatial Analysis of ESV Flow -- 15.2.6 Sensitivity Factor -- 15.3 Results -- 15.3.1 Land Cover Classes in the Study Area -- 15.3.2 Estimation of Total ESV. , 15.3.3 Estimation of Ecosystem Function Value (ESVf).

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part IForest Resources Measurement, Monitoring and Mapping -- 1 Forest Management with Advance Geoscience: Future Prospects -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Geosciences to Improve Forest Assessment -- 1.3 Cloud Computing and Forest Management -- 1.4 Integration of Participatory Approach and Geospatial Technology -- 1.5 Mobile Application in Forest Management -- 1.5.1 Hejje (Pug Mark) -- 1.5.2 Urban Forest Cloud Tree Inventory App -- 1.5.3 Tree Sense -- 1.5.4 Timber Tracker -- 1.5.5 Leafsnap -- 1.5.6 Tree Trails -- 1.5.7 Tree Book -- 1.5.8 Tree Tagger -- 1.6 Near Real Time Monitoring of the Forest-Sensitive Zones -- 1.7 Crowd Sourcing in Forest Management -- 1.8 Crisis Mapping of Forest Cover -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Estimation of Net Primary Productivity: An Introduction to Different Approaches -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Data and Modelling -- 2.2.1 The Carbon Cycle Components -- 2.2.2 In Situ Measurements -- 2.2.3 Satellite Measurements -- 2.2.4 Modelling -- 2.3 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 3 Assessing Forest Health using Geographical Information System Based Analytical Hierarchy Process: Evidences from Southern West Bengal, India -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods and Database -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Database and Methods -- 3.2.3 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.2.4 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) -- 3.2.5 Greenness Index (GI) -- 3.2.6 Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) -- 3.2.7 Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) -- 3.2.8 Shadow Index (SI) -- 3.2.9 Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI) -- 3.3 Result and Discussions -- 3.3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.3.2 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) -- 3.3.3 Greenness Index (GI) -- 3.3.4 Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI). , 3.3.5 Shadow Index (SI) -- 3.3.6 Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI) -- 3.3.7 Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) -- 3.3.8 Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) -- 3.4 Discussion -- 3.4.1 Vegetation Status Identification Through AHP -- 3.5 Conclusion and Policy Implication -- References -- 4 Ecological Determinants of Woody Plant Species Richness in the Indian Himalayan Forest -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Area -- 4.2.2 Biotic Determinants -- 4.2.3 Abiotic Determinants -- 4.2.4 Data Preparation -- 4.2.5 Statistical Analysis -- 4.3 Results -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Multivariate Analysis of Soil-Vegetation Interaction and Species Diversity in a Natural Environment of Rhus coriaria L. (Case Study: Bideskan Habitat, Southern Khorasan, Iran) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Sumac Species -- 5.2.3 Research Methodology -- 5.2.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- 5.2.5 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Vegetation Community -- 5.3.2 Student's t-test of Independent Samples -- 5.3.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- 5.3.4 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) -- 5.4 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- 6 Comparative Assessment of Forest Deterioration through Remotely Sensed Indices-A Case Study in Korba District (Chhattisgarh, India) -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Method -- 6.2.1 Study Area -- 6.2.2 Data Used -- 6.2.3 Vegetation Indices -- 6.2.4 Change Detection Analysis -- 6.2.5 Accuracy Assessment -- 6.2.6 Forest Degradation Mapping and Evaluation -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Forest Cover -- 6.3.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 6.3.3 Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TNDVI) -- 6.3.4 Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). , 6.3.5 Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index2 (MSAVI2) -- 6.3.6 Estimation and Spatial Variation of Forest Degradation -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Comparison of Sentinel-2 Multispectral Imager (MSI) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) for Vegetation Monitoring -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.2.2 Data Acquisition -- 7.2.3 Comparison Method Based on Spatial Resolution -- 7.2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Comparison of Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 Spectral Bands -- 7.3.2 Cross-Comparison of Vegetation Indices in Different Land Cover Types -- 7.3.3 Evaluation of Integral Performance of Vegetation Indices (NDVI and EVI) for Different Land Use Land Cover Types -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Comparative Assessments of Forest Cover Change in Some Districts of West Bengal, India using Geospatial Techniques -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methods -- 8.3.1 Data Used -- 8.3.2 Methodology -- 8.3.3 Accuracy Assessment -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 LULC Feature -- 8.4.2 Vegetation Dynamics -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Assessment of Forest Health using Remote Sensing-A Case Study of Simlipal National Park, Odisha (India) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Materials and Method -- 9.3.1 Data Sources and Pre-processing -- 9.3.2 Estimation of Forest Health -- 9.3.3 Estimation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 9.3.4 Estimation of Soil and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (SARVI) -- 9.3.5 Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio (MCARI) -- 9.3.6 Estimation of Moisture Stress Index (MSI) -- 9.3.7 Accuracy Assessment -- 9.3.8 Weighted Sum Analysis -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 NDVI Analysis -- 9.4.2 SARVI Analysis -- 9.4.3 MCARI Analysis -- 9.4.4 MSI Analysis -- 9.4.5 Accuracy Assessment. , 9.4.6 Weighted Sum Analysis -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part IIModeling, Risk Assessment and Vulnerability -- 10 Forest Health Monitoring using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Techniques -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Study Area -- 10.2.2 Data Source -- 10.2.3 Data Pre-processing -- 10.2.4 Methodology -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 Result of FLAASH Atmospheric Correction -- 10.3.2 Vegetation Indices (Vis) Based Forest Health Mapping -- 10.3.3 Spectral Analysis Based Forest Health Mapping -- 10.3.4 Accuracy Assessment -- 10.3.5 Forest Health Validation -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Estimating Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and Tree Density using Sentinel-1 Data -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methods for Estimating Above Ground Biomass (AGB) -- 11.2.1 Field Measurement Methods -- 11.2.2 Remote Sensing Approaches -- 11.3 Study Area -- 11.4 Materials and Method -- 11.4.1 Data Sources -- 11.4.2 Field Data Collection and AGB Measurement -- 11.4.3 Methodology -- 11.5 Results and Discussion -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Forest Fire Risk Assessment for Effective Geoenvironmental Planning and Management using Geospatial Techniques -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Data Source -- 12.2.2 Study Area -- 12.2.3 Frequency Ratio Model (FR) -- 12.2.4 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) -- 12.2.5 Meteorology -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) -- 12.3.2 Land Surface Temperature (LST) -- 12.3.3 Criteria for Forest Fire Risk Zoning -- 12.3.4 Frequency Ratio Based FFR -- 12.3.5 Analytical Hierarchy Process Based FFR -- 12.3.6 Comparative Analysis Between FR and AHP Models for FFR -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Forest Disturbance Analysis of Selected Blocks of Midnapore Subdivision using Digital Remote Sensing Technique -- 13.1 Introduction. , 13.2 About the Study Area -- 13.3 Materials Used -- 13.4 Methodology -- 13.4.1 Atmospheric Correction -- 13.4.2 Forest Cover Mapping -- 13.4.3 Shadow Index (SI) -- 13.4.4 Bare Soil Index (BI) -- 13.4.5 Modified Difference Vegetation Index (MAVI) -- 13.4.6 Vegetation Density (VD) -- 13.4.7 Scaled Shadow Index (SSI) -- 13.4.8 Identification of Forest Cover Dynamics -- 13.4.9 Forest Fragmentation Analysis -- 13.5 Result and Discussion -- 13.5.1 Forest Cover Dynamicity -- 13.5.2 Status of Forest Regeneration and Degeneration -- 13.5.3 Forest Disturbance Potential Zonation -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Comparison of AHP and Maxent Model for Assessing Habitat Suitability of Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Data Base and Methodology -- 14.3.1 Dactors derived form of Elevation layer -- 14.3.2 Preparation of Other Factors -- 14.3.3 Maxent Species Distribution Model -- 14.3.4 Methodology for Maxent Species Distribution Model -- 14.3.5 Overview of Factors that Affect Habitat of Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) -- 14.3.6 Methodology for AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) -- 14.4 Results -- 14.4.1 Maxent Species Distribution Model Result -- 14.4.2 AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) Result -- 14.5 Discussion -- 14.6 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 15 Assessment of Forest Cover Dynamics using Forest Canopy Density Model in Sali River Basin: A Spill Channel of Damodar River -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.2.1 Study Area -- 15.2.2 Data Source -- 15.2.3 Methods -- 15.3 Results and Discussion -- 15.3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index -- 15.3.2 Bareness Index -- 15.3.3 Greenness Vegetation Index -- 15.3.4 Perpendicular Vegetation Index -- 15.3.5 Shadow Index -- 15.3.6 Forest Canopy Density -- 15.3.7 Validation of Results -- 15.4 Conclusion. , References.