Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Part I: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Land Resources -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2 Spatio-Temporal Investigation of Mining Activity and Its Effect on Landscape Dynamics: A Geo-Spatial Study of Beejoliya Tehsil, Rajasthan (India) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Data Used -- 2.2.3 Methodology -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 LULC Change Assessment -- 2.3.2 LULC Gain and Losses and Prediction Modeling -- 2.3.3 NDVI Change Assessment -- 2.3.4 Elevation Profile Change Assessment -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Mapping Areas for Growing Pulses in Rice Fallows Using Multi-Criteria Spatial Decisions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Data and Methodology -- 3.2.3 Potential Areas for Identification of Pulses -- 3.2.4 Identification of Assessment Factors -- 3.2.5 Fuzzy Set Modeling -- 3.2.6 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach -- 3.2.7 Calculation of Suitability Index Using Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) -- 3.2.8 Generating Land Suitability Maps -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessing Desertification Using Long-Term MODIS and Rainfall Data in Himachal Pradesh (India) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Materials and Methods -- 4.3.1 Methodology -- 4.3.2 MODIS NDVI Analysis -- 4.3.3 RUE -- 4.3.4 Residual Image -- 4.3.5 Statistical Significance Test -- 4.3.6 Significance Level -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Relationship between NDVI and Rainfall -- 4.4.2 RUE -- 4.4.3 RUE Trend -- 4.4.4 Residual Trend and Human-Induced Desertification. , 4.4.5 Regression Slope between Residual NDVI and Time (Year) -- 4.4.6 Comparison between RUE and RESTREND -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Scope for Further Research -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Land Use/Land Cover Characteristics of Odisha Coastal Zone: A Retrospective Analysis during the Period between 1990 and 2017 -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Data Used -- 5.4 Methodology -- 5.4.1 Pre-processing of Satellite Image -- 5.4.2 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Map Preparation -- 5.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis -- 5.4.4 Accuracy Assessment -- 5.4.5 Estimation of Resource Degradation -- 5.5 Results -- 5.5.1 Spatio-temporal Distribution of LULC Categories -- 5.5.1.1 Agricultural Fallow Land -- 5.5.1.2 Cultivated Land -- 5.5.1.3 Aquaculture -- 5.5.1.4 Fallow/Open Land -- 5.5.1.5 Beach/Sand Dune (with Vegetation) -- 5.5.1.6 Industrial Built-up Area -- 5.5.1.7 Mudflat -- 5.5.1.8 Mangrove -- 5.5.1.9 Marshy Land -- 5.5.1.10 Open Vegetation -- 5.5.1.11 Rural and Urban Settlement -- 5.5.1.12 Scrub Land -- 5.5.1.13 Water Bodies (Streams/Canals/Ponds/Lakes) -- 5.5.1.14 Ocean -- 5.5.2 Estimation of Land Degradation Characteristics -- 5.6 Discussion -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Evaluating Landscape Dynamics in Jamunia Watershed, Jharkhand (India) Using Earth Observation Datasets -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Study Area -- 6.2.2 Data Processing -- 6.2.3 LULC Classification -- 6.2.4 Landscape Metrics Analysis -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Classification and Accuracy Assessment of LULC Images -- 6.3.2 Fragmentation Analyses -- 6.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Drought Frequency and Soil Erosion Problems in Puruliya District of West Bengal, India: A Geo-Environmental Study -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Role of Open Source Software Packages -- 7.2.1 SAGA -- 7.2.2 QGIS. , 7.2.3 GRASS GIS -- 7.2.4 Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) -- 7.2.5 Others -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.3.1 Study Area -- 7.3.2 Methodology -- 7.3.2.1 Assessment and Monitoring of Vegetative Drought -- 7.3.2.2 Modeling Soil Erosion: -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Severity of Drought -- 7.4.2 Threat of Soil Erosion -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 Effects of Cyclone Fani on the Urban Landscape Characteristics of Puri Town, India: A Geospatial Study Using Free and Open Source Software -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Data Source -- 8.2.3 Image Processing -- 8.2.4 LULC Classification -- 8.2.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based assessment -- 8.2.6 Community Perception-Based Vegetation Appraisal -- 8.2.7 Change Detection Analysis -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover Pattern of Puri Town -- 8.3.2 Pre-Fani Vegetation Scenario -- 8.3.3 Post-Fani Vegetation Scenario -- 8.3.4 Cyclone-Induced Changes in Vegetation Cover -- 8.3.5 Community-Formulated Plantation Guidelines -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring: Advances of Open Source Geospatial Data and Techniques -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Combinatorial Innovation in Sustainable Land Management -- 9.3 Big (Geo) Data -- 9.3.1 Coarse Resolution Satellite Data (> -- 100 m Pixel Size) -- 9.3.2 Medium Resolution Satellite Data (10-99 m Pixel Size) -- 9.3.3 High Resolution Satellite Data (< -- 10 m Pixel Size) -- 9.4 Web Search Engine for Free Access Remote Sensing Data -- 9.4.1 Open Source Vector Data -- 9.5 Open Source Software for Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring -- 9.6 Crowdsource Platform -- 9.7 High-Quality Ground Truth and Land Use Management -- 9.8 Cloud Computing. , 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Introduction to Part II: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Water Resources -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 11 Improving Wetland Mapping Techniques Using the Integration of Image Fusion Techniques and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Materials and Methodology -- 11.3.1 Materials -- 11.3.2 Methods for Image Fusion -- 11.3.3 Methods for Evaluating the Performances of Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.3.4 Artificial Neural Network for Wetlands Mapping -- 11.3.5 Validation of Wetland Maps -- 11.3.6 Comparisons of Wetland Mapping Models -- 11.3.6.1 Kendall Correlation -- 11.3.6.2 Spearman's Correlation -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Analysis of Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.4.2 Evaluation of the Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.4.3 Wetland Mapping Using Artificial Neural Network -- 11.4.4 Validation of the Wetland Modeling Models -- 11.4.5 Comparison of the Association among Wetland Modeling Models -- 11.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 12 Open Source Geospatial Technologies for Generation of Water Resource Development Plan -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area -- 12.3 Data Used -- 12.4 Methodology -- 12.4.1 WRDP Generation Using Open Source Desktop GIS -- 12.4.2 WRDP Generation Using Web-Enabled Open Source GIS -- 12.4.2.1 Creation of Database and Web Services -- 12.4.2.2 Development of Customized Web GIS Application for WRDP Generation -- 12.5 Results and Discussion -- 12.5.1 Desktop Interface -- 12.5.2 Web Interface -- 12.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13 Geo-Spatial Enabled Water Resource Development Plan for Decentralized Planning in India: Myths and Facts -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Water Resource Development Program in India. , 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Extent and Size of Water Resource Development Plans -- 13.2.2 Effect of Scale on Water Resource Development Plan -- 13.2.2.1 Study Area -- 13.2.2.2 Remote Sensing/GIS Data Used -- 13.2.2.3 Remote Sensing / GIS Software Used -- 13.2.2.4 Process Flow for Image Analysis -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Generation of Thematic Map -- 13.3.2 Slope -- 13.3.3 Land Capability -- 13.3.4 Erosion -- 13.3.5 Soil Depth -- 13.3.6 Drainage -- 13.3.7 Land Use/Land Cover -- 13.3.7.1 Land Evaluation and Land Use Plan -- 13.3.8 Water Resource Action Plan Generation -- 13.3.9 Weighted Overlay Techniques -- 13.3.10 Resource Conservation Practices in India -- 13.3.10.1 Water and Soil Conservation Activities in Maharashtra State -- 13.4 Conclusion -- 13.4.1 Effect of Water Resources on the Community -- References -- Chapter 14 Automatic Extraction of Surface Waterbodies of Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh (India) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Methods -- 14.3.1 Spectral Water Indexes -- 14.3.2 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) -- 14.3.3 Modified Difference Water Index (MNDWI) -- 14.3.4 Water Ratio Index (WRI) -- 14.3.5 Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) -- 14.3.6 Accuracy Assessment -- 14.3.7 Correlation Analysis And Evaluation -- 14.4 Results and Discussion -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Valuing Ecosystem Services for the Protection of Coastal Wetlands Using Benefit Transfer Approach: Evidence from Bangladesh -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.2.1 Study Area -- 15.2.2 Methodology -- 15.2.3 Land Use Land Cover Classification -- 15.2.4 Ecosystem Services Value (ESV) Estimation -- 15.2.5 Spatial Analysis of ESV Flow -- 15.2.6 Sensitivity Factor -- 15.3 Results -- 15.3.1 Land Cover Classes in the Study Area -- 15.3.2 Estimation of Total ESV. , 15.3.3 Estimation of Ecosystem Function Value (ESVf).

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Spatial Extent, Formation Process, Reclaimability Classification System and Restoration Strategies of Gully and Rav... -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Spatial Extent of Gully and Ravines in India -- 1.3 Gully and Ravine Formation Process and Hypothesis -- 1.3.1 Gully and Ravine Formation Process -- 1.3.2 Hypothesis of Gully and Ravine Formation -- 1.3.2.1 Climate and Land-Use Theory -- 1.3.2.2 Tectonic Upliftment Theory -- 1.3.2.3 Aggradation and Degradation Theory -- 1.3.2.4 Oceanic Upwelling Theory -- 1.3.2.5 Concave Riverbank Elevation Theory -- 1.3.3 Other Mechanisms of Gully Head Extension -- 1.3.3.1 Tension Cracks -- 1.3.3.2 Tunnelling -- 1.3.3.3 Suffusion/Internal Erosion/Internal Instability -- 1.4 Gully Reclaimability Classification System -- 1.5 Technology for Gully and Ravine Area Restoration -- 1.5.1 Management of Shallow Ravines and Marginal Lands -- 1.5.2 Rehabilitation of Medium and Deep Ravines -- 1.5.2.1 Gully Head Stabilization -- 1.5.2.2 Stabilization of Gully Bed and Side Slopes -- 1.5.2.3 Vegetation Establishment -- 1.5.2.4 Bamboo-Based Production System -- 1.5.3 Performance Evaluation of Ravine Reclamation Works -- 1.6 Road Ahead -- References -- Chapter 2: Soil Disintegration Characteristics on Ephemeral Gully Collapsing in Lateritic Belt of West Bengal, India -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Site Description -- 2.2.2 Soil Sampling -- 2.2.3 Soil Analysis -- 2.2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Soil Moisture Content of the Collapsing Gullies -- 2.3.2 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) and Bulk Density -- 2.3.3 Soil Particle Size Distribution (PSD) -- 2.3.4 Soil Anti-Disintegration Index (Kc). , 2.3.5 Relationship Between the Soil Anti-disintegration (Kc) and Particles Size Distribution (PSD) and SOM -- 2.3.6 Analysis of Soil Disintegration Characteristics of Different Soil Layers of Collapsing Gullies -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Modeling of Gully Erosion Based on Random Forest Using GIS and R -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Material and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Affecting Factors Related to Gully Erosion -- 3.2.3 Methods -- 3.2.3.1 Random Forest -- 3.2.3.2 Validation of Gully Erosion Potential Map -- 3.3 Results -- 3.3.1 Gully Erosion Potential Zone Models (GEPM) -- 3.3.2 Validation of Machine Learning Model -- 3.3.3 Important Effective Factors for GESM -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Geomorphic Threshold and SCS-CN-Based Runoff and Sediment Yield Modelling in the Gullies of Dwarka-Brahmani Interfl... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Area -- 4.2.2 Secondary Data Collection -- 4.2.3 Field Research Design -- 4.2.3.1 Geomorphic Analysis -- 4.2.3.2 Hydrologic Analysis -- 4.2.4 Quantitative Models and Techniques -- 4.2.4.1 Geomorphic Threshold Model -- 4.2.4.2 SCS-CN Method and Sediment Yield Model -- 4.2.4.3 Statistical Test of Model and Model Validation -- 4.3 Results -- 4.3.1 Estimating Geomorphic Threshold of Gully Erosion -- 4.3.2 M-D Envelope and Dominancy of Erosion Processes -- 4.3.3 Catchment-Wise Runoff Yield -- 4.3.4 SCS-CN Model Validation -- 4.3.5 SCS-CN-Based Sediment Yield -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.4.1 Hydraulic and Topographic Threshold -- 4.4.2 Role of Flow Erosivity in Gullies -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Assessing Gully Asymmetry Based on Cross-Sectional Morphology: A Case of Gangani Badland of West Bengal, India -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Database and Methodology -- 5.3.1 Database -- 5.3.2 Methodology. , 5.3.2.1 Areal and Slope Asymmetry Indices -- 5.3.2.2 Form Indices -- 5.3.2.3 Principal Component Analysis -- 5.3.2.4 Residual Analysis -- 5.3.2.5 Particle Size Analysis -- 5.4 Results -- 5.4.1 Linear Perspective on Cross-Sectional Morphology -- 5.4.1.1 Depth Analysis -- 5.4.1.2 Width Analysis -- 5.4.1.3 Width-Depth Ratio -- 5.4.1.4 Shape Index -- 5.4.2 Areal Perspective on Cross-Sectional Morphology -- 5.4.2.1 Cross-Sectional Area -- 5.4.2.2 Areal Asymmetry (A, A1, A2) -- 5.4.2.3 Concavity Index and Erosiveness -- 5.4.3 Slope Asymmetry -- 5.4.4 Identification of Elements Influencing Cross-Sectional Morphology of Gullies -- 5.4.5 Association Among Gully Morphometric Indices -- 5.5 Discussions -- 5.5.1 Identifying Inter- and Intra-Order Variation in Gully Morphology -- 5.5.2 Compositions of Slope Segments, Processes and Gully Asymmetry -- 5.5.3 Modelling Asymmetric Behaviour of Gully -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: The Potential Gully Erosion Risk Mapping of River Dulung Basin, West Bengal, India Using AHP Method -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Study Area -- 6.2.2 Methodology -- 6.2.2.1 Database -- 6.2.2.2 Layer Creation and Digital Analysis -- 6.2.2.3 Portfolio of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) -- 6.3 Results -- 6.3.1 Factor Analysis of Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.1.1 Slope Analysis -- 6.3.1.2 Soil Analysis -- 6.3.1.3 Geological Characteristics and Association with the Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.1.4 Geomorphological Characteristics and Association Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.1.5 Drainage Density and Association Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.1.6 Annual Average Rainfall and Association Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.1.7 Spatial Characteristics of Lineaments and Association Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.1.8 Characteristics of LULC and Its Bearing on Rill and Gully Erosion. , 6.3.2 Pairwise Comparison Matrix of the Biophysical Variables Associated to Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.3 Validation of Map -- 6.4 Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Application of Field-Monitoring Techniques to Determine Soil Loss by Gully Erosion in a Watershed in Deccan, India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Monitoring and Assessment -- 7.3.1 General Sedimentological Properties Assessment -- 7.3.1.1 Results of the Sedimentological Analyses -- 7.3.2 Microprofilometer Technique -- 7.3.2.1 Fabrication of the Microprofilometer -- 7.3.2.2 Results of the Microprofilometer Monitoring -- 7.3.3 Erosion-Pin Technique -- 7.3.3.1 Results of the Microprofilometer Monitoring -- 7.3.4 The Rainfall Simulator Experiment -- 7.3.4.1 Design of the Simulator -- 7.3.4.2 Results of the Rainfall Simulation Experiment -- 7.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Gully Erosion Susceptibility Mapping Based on Bayesian Weight of Evidence -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methods -- 8.3.1 Gully Inventory Mapping -- 8.3.2 Gully Erosion Conditioning Geo-Environmental Factors -- 8.3.3 Weight of Evidence Model (WoE) for Preparing Gully Erosion Map -- 8.3.4 Accuracy Assessment -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Role of Land Use/Land Cover on Gully Occurrence -- 8.4.2 Role of Lithology and Soil Type on Gully Occurrence -- 8.4.3 Role of Slope Degree on Gully Occurrence -- 8.4.4 Role of Wetness Index (WI) on Gully Occurrence -- 8.4.5 Role of Slope Length on Gully Occurrence -- 8.4.6 Role of Stream Power Index (SPI) on Gully Occurrence -- 8.4.7 Gully Susceptibility Map -- 8.4.8 Validation of Gully Erosion Susceptibility Map -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Understanding the Morphology and Development of a Rill-Gully: An Empirical Study of Khoai Badland, West Bengal, Ind. , 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Materials and Methods -- 9.2.1 Study Area -- 9.2.2 Methodology -- 9.2.2.1 Collection of Data -- 9.2.2.2 Gully Morphology and Profile Character -- 9.2.2.3 Curve Number Method (CN) and Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Processes of Gully Formation and Badland Development -- 9.3.2 Morphology and Profile Character of Selected Gullies -- 9.3.3 Estimation of Runoff and Sediment Delivery Ratio -- 9.3.3.1 LULC -- 9.3.3.2 Hydrological Soil Group (HSG) Condition -- 9.3.3.3 Weighted Area Curve Number -- 9.3.3.4 Runoff Estimation -- 9.3.3.5 Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Estimation of Erosion Susceptibility and Sediment Yield in Ephemeral Channel Using RUSLE and SDR Model: Tropical P... -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Methodology and Mapping -- 10.3.1 RUSLE Parameter Estimation -- 10.3.1.1 Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R) -- 10.3.1.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) -- 10.3.1.3 Slope Length and Slope Steepness Factor (LS) -- 10.3.1.4 Cover Management Factor (C) -- 10.3.1.5 Support Practice Factor (P) -- 10.3.2 SDR Parameter Estimation -- 10.3.2.1 Estimation of β Coefficient and Travel Time (ti) -- 10.3.2.2 Land Use and Land Cover (à Coefficient) -- 10.3.2.3 Slope Factor (Si) -- 10.3.2.4 Flow Velocity (Vi) -- 10.3.2.5 Length of Segments (Li) -- 10.3.2.6 Basin-Specific Parameter (β) -- 10.4 Results and Discussions -- 10.4.1 Estimation of PMSE Using RUSLE -- 10.4.1.1 PMSE at Sub-basin Level -- 10.4.1.2 Justification of RUSLE Estimation -- 10.4.2 Delineation of SDR Using SDR Model -- 10.4.2.1 SDR at the Sub-basin Level -- 10.4.2.2 Validation of SDR Estimation -- 10.4.2.2.1 Drainage Area and SDR -- 10.4.2.2.2 Topographical Factors and SDR -- 10.4.3 Delineation of SY Zone -- 10.4.3.1 SY at the Sub-basin Level. , 10.4.3.2 Relationship Between Ephemeral Channel (Gully Erosion) and SY.