Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Part I: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Land Resources -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2 Spatio-Temporal Investigation of Mining Activity and Its Effect on Landscape Dynamics: A Geo-Spatial Study of Beejoliya Tehsil, Rajasthan (India) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Data Used -- 2.2.3 Methodology -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 LULC Change Assessment -- 2.3.2 LULC Gain and Losses and Prediction Modeling -- 2.3.3 NDVI Change Assessment -- 2.3.4 Elevation Profile Change Assessment -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Mapping Areas for Growing Pulses in Rice Fallows Using Multi-Criteria Spatial Decisions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Data and Methodology -- 3.2.3 Potential Areas for Identification of Pulses -- 3.2.4 Identification of Assessment Factors -- 3.2.5 Fuzzy Set Modeling -- 3.2.6 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach -- 3.2.7 Calculation of Suitability Index Using Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) -- 3.2.8 Generating Land Suitability Maps -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessing Desertification Using Long-Term MODIS and Rainfall Data in Himachal Pradesh (India) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Materials and Methods -- 4.3.1 Methodology -- 4.3.2 MODIS NDVI Analysis -- 4.3.3 RUE -- 4.3.4 Residual Image -- 4.3.5 Statistical Significance Test -- 4.3.6 Significance Level -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Relationship between NDVI and Rainfall -- 4.4.2 RUE -- 4.4.3 RUE Trend -- 4.4.4 Residual Trend and Human-Induced Desertification. , 4.4.5 Regression Slope between Residual NDVI and Time (Year) -- 4.4.6 Comparison between RUE and RESTREND -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Scope for Further Research -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Land Use/Land Cover Characteristics of Odisha Coastal Zone: A Retrospective Analysis during the Period between 1990 and 2017 -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Data Used -- 5.4 Methodology -- 5.4.1 Pre-processing of Satellite Image -- 5.4.2 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Map Preparation -- 5.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis -- 5.4.4 Accuracy Assessment -- 5.4.5 Estimation of Resource Degradation -- 5.5 Results -- 5.5.1 Spatio-temporal Distribution of LULC Categories -- 5.5.1.1 Agricultural Fallow Land -- 5.5.1.2 Cultivated Land -- 5.5.1.3 Aquaculture -- 5.5.1.4 Fallow/Open Land -- 5.5.1.5 Beach/Sand Dune (with Vegetation) -- 5.5.1.6 Industrial Built-up Area -- 5.5.1.7 Mudflat -- 5.5.1.8 Mangrove -- 5.5.1.9 Marshy Land -- 5.5.1.10 Open Vegetation -- 5.5.1.11 Rural and Urban Settlement -- 5.5.1.12 Scrub Land -- 5.5.1.13 Water Bodies (Streams/Canals/Ponds/Lakes) -- 5.5.1.14 Ocean -- 5.5.2 Estimation of Land Degradation Characteristics -- 5.6 Discussion -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Evaluating Landscape Dynamics in Jamunia Watershed, Jharkhand (India) Using Earth Observation Datasets -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Study Area -- 6.2.2 Data Processing -- 6.2.3 LULC Classification -- 6.2.4 Landscape Metrics Analysis -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Classification and Accuracy Assessment of LULC Images -- 6.3.2 Fragmentation Analyses -- 6.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Drought Frequency and Soil Erosion Problems in Puruliya District of West Bengal, India: A Geo-Environmental Study -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Role of Open Source Software Packages -- 7.2.1 SAGA -- 7.2.2 QGIS. , 7.2.3 GRASS GIS -- 7.2.4 Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) -- 7.2.5 Others -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.3.1 Study Area -- 7.3.2 Methodology -- 7.3.2.1 Assessment and Monitoring of Vegetative Drought -- 7.3.2.2 Modeling Soil Erosion: -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Severity of Drought -- 7.4.2 Threat of Soil Erosion -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 Effects of Cyclone Fani on the Urban Landscape Characteristics of Puri Town, India: A Geospatial Study Using Free and Open Source Software -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Data Source -- 8.2.3 Image Processing -- 8.2.4 LULC Classification -- 8.2.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based assessment -- 8.2.6 Community Perception-Based Vegetation Appraisal -- 8.2.7 Change Detection Analysis -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover Pattern of Puri Town -- 8.3.2 Pre-Fani Vegetation Scenario -- 8.3.3 Post-Fani Vegetation Scenario -- 8.3.4 Cyclone-Induced Changes in Vegetation Cover -- 8.3.5 Community-Formulated Plantation Guidelines -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring: Advances of Open Source Geospatial Data and Techniques -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Combinatorial Innovation in Sustainable Land Management -- 9.3 Big (Geo) Data -- 9.3.1 Coarse Resolution Satellite Data (> -- 100 m Pixel Size) -- 9.3.2 Medium Resolution Satellite Data (10-99 m Pixel Size) -- 9.3.3 High Resolution Satellite Data (< -- 10 m Pixel Size) -- 9.4 Web Search Engine for Free Access Remote Sensing Data -- 9.4.1 Open Source Vector Data -- 9.5 Open Source Software for Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring -- 9.6 Crowdsource Platform -- 9.7 High-Quality Ground Truth and Land Use Management -- 9.8 Cloud Computing. , 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Introduction to Part II: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Water Resources -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 11 Improving Wetland Mapping Techniques Using the Integration of Image Fusion Techniques and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Materials and Methodology -- 11.3.1 Materials -- 11.3.2 Methods for Image Fusion -- 11.3.3 Methods for Evaluating the Performances of Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.3.4 Artificial Neural Network for Wetlands Mapping -- 11.3.5 Validation of Wetland Maps -- 11.3.6 Comparisons of Wetland Mapping Models -- 11.3.6.1 Kendall Correlation -- 11.3.6.2 Spearman's Correlation -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Analysis of Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.4.2 Evaluation of the Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.4.3 Wetland Mapping Using Artificial Neural Network -- 11.4.4 Validation of the Wetland Modeling Models -- 11.4.5 Comparison of the Association among Wetland Modeling Models -- 11.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 12 Open Source Geospatial Technologies for Generation of Water Resource Development Plan -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area -- 12.3 Data Used -- 12.4 Methodology -- 12.4.1 WRDP Generation Using Open Source Desktop GIS -- 12.4.2 WRDP Generation Using Web-Enabled Open Source GIS -- 12.4.2.1 Creation of Database and Web Services -- 12.4.2.2 Development of Customized Web GIS Application for WRDP Generation -- 12.5 Results and Discussion -- 12.5.1 Desktop Interface -- 12.5.2 Web Interface -- 12.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13 Geo-Spatial Enabled Water Resource Development Plan for Decentralized Planning in India: Myths and Facts -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Water Resource Development Program in India. , 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Extent and Size of Water Resource Development Plans -- 13.2.2 Effect of Scale on Water Resource Development Plan -- 13.2.2.1 Study Area -- 13.2.2.2 Remote Sensing/GIS Data Used -- 13.2.2.3 Remote Sensing / GIS Software Used -- 13.2.2.4 Process Flow for Image Analysis -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Generation of Thematic Map -- 13.3.2 Slope -- 13.3.3 Land Capability -- 13.3.4 Erosion -- 13.3.5 Soil Depth -- 13.3.6 Drainage -- 13.3.7 Land Use/Land Cover -- 13.3.7.1 Land Evaluation and Land Use Plan -- 13.3.8 Water Resource Action Plan Generation -- 13.3.9 Weighted Overlay Techniques -- 13.3.10 Resource Conservation Practices in India -- 13.3.10.1 Water and Soil Conservation Activities in Maharashtra State -- 13.4 Conclusion -- 13.4.1 Effect of Water Resources on the Community -- References -- Chapter 14 Automatic Extraction of Surface Waterbodies of Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh (India) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Methods -- 14.3.1 Spectral Water Indexes -- 14.3.2 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) -- 14.3.3 Modified Difference Water Index (MNDWI) -- 14.3.4 Water Ratio Index (WRI) -- 14.3.5 Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) -- 14.3.6 Accuracy Assessment -- 14.3.7 Correlation Analysis And Evaluation -- 14.4 Results and Discussion -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Valuing Ecosystem Services for the Protection of Coastal Wetlands Using Benefit Transfer Approach: Evidence from Bangladesh -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.2.1 Study Area -- 15.2.2 Methodology -- 15.2.3 Land Use Land Cover Classification -- 15.2.4 Ecosystem Services Value (ESV) Estimation -- 15.2.5 Spatial Analysis of ESV Flow -- 15.2.6 Sensitivity Factor -- 15.3 Results -- 15.3.1 Land Cover Classes in the Study Area -- 15.3.2 Estimation of Total ESV. , 15.3.3 Estimation of Ecosystem Function Value (ESVf).

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anthropogeomorphology and Geospatial Technology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Interaction Between Geomorphology and Human -- 1.3 Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Geomorphological Application -- 1.4 Anthropogenic Landform and Intervention of Geospatial Technology -- 1.4.1 Mining, Quarrying and Geomorphological Change and Application of Geospatial Technology -- 1.4.2 Riverine Geomorphology and Human Intervention and Application of Geospatial Technology -- 1.4.3 Coastal Geomorphology and Human Intervention and Application of Geospatial Technology -- 1.4.4 Human Intervention in Mountainous Region and Application of Geospatial Technology -- 1.4.5 Soil, Gully Erosion and Application of Geospatial Solution -- 1.4.6 Urban Geomorphology and Application of Geospatial Solution -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Braiding and Planform Pattern of Ganga -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Planform Pattern of the River -- Sinuosity Ratio (SR) -- Planform Index -- 2.2 Study Area and Data -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: SWAT-Based Analysis of Ganga Water Availability at Farakka -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 3.2.2 Land Use and Land Cover -- 3.2.3 Soil Data -- 3.2.4 Meteorological Data -- 3.2.5 Model Setup -- 3.2.6 Surface Runoff Estimation -- 3.2.7 Calibration and Validation -- 3.2.8 Model Performance Evaluation -- 3.3 Result and Discussion -- 3.3.1 SWAT Model Performance -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Bank Erosion and Sediment Deposition in Teesta River: A Spatiotemporal Analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methodology and Data Sources -- 4.3 Results and Discussion. , 4.3.1 The Process of Erosion and Deposition -- 4.3.2 Spatiotemporal Analysis of Bank Erosion and Sediment Deposition -- 4.3.3 Erosion and Deposition in Nilphamari District -- 4.3.4 Erosion and Deposition in Rangpur District -- 4.3.5 Erosion and Deposition in Lalmonirhat District -- 4.3.6 Erosion and Deposition in Kurigram District -- 4.3.7 Erosion and Deposition in Gaibandha District -- 4.3.8 Comparison of Erosion and Deposition Among the Study Districts -- 4.4 Recommendations -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Flood Management: A Case Study of the Jiadhal River Basin of Dhemaji District... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Materials and Methodology -- 5.3.1 Land Use/Land Cover -- 5.3.2 Altitudinal Zones -- 5.3.3 Slope -- 5.3.4 Flow Accumulation -- 5.3.5 Drainage Network -- 5.3.6 Drainage Proximity -- 5.3.7 Geomorphological Units -- 5.4 Results -- 5.4.1 Flood Hazard Zones -- 5.4.2 Flood Management -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Geomorphic History and Analysis of Deterioration of Quaternary Red Sands of Visakhapatnam, East Coast of India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.3 Background of the Study Area -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Human Intervention and Spatio-temporal Changes -- 6.6 Remedial Measures -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Recent Disturbances in the Geomorphic Processes Due to Human Interventions Along the West Coast of India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Study Area -- 7.1.2 Oceanographic Condition in the Vicinity -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Mapping Coastal Geomorphology -- 7.2.2 Shoreline Analysis -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Coastal Geomorphology and Nearshore Landforms -- 7.3.2 Shoreline Analysis and Coastal Modification -- 7.3.3 Coastal Features and Coastal Stability -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 8: River Dynamics of the Ganga and Its Tributaries in the Siwalik-Tarai Region of Haridwar District, Uttarakhand, India -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Area and Location -- 8.2.2 Geological Characteristics of the Study Area -- 8.2.3 Tectonic Setup of the Area -- 8.2.4 Geomorphological Characteristics of the Area -- The Ganga Megafan Surface -- River Valley Terrace Surface (T1) -- Piedmont Fan Surface (PF) -- Active Flood Plain Surface (T0) -- 8.3 Result and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Analysis of Channel Characteristics -- Altitudinal Variation and River Dynamics -- 8.3.2 Aggrading Characteristics of the Ganga and Its tributaries -- Impacts of Sedimentation on Channel Bars -- Channel Forms in the Cross-Section of Ganga River -- Channel Abandonment and Development of Stable Mid-Channel Bar in Ganga River -- 8.3.3 Shifting and Avulsion Nature of River Channels -- Different Sites of Avulsion -- Change Detection Study on Shifting and Avulsion of Ganga and Other Rivers -- 8.3.4 Observation of Flood-Induced Channel Avulsion -- Variability of Water Discharge and Flooding Nature of the Rivers -- Impact of the 2013 Flood on Channel Geomorphology -- 8.3.5 Anthropogenic Impacts on Ganga River Channel -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Tidal Mechanism and the Changing Fluvio-Geomorphological Environment of the Interfluves in Indian Indian Sundarbans... -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Objectives -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.4 Background of the Study Area -- 9.4.1 Locational Significance of Sundarbans in India -- Climate -- Temperature -- Rainfall -- Relative Humidity -- Wind Direction and Wind Velocity -- 9.5 Relief -- 9.6 Natural Calamities -- 9.7 Tidal Bores -- 9.8 Impact of Tides on the Fluvio-Geomorphological Environment in Indian Sundarbans -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 10: Appraisal of the Variation of TSS and Turbidity on Fish Production in Mahanadi Delta Region Post Fani and Phailin ... -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Data Source and Methodology -- 10.3.1 Retrieval Method of Total Suspended Solid Concentration -- 10.3.2 Retrieval Method of Turbidity -- 10.4 Results and Discussions -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Impact of Sand Mining on the Physical Health of the River and the Livelihood of the People: A Case Study of Umtyng... -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 River Health -- 11.2 Statement of the Problem -- 11.3 Objectives -- 11.4 Study Area -- 11.5 Materials and Methods -- 11.6 Results and Discussion -- 11.6.1 Types and Methods of Sand Mining -- 11.6.2 Quantity of Sand Extraction -- 11.6.3 Quantity of Sand Extracted in Two Mining Sites of the Area -- 11.7 Impact on River Health -- 11.8 Effects of Sand Mining on Livelihoods -- 11.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Assessment of Water Quality and Landscape Dynamics in Some Selected Pit Lakes of Andal Block, Paschim Bardhaman, W... -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Description of the Study Area -- 12.2.2 Analysis of Physico-chemical Parameters -- 12.2.3 WQI Analysis -- 12.2.4 Method for Analysing the Evolution of Pit Lake -- 12.2.5 Scheme for Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover -- 12.3 Result and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Genesis and Evolution of Pit Lake -- 12.3.2 Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Utility of Low-Cost Geospatial Tools for Monitoring of Water Resources for Their Conservation and Optimum Manageme... -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Modeling and Monitoring Soil Erosion by Water Using Remote Sensing Satellite Data and GIS -- 14.1 Introduction. , 14.1.1 Soil Erosion Factors and Processes -- 14.1.2 Factors Affecting Water Erosion -- 14.1.3 Soil Erosion Types -- 14.2 Remote Sensing -- 14.3 GIS Analysis -- 14.4 Soil Erosion Models -- 14.4.1 Empirical Models -- 14.4.2 Conceptual Models -- 14.4.3 Physical Process-Based Models -- 14.4.4 Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) -- 14.4.5 Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) -- 14.4.6 Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) -- 14.4.7 Revised Morgan, Morgan & -- Finney (MMF) Model -- 14.4.8 Soil & -- Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) -- 14.4.9 Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model -- 14.4.10 GeoWEPP -- 14.4.11 Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) -- 14.4.12 Agricultural Non-Point Source (AGNPS) -- 14.5 Satellite Remote Sensing in Soil Erosion Assessment -- 14.5.1 Land Use/Land Cover -- 14.5.2 Topographic Information -- 14.5.3 Soil Information -- 14.5.4 Rainfall Information -- 14.6 Monitoring Soil Erosion with Remote Sensing -- 14.7 Case Study -- 14.7.1 Soil Erosion Risk Assessment in a Watershed Using the RUSLE Model -- 14.8 Simulating Climate Change Impact on Soil Erosion Using SWAT -- 14.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Soil Erosion Assessment Using RUSLE Model in the Randigad Catchment in Northern India -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.3 Materials and Methods -- 15.3.1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 15.3.2 Rainfall Data -- 15.3.3 LISS IV Data -- 15.3.4 Soil Data -- 15.4 Methodology -- 15.4.1 Calculation of RUSLE Factor -- Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R) -- Soil Erodibilty Factor (K) -- 15.4.2 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS) -- Crop Management Factor, C -- Conservation Practices, P -- 15.5 Result and Discussion -- 15.5.1 Prioritisation of Micro-Watersheds -- 15.5.2 Assessment of Soil Erosion Risk with LULC -- 15.6 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 16: Role of Geospatial Techniques in Soil Erosion Modelling in South Koel Basin, Jharkhand, India.

Note: Front Cover -- Modern Cartography Series -- Modern Cartography Series -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Prologue -- 1 - Emergence and challenges of land reclamation: issues and prospect -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Land reclamation scenario -- 1.2.1 Reclamation of cultivated land -- 1.2.2 Coastal land reclamation -- 1.2.3 Mining land reclamation -- 1.2.4 Reclamation of barren or infertile land -- 1.3 Human ecology in land reclamation -- 1.4 Impact of land reclamation -- 1.5 Challenges of land reclamation -- 1.5.1 Security of tenure -- 1.5.2 Regulatory barriers -- 1.5.3 Land use planning -- 1.5.4 The rise of neoliberalism -- 1.5.5 The political economy of land -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Stages of land reclamation and their impact on the fluvio-geomorphological environment of Indian Sundarbans wit ... -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Objectives -- 2.3 Materials and methods -- 2.4 Locational significance of the study area -- 2.5 Fluvio-geomorphological environment of Indian Sundarbans -- 2.6 Land reclamation in Sundarbans -- 2.6.1 Phase-1 (1770-80) -- 2.6.2 Phase-2 (1780-1873) -- 2.6.3 Phase-3 (1873-1939) -- 2.6.4 Phase-4 (1945-51) -- 2.6.5 Phase-5 (1945-71) -- 2.7 Consequences of land reclamation in Sundarbans -- 2.7.1 Increasing population and its impact on reclaimed areas of Sundarbans -- 2.7.2 Land reclamation and deforestation in Sundarbans -- 2.7.3 Unplanned and inorganized settlement planning and increasing hazards -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- 3 - Catchment health degradation resulting from urban expansion using remote sensing and GIS techniques in parts of ... -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 State of river catchments in South Africa -- 3.1.2 Economic importance of urban expansion -- 3.1.3 Usefulness of remote sensing and GIS in catchment studies -- 3.2 Materials and methods -- 3.2.1 The study area. , 3.2.2 Material and methods -- 3.2.2.1 Data -- 3.2.2.2 Methodology -- 3.2.2.2.1 Land use and land cover mapping -- 3.2.2.2.2 Determining the relationship between catchment health degradation and urban expansion -- 3.3 Results and discussion -- 3.3.1 Change in LULC and land cover changes for selected WSA in South Africa -- 3.3.2 Catchment health degradation -- 3.3.2.1 The Amathole WSA -- 3.3.2.2 Gauteng Province catchment area -- 3.3.2.3 The Mpumalanga Drakensberg -- 3.3.2.4 Table Mountain WSA -- 3.3.2.5 The Zululand Coast WSA -- 3.3.3 The relationship between urban expansion and catchment health degradation -- 3.4 Discussions -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 - A geospatial appraisal of urban expansion within the Teesta-Mahananda interfluve in and around Siliguri town, W ... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and methods -- 4.2.1 Study area -- 4.2.2 Land use/land cover classification -- 4.2.3 Quantification of built-up growth -- 4.2.3.1 Directional and zonal analysis -- 4.2.3.2 Spatial metrics -- 4.2.3.2.1 Edge density -- 4.2.3.2.2 Landscape shape index -- 4.2.3.2.3 Shannon's entropy -- 4.2.4 Retrieval of land surface temperature -- 4.2.4.1 Top of atmospheric spectral radiance -- 4.2.4.2 Conversion of radiance to at-sensor temperature -- 4.2.4.3 NDVI method for emissivity correction -- 4.2.4.3.1 Calculating NDVI -- 4.2.4.3.2 Calculating the proportion of vegetation -- 4.2.4.3.3 Calculating land surface emissivity -- 4.2.5 Calculation of different indices -- 4.2.5.1 NDVI -- 4.2.5.2 Normalized difference water index -- 4.2.5.3 Normalized difference built-up index -- 4.3 Results -- 4.3.1 Multitemporal LULC dynamics -- 4.3.2 Landscape analysis -- 4.3.2.1 Directional and zonal urban expansion -- 4.3.2.2 Spatial metrics of urban growth -- 4.3.3 Land surface temperature and the urban heat pockets. , 4.3.4 Changes in area of natural vegetation and waterbodies -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 - Wasteland reclamation and geospatial solution: existing scenario and future strategy -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Role of geospatial technology -- 5.3 Soil erosion and reclamation process -- 5.4 Gully erosion and reclamation -- 5.5 Deforestation and reclamation -- 5.6 Overgrazing and reclamation -- 5.7 Loss of organic content and reclamation -- 5.8 Flood/landslide and reclamation -- 5.9 Salinization and reclamation -- 5.10 Local/diffuse contamination and reclamation -- 5.11 Biodiversity and reclamation -- 5.12 Mining and reclamation using geospatial tool -- 5.13 Recommendation -- References -- 6 - Mapping of wastelands and significance of morphometric analysis in wasteland management-a remote sensing and GI ... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study area -- 6.3 Geology -- 6.4 Materials and methods -- 6.5 Results and discussion -- 6.5.1 Mapping of wastelands using traditional pixel-based classification and rigorous object-based classification -- 6.5.2 Mapping of wastelands using traditional pixel-based classification -- 6.5.3 Mapping of wastelands using rigorous object-based classification -- 6.5.4 Accuracy assessment of pixel-based and object-based LULC classification -- 6.6 Use of morphometric analysis in wastelands management -- 6.6.1 Linear properties of the drainage basin -- 6.6.1.1 Mean Stream Length (Lu) -- 6.6.1.2 Weighted mean bifurcation ratio (Rbwm) -- 6.6.1.3 Length of overland flow (Lo) -- 6.6.1.4 Sinuosity index -- 6.6.2 Areal properties of the drainage basins -- 6.6.2.1 Drainage density (Dd) -- 6.6.2.2 Stream frequency (Fs) -- 6.6.2.3 Drainage texture (Rt) -- 6.6.2.4 Form factor (Rf) -- 6.6.2.5 Circularity ratio (Rc) -- 6.6.2.6 Elongation ratio (Re) -- 6.6.2.7 Constant of channel maintenance (C). , 6.6.3 Relief properties of the drainage basin -- 6.6.3.1 Basin relief (H) -- 6.6.3.2 Dissection Index (DI) -- 6.6.3.3 Relief ratio (Rh) -- 6.6.3.4 Ruggedness number (Rn) -- 6.7 Relationship between wastelands categories and morphometric properties -- 6.7.1 Correlation among the Wasteland categories versus drainage texture (Rt) -- 6.7.2 Correlation among the Wasteland categories versus Dissection Index -- 6.7.3 Correlation among the Wasteland categories versus relief ratio -- 6.7.4 Correlation among the Wasteland categories versus Ruggedness number -- 6.7.5 Principal components analysis of wastelands categories and morphometric properties -- 6.8 Subbasins level prioritization of PRC -- 6.8.1 Prioritization of subbasins based on Wasteland categories -- 6.8.2 Prioritization of PRC subbasins based on morphometric properties -- 6.8.3 Prioritizations of PRC subbasins using the integration of Wasteland categories and morphometric analysis -- 6.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 - Land reclamation open cast coal mine under semiarid conditions-a field-based observation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and methods -- 7.2.1 Low rank coal -- 7.2.2 Coal solubilizing bacteria and inoculum preparation -- 7.2.3 Establishment of field assay -- 7.2.4 Measurement of variables -- 7.3 Results -- 7.3.1 Initial analysis of edaphic material -- 7.3.2 Microbiological activity in the edaphic material -- 7.3.3 Physical and chemical properties of edaphic material -- 7.3.4 Additional observations on vegetation established in plots -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 - Assessment of mining derelict land using multicriteria decision-making technique and approaches toward sustaina ... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study area -- 8.3 Data source -- 8.4 Methodology -- 8.4.1 Assessment of prevailing pressure on land. , 8.4.2 Assessment of the existing state of the land -- 8.4.3 Preparation of potential zone -- 8.4.4 Formulation of regeneration plan -- 8.5 Results and discussion -- 8.5.1 Changes in the LULC -- 8.5.2 Extent of land dereliction -- 8.6 A case studies on Churulia open cast region -- 8.6.1 Assessment of the pressure index -- 8.6.2 Assessment of the state index -- 8.6.3 Identification of potential zone -- 8.7 Sustainable approach toward regeneration -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- 9 - Alternative use of abandoned mines for geotourism: a case study using geoinformatics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The study area -- 9.3 Materials and methods -- 9.4 Results and discussions -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 - A geospatial approach to analyze the stability of mine overburden dump over reclaimed land -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Location of Khottadih OCP -- 10.3 Materials and methods -- 10.3.1 Data source -- 10.3.2 Factors contributing to dump instability -- 10.3.3 Laboratory testing of the material -- 10.3.4 Method selection -- 10.3.5 Stability analysis of the OB dump -- 10.4 Results and discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 11 - Assessment of heavy metal soil pollution in the agricultural land of North Western Bangladesh -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Objectives -- 11.3 Materials and methods -- 11.4 Result and discussion -- 11.4.1 Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the soil of study area -- 11.4.1.1 Zinc -- 11.4.1.2 Copper -- 11.4.1.3 Lead -- 11.4.1.4 Cadmium -- 11.4.1.5 Chromium -- 11.4.1.6 Nickel -- 11.4.1.7 Ferrous -- 11.5 Analysis of pollution level -- 11.5.1 SPI and NCPI analysis -- 11.5.2 Transform value analysis -- 11.5.3 Statistical Analysis -- 11.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References. , 12 - High volume fly ash utilization for reclamation of wastelands with special reference to mine spoil and ash bac.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Introduction to Drainage Basin Dynamics: Morphology, Landscape and Modelling -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Key Aims of the Book -- 1.3 Organization of This Volume -- References -- 2 Morphological Dynamics, Erosion Potential and Morphogenesis of Badlands in Laterites of the Bengal Basin, India -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Geomorphic Identities of Study Area -- 2.3 Materials and Methods -- 2.3.1 Secondary Data Collection -- 2.3.2 Digital Topographic Analysis -- 2.3.3 Topology of Drainage Network -- 2.3.4 Morphometric Attributes -- 2.3.5 SCS-CN Method and Runoff-Sediment Yield Coupling -- 2.3.6 Quantitative Measures of Gully Erosion Potential -- 2.4 Results and Interpretation -- 2.4.1 Stream Ordering System in Gullies -- 2.4.2 Fractal Dimension of Drainage Network (FDDN) -- 2.4.3 Model of Stream Magnitude and Channel Link -- 2.4.4 Linear Aspects of Gullies -- 2.4.5 Slope and Relief Aspects of Gullies and Statistical Inference -- 2.4.6 Topographic Threshold of Gully Initiation -- 2.4.7 Rainfall-Runoff Simulation and Sediment Yield -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.5.1 Triggers of Gully Development -- 2.5.2 Local Triggers -- 2.5.3 Upstream Triggers -- 2.5.4 Downstream Triggers -- 2.5.5 Geochronology of Gully Initiation -- 2.5.6 Connectivity Model of Badland Evolution -- 2.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Plan Shape Geomorphology of Alluvial Valley in the Middle-Lower and Deltaic Courses of the Subarnarekha River Basin, India -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Database and Data Processing -- 3.2.3 Extraction of Landform Terraces and Morphological Features -- 3.2.4 Geometrical Analysis -- 3.2.5 Sedimentological Analysis -- 3.3 Results and Discussion. , 3.3.1 Fluvio-Marine Environments and Landform Terraces -- 3.3.2 Geometrical Diversity of River Course -- 3.3.3 Plan Shape Geomorphology and Depositional Environments -- 3.3.3.1 Geomorphological Features in the Upper Cut and Fill Valley Terrace -- 3.3.3.2 Geomorphological Features in the Lower Cut and Fill Valley Terrace -- 3.3.3.3 Geomorphological Features in the Deltaplain -- 3.3.4 Morphology of Mid-Channel bar -- 3.4 Sedimentary Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Quantitative Assessment of Channel Planform Dynamics and Meander Bend Evolution of the Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Database and Methodology -- 4.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 4.3.2 Image Processing -- 4.3.3 Channel Planform Parameters -- 4.3.4 Delineation of Bank Lines -- 4.3.5 Determining Bank Line Migration -- 4.3.6 Meander Bend Morphology -- 4.4 Result -- 4.4.1 Active Channel Width (ACW) -- 4.4.2 Active Channel Total Channel Width Ratio (ACTCWR) -- 4.4.3 Channel Length (CL) -- 4.4.4 Channel Sinuosity (CS) -- 4.4.5 Braiding Index (BI) -- 4.4.6 Active Channel Area (ACA) -- 4.4.7 Channel Belt Area (CBA) -- 4.4.8 Active Channel Area-Channel Belt Ratio (ACACBR) -- 4.4.9 Sandbar Number and Types -- 4.4.10 Sandbar Area Active Channel Area Ratio (SAACAR) -- 4.4.11 Channel Centreline Migration -- 4.4.12 Bank Line Migration -- 4.4.13 Meander Bend Dynamics -- 4.4.13.1 Meander Bend Radius (Rmb) -- 4.4.13.2 Meander Bend Width (Wmb) -- 4.4.13.3 Meander Bend Curvature Channel Width Ratio (Rcw) -- 4.4.13.4 Length of Meander Bend (Lmb) -- 4.4.13.5 Meander Bend Amplitude (Amb) -- 4.4.13.6 Wavelength of Meander Bend (Wmb) -- 4.4.13.7 Meander Bend Sinuosity (Smb) -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.5.1 Dynamics of Channel Planform Parameters. , 4.5.2 Changes in Channel Pattern/Growth of Bars and Islands -- 4.5.3 Trend of Channel Migration -- 4.5.4 Pattern of Bank Line Migration -- 4.5.5 Role of Flood in Channel Planform Change and Channel Migration -- 4.5.6 Role of Dam on Channel Planform -- 4.5.7 Evolution of Meander Bend Parameters -- 4.5.8 Mechanism of Change in Meander Bend Morphology -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Changes of Flow Regime in Response to River Interventions in the Barakar River, India -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Barakar River: Geomorphic and Climatic Settings -- 5.3 Materials and Methods -- 5.4 Results and Discussions -- 5.4.1 Temporal Trend of Rainfall and Discharge Using the Mann-Kendall Test -- 5.4.2 Variability in Hydrological Characteristics of the Barakar River -- 5.4.2.1 Temporal Change in Seasonal Flow Discharge -- 5.4.2.2 Late Shifting of the Hydrograph at the Maithon Hydraulic Station -- 5.4.2.3 The Trend of Maximum (Qmax) and Minimum (Qmin) Flow Discharge at Tilaiya and Maithon Hydraulic Station: -- 5.4.3 Relationship Between Discharge and Rainfall of Two Stations on the Barakar River Basin -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Landscape Characterization using Geomorphometric Parameters for a Small Sub-Humid River Basin of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, Eastern India -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Database -- 6.2.2 Data Analysis -- 6.2.3 Extraction of Morphometric Parameters -- 6.3 Study Area -- 6.3.1 River Course and Basin Physiography -- 6.3.2 Climatic Attributes and Soil Cover -- 6.3.3 Basin Lithology -- 6.3.4 Basin Geomorphology -- 6.4 Results and Discussions -- 6.4.1 Enumerated Morphometric Parameters -- 6.4.2 Statistical Analysis of enumerated Morphometric Parameters -- 6.4.4 Relating changing LULC attributes with the Terrain Units -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 7 River Raidak-I Migration Dynamics Within Himalayan Foreland Basin Applying Quaternary Sedimentological Bank Facies and Geospatial Techniques -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 7.3.2 Bank Line Change Detection and Measurement of Lateral Channel Migration -- 7.3.3 Bank Facies Study -- 7.3.4 Statistical Techniques -- 7.4 Results -- 7.4.1 Channel Sinuosity -- 7.4.2 Radius of Curvature (Rc) -- 7.4.3 Channel Width -- 7.4.4 Short-Term Riverbank Erosion and Accretion Trend -- 7.4.5 Long-Term Riverbank Erosion and Accretion Trend -- 7.4.6 Short-Term Channel Migration -- 7.4.7 Long-Term Channel Migration -- 7.4.8 Quaternary Sedimentary Bank Facies -- 7.5 Discussion -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Spatio-Temporal Variation of Morphological Characteristics in Bhagirathi River-Case Study in Murshidabad District, West Bengal (India) -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methods -- 8.3.1 Data Used -- 8.3.2 Digitization of Satellite Data -- 8.3.3 Cross-Sectional Analysis -- 8.3.4 Identification of Morphological Characteristics -- 8.3.5 Hydraulic Sinuosity Index (HSI) -- 8.3.6 Braiding Index (BI) -- 8.3.7 Entrenchment Ratio (ER) -- 8.3.8 Statistical Analysis -- 8.4 Results -- 8.4.1 Morphometric Pattern at Different Time Intervals -- 8.5 Discussion -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Sedimentation and Shifting of Lower Mundeswari and Rupnarayan River, West Bengal, India -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Database and Methodology -- 9.3.1 River Velocity -- 9.3.2 River Discharge -- 9.3.3 Carrying Capacity -- 9.3.5 Bank-Full Index -- 9.3.6 Stream Power -- 9.3.7 Size of Grain and Particles -- 9.3.8 Channel Shifting -- 9.3.9 Sedimentation Analysis -- 9.3.9.1 River Channel Cross Profile -- 9.4 Results. , 9.4.1 Different Kinds of Criteria on River Rupnarayan and Mundeswari -- 9.5 Discussion -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Role of Controlling Factors in the Development of Drainage Around Rajmahal Hills, Jharkhand and West Bengal -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Database and Methodology -- 10.4 Result and Discussion -- 10.4.1 Drainage Characteristics -- 10.4.1.1 Linear Aspects -- Stream Number -- Mean Stream Length -- Stream Length Ratio (RL) -- Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) -- Stream Length-Gradient Index -- The Best-Fit Functions to River Longitudinal Profiles -- Drainage Density (Dd) -- Stream Frequency (Sf) -- Constant of Channel Maintenance (CCM) -- Length of Overland Flow (Lo) -- Drainage Texture -- 10.4.2 Topographic Characteristics -- 10.4.2.1 Relative Relief (Rr) -- 10.4.2.2 Average Slope (as) -- 10.4.2.3 Hypsometric Index (Hi) -- 10.4.3 Geology -- 10.4.4 Vegetation -- 10.4.5 Controls on Drainage -- 10.4.5.1 Topography -- 10.4.5.2 Geology -- 10.4.5.3 Lithology -- 10.4.5.4 Drainage Network and Lineament in Relation to the Structure -- 10.4.6 Climate -- 10.4.7 Vegetation -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Analyzing Morphometric Attributes of Kopai River Basin of West Bengal, India, Using Geospatial Technology -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Materials and Methods -- 11.4 Result and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Quantitative Study of Different Geomorphic Attributes -- 11.4.1.1 Relief Attributes -- Absolute Relief -- Relative Relief -- Average Relief -- Relief Variability Index -- Dissection Index -- 11.4.1.2 Slope Attributes -- Actual and Average Slope -- Slope Variability Index -- Slope Aspect -- 11.4.1.3 Drainage Attributes -- Stream Order -- Stream Number -- Stream Length -- Bifurcation Ratio -- Drainage Density -- Ruggedness Index -- Drainage Texture -- 11.4.1.4 Basin Geometry. , Circulatory Ratio.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part IForest Resources Measurement, Monitoring and Mapping -- 1 Forest Management with Advance Geoscience: Future Prospects -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Geosciences to Improve Forest Assessment -- 1.3 Cloud Computing and Forest Management -- 1.4 Integration of Participatory Approach and Geospatial Technology -- 1.5 Mobile Application in Forest Management -- 1.5.1 Hejje (Pug Mark) -- 1.5.2 Urban Forest Cloud Tree Inventory App -- 1.5.3 Tree Sense -- 1.5.4 Timber Tracker -- 1.5.5 Leafsnap -- 1.5.6 Tree Trails -- 1.5.7 Tree Book -- 1.5.8 Tree Tagger -- 1.6 Near Real Time Monitoring of the Forest-Sensitive Zones -- 1.7 Crowd Sourcing in Forest Management -- 1.8 Crisis Mapping of Forest Cover -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Estimation of Net Primary Productivity: An Introduction to Different Approaches -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Data and Modelling -- 2.2.1 The Carbon Cycle Components -- 2.2.2 In Situ Measurements -- 2.2.3 Satellite Measurements -- 2.2.4 Modelling -- 2.3 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 3 Assessing Forest Health using Geographical Information System Based Analytical Hierarchy Process: Evidences from Southern West Bengal, India -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods and Database -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Database and Methods -- 3.2.3 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.2.4 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) -- 3.2.5 Greenness Index (GI) -- 3.2.6 Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) -- 3.2.7 Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) -- 3.2.8 Shadow Index (SI) -- 3.2.9 Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI) -- 3.3 Result and Discussions -- 3.3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.3.2 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) -- 3.3.3 Greenness Index (GI) -- 3.3.4 Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI). , 3.3.5 Shadow Index (SI) -- 3.3.6 Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI) -- 3.3.7 Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) -- 3.3.8 Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) -- 3.4 Discussion -- 3.4.1 Vegetation Status Identification Through AHP -- 3.5 Conclusion and Policy Implication -- References -- 4 Ecological Determinants of Woody Plant Species Richness in the Indian Himalayan Forest -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Area -- 4.2.2 Biotic Determinants -- 4.2.3 Abiotic Determinants -- 4.2.4 Data Preparation -- 4.2.5 Statistical Analysis -- 4.3 Results -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Multivariate Analysis of Soil-Vegetation Interaction and Species Diversity in a Natural Environment of Rhus coriaria L. (Case Study: Bideskan Habitat, Southern Khorasan, Iran) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Sumac Species -- 5.2.3 Research Methodology -- 5.2.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- 5.2.5 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Vegetation Community -- 5.3.2 Student's t-test of Independent Samples -- 5.3.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- 5.3.4 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) -- 5.4 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- 6 Comparative Assessment of Forest Deterioration through Remotely Sensed Indices-A Case Study in Korba District (Chhattisgarh, India) -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Method -- 6.2.1 Study Area -- 6.2.2 Data Used -- 6.2.3 Vegetation Indices -- 6.2.4 Change Detection Analysis -- 6.2.5 Accuracy Assessment -- 6.2.6 Forest Degradation Mapping and Evaluation -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Forest Cover -- 6.3.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 6.3.3 Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TNDVI) -- 6.3.4 Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). , 6.3.5 Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index2 (MSAVI2) -- 6.3.6 Estimation and Spatial Variation of Forest Degradation -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Comparison of Sentinel-2 Multispectral Imager (MSI) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) for Vegetation Monitoring -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.2.2 Data Acquisition -- 7.2.3 Comparison Method Based on Spatial Resolution -- 7.2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Comparison of Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 Spectral Bands -- 7.3.2 Cross-Comparison of Vegetation Indices in Different Land Cover Types -- 7.3.3 Evaluation of Integral Performance of Vegetation Indices (NDVI and EVI) for Different Land Use Land Cover Types -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Comparative Assessments of Forest Cover Change in Some Districts of West Bengal, India using Geospatial Techniques -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methods -- 8.3.1 Data Used -- 8.3.2 Methodology -- 8.3.3 Accuracy Assessment -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 LULC Feature -- 8.4.2 Vegetation Dynamics -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Assessment of Forest Health using Remote Sensing-A Case Study of Simlipal National Park, Odisha (India) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Materials and Method -- 9.3.1 Data Sources and Pre-processing -- 9.3.2 Estimation of Forest Health -- 9.3.3 Estimation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 9.3.4 Estimation of Soil and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (SARVI) -- 9.3.5 Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio (MCARI) -- 9.3.6 Estimation of Moisture Stress Index (MSI) -- 9.3.7 Accuracy Assessment -- 9.3.8 Weighted Sum Analysis -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 NDVI Analysis -- 9.4.2 SARVI Analysis -- 9.4.3 MCARI Analysis -- 9.4.4 MSI Analysis -- 9.4.5 Accuracy Assessment. , 9.4.6 Weighted Sum Analysis -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part IIModeling, Risk Assessment and Vulnerability -- 10 Forest Health Monitoring using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Techniques -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Study Area -- 10.2.2 Data Source -- 10.2.3 Data Pre-processing -- 10.2.4 Methodology -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 Result of FLAASH Atmospheric Correction -- 10.3.2 Vegetation Indices (Vis) Based Forest Health Mapping -- 10.3.3 Spectral Analysis Based Forest Health Mapping -- 10.3.4 Accuracy Assessment -- 10.3.5 Forest Health Validation -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Estimating Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and Tree Density using Sentinel-1 Data -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methods for Estimating Above Ground Biomass (AGB) -- 11.2.1 Field Measurement Methods -- 11.2.2 Remote Sensing Approaches -- 11.3 Study Area -- 11.4 Materials and Method -- 11.4.1 Data Sources -- 11.4.2 Field Data Collection and AGB Measurement -- 11.4.3 Methodology -- 11.5 Results and Discussion -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Forest Fire Risk Assessment for Effective Geoenvironmental Planning and Management using Geospatial Techniques -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Data Source -- 12.2.2 Study Area -- 12.2.3 Frequency Ratio Model (FR) -- 12.2.4 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) -- 12.2.5 Meteorology -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) -- 12.3.2 Land Surface Temperature (LST) -- 12.3.3 Criteria for Forest Fire Risk Zoning -- 12.3.4 Frequency Ratio Based FFR -- 12.3.5 Analytical Hierarchy Process Based FFR -- 12.3.6 Comparative Analysis Between FR and AHP Models for FFR -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Forest Disturbance Analysis of Selected Blocks of Midnapore Subdivision using Digital Remote Sensing Technique -- 13.1 Introduction. , 13.2 About the Study Area -- 13.3 Materials Used -- 13.4 Methodology -- 13.4.1 Atmospheric Correction -- 13.4.2 Forest Cover Mapping -- 13.4.3 Shadow Index (SI) -- 13.4.4 Bare Soil Index (BI) -- 13.4.5 Modified Difference Vegetation Index (MAVI) -- 13.4.6 Vegetation Density (VD) -- 13.4.7 Scaled Shadow Index (SSI) -- 13.4.8 Identification of Forest Cover Dynamics -- 13.4.9 Forest Fragmentation Analysis -- 13.5 Result and Discussion -- 13.5.1 Forest Cover Dynamicity -- 13.5.2 Status of Forest Regeneration and Degeneration -- 13.5.3 Forest Disturbance Potential Zonation -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Comparison of AHP and Maxent Model for Assessing Habitat Suitability of Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Data Base and Methodology -- 14.3.1 Dactors derived form of Elevation layer -- 14.3.2 Preparation of Other Factors -- 14.3.3 Maxent Species Distribution Model -- 14.3.4 Methodology for Maxent Species Distribution Model -- 14.3.5 Overview of Factors that Affect Habitat of Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) -- 14.3.6 Methodology for AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) -- 14.4 Results -- 14.4.1 Maxent Species Distribution Model Result -- 14.4.2 AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) Result -- 14.5 Discussion -- 14.6 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 15 Assessment of Forest Cover Dynamics using Forest Canopy Density Model in Sali River Basin: A Spill Channel of Damodar River -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.2.1 Study Area -- 15.2.2 Data Source -- 15.2.3 Methods -- 15.3 Results and Discussion -- 15.3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index -- 15.3.2 Bareness Index -- 15.3.3 Greenness Vegetation Index -- 15.3.4 Perpendicular Vegetation Index -- 15.3.5 Shadow Index -- 15.3.6 Forest Canopy Density -- 15.3.7 Validation of Results -- 15.4 Conclusion. , References.

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: River Health and Ecology: Perspective View and Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 2 River Health: Issues and Challenges -- 3 Key Aims of the Book -- 4 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2: Arthropods: An Important Bio-Indicator to Decipher the Health of the Water of South Asian Rivers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Monitoring Pollution Using Bioindicator -- 2.1 Various Characteristics that Make an Organism a Bioindicator -- 2.1.1 How to Select a Bioindicator? -- 2.2 Biomonitoring and Bioindicators -- 2.3 Various Advantages of Biomonitoring -- 2.3.1 Biomonitoring Approaches Based on Hopkin (1993): -- 3 Various Aquatic Organisms used as Bioindicators -- 4 Various Arthropod Species Used as a Bioindicator -- 4.1 Class: Insecta -- 4.2 Class: Crustacea -- 5 Arthropods Used as Bioindicators in South Asian Rivers -- 6 Advantages of Biomonitoring the River Ecosystem -- 6.1 Diversity Indices -- 6.2 Multimeric Approaches -- 6.3 Indices of Biological Integrity -- 6.4 Biotic Indices -- 6.5 Multivariate Approaches -- 6.6 Functional Approaches -- 6.6.1 Functional Feeding Groups (FFGs) -- 6.6.2 Multiple Biological Traits -- 6.7 Early Warning Bioindicators -- 6.8 Bioassays Protocols -- 6.9 Widely Used Methods of Biomonitoring in River -- 6.9.1 Measures of the BMWP Scores -- 6.9.2 BMWP-ASPT (Biological Monitoring Working Party Average Score Per Taxon) -- 6.9.3 Percentage of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (%EPT) -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Anthropogenic Stress on River Health: With Special Reference to Kangsabati River, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Impacts on Riparian Areas -- 3.2 Sand Mining -- 3.3 Agricultural Practices -- 3.4 Construction of Bridge on River. , 3.5 Brick Factory Adjacent to River -- 3.6 Recreational Use -- 3.7 Harmful Fishing -- 3.8 Construction of Dam -- 3.9 Introduction of Exotic Fish and Plant Species -- 3.10 Fisheries Sector/Overfishing -- 3.11 Discharge of Plastic and Domestic Sewage -- 3.12 Cattle Washing -- 3.13 Soaps and Detergents -- 3.14 Mass Bathing and Religious Activities -- 3.15 Pollution Indicator Species -- 4 Conclusions -- 4.1 River Conservation Efforts -- 4.2 Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4: Role of Modern Biotechnology in the Era of River Water Pollution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metagenomics Approach for Detection of Water Pollution -- 3 NGS Platform for Metagenome Sequencing -- 4 Bioinformatics Tools Used for Sequence Analysis -- 5 Biofilms as Aquatic Environment Cleaning Technology -- 6 Removal of Pesticide from Polluted Water through Remediation Technology -- 7 Floating Treatment Wetlands as a Remediation Agent of Contaminated Water -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Assessment of Chitinolytic Bacteria Isolated from Zooplankton of Freshwater Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Plankton Density and Water Physiochemical Property -- 2.3 Isolation and Screening -- 2.4 Colloidal Chitin Agar (CCA) Preparation and Screening of Chitinolytic Bacteria -- 2.5 Biochemical Characterization and Assessment of Enzyme Sensitivity through Vitek2 Compact System -- 2.6 Assay of β-N-Acetyl-Glucosaminidase and Chitinase Activity -- 2.7 16 S rRNA Sequencing and Phylogenetic Tree Construction -- 2.8 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Abiotic and Plankton Density -- 3.2 Microbiological Study -- 3.3 Biochemical Characterizations of the Isolates -- 3.4 Isoenzyme Activity Analysis of the Isolates -- 3.5 β-N-Acetyl-Glucosaminidase and Chitinase Activity -- 3.6 Identification of Isolates and Phylogenetic Tree Analysis. , 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Microplastics in Freshwater Riverine Systems: Brief Profile, Trophic-Level Transfer and Probable Remediation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Major Pollutants Responsible for Degradation of Riverine Health -- 3 Microplastics as an Anthropogenic Pollutant -- 4 Distribution of MPs in Aquatic Ecosystems -- 5 Freshwater Riverine Systems are in Crisis due to MPs Pollution -- 6 Difficulties of South-Asian Rivers: An Overall Scenario of MPs Pollution -- 7 MPs Pollution in the European River Basins -- 8 MPs pollution in the North and South American River Basins -- 9 MPs Pollution in African Riverine Basins -- 10 Plastic Pollution and MPs Interaction with Biota: Status and Risk Assessment -- 11 Probable Remediation -- 12 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7: Assessment of River Health through Water and Biological Characteristics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Meta Diversity Analysis -- 2.3 Analysis of Water Quality Parameters -- 2.4 Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 2.5 Nutrient Pollution Index (NPI) -- 2.6 Qualitative Habitat Index (QHEI) and Assessment of Physical Habitats -- 2.7 Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) -- 2.8 Statistical Analyses -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Assessment of Water Quality -- 3.2 Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 3.3 Chemical Health Evaluation Based on Nutrient Pollution Index (NPI) -- 3.4 Physical Habitat Health Assessment Based on Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) -- 3.5 Macroinvertebrates -- 3.6 Biological River Health Evaluation Based on Biological Integrity Index (IBI) -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Estimating Water Quality of Sundarban Coastal Zone Area Using Landsat Series Satellite Data -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data and Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion. , 3.1 Surface Water Resource -- 3.2 Physico-Chemical Analysis -- 3.2.1 pH -- 3.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) -- 3.2.3 Chlorophyll Concentration -- 3.2.4 Water Salinity Range -- 3.2.5 Turbidity Water -- 3.3 Hydrological Condition -- 3.3.1 Waterbodies -- 3.3.2 Ground Water -- 3.3.3 Freshwater Related Problems in Sundarbans -- 3.3.4 Remediation of Water Issues -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Anthropogenic Impacts on Hydro-Morphodynamic Behavior in the Middle-Lower Course of Subarnarekha River, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Database and Data Processing -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Impacts of Sand Mining and Artificial Structural Measures -- 3.1.1 Changing Hydrodynamic Behavior -- 3.1.2 Morphodynamic Adjustment -- 3.1.3 Ecological Impact -- 3.1.4 Impact on Socioeconomic Status -- 3.2 Loss of Channel Capacity -- 3.3 Recommended Management Strategies -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Perturbation of the Health of the Riverine Ecosystem and its Impact on the Biogeochemical, Ecological, and Molecular Perspectives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Toxicology of Riverine Pollution: Impact on the Microbial Communities, Plants, and Animals -- 2.1 Effect of Organic Compounds on the Health of the Riverine Ecosystem -- 2.1.1 Phenol and Phenolic Compounds -- 2.1.2 Organophosphorus Compounds and their Derivatives -- 2.1.3 Organochlorines and Polychlorinated Derivatives -- 2.1.4 Pyrethroids -- 2.1.5 Herbicides -- 2.2 Effects of Heavy Metals on the Health of the Riverine Ecosystem -- 2.2.1 Cadmium -- 2.2.2 Lead -- 2.2.3 Arsenic -- 2.2.4 Mercury -- 2.2.5 Nickel -- 2.2.6 Barium -- 2.2.7 Chromium -- 3 Impact of Riverine Pollution on the Riverine and Extra-Riverine Ecosystem -- 3.1 Behavioral Abnormalities Caused by Freshwater Pollution -- 3.2 Reproductive Abnormalities Caused by Freshwater Pollution. , 3.3 Effects on Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, and Food Web -- 3.3.1 Bioaccumulation, Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation Factor, and Bioconcentration Factor -- 3.3.2 Bioamplification or Biomagnification and Biomagnification Factor -- 4 Remediation Approaches: Advantages and Drawbacks -- 5 Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 11: Assessment of Habitat Quality in Quarried Reach of Alluvial River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Methods and Database -- 2.3 Assessment of Geomorphic Indicators -- 2.3.1 Estimation of Planform Change -- 2.4 Assessment of Hydroecological Indicators -- 2.4.1 Water Sampling Process and Adopted Methods -- 2.4.2 Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 2.5 Measurement of Microhabitat Patch -- 2.6 Final Rank Score of Assessment Indicators -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Analysis of Geomorphic Indicators -- 3.1.1 Channel Geometry -- 3.1.2 Sedimentary Facies and Textural Attributes -- Sediment Facies at Bank Margin Site -- Sediment Facies at Riparian Site -- Sediment Facies on a River Bed -- 3.1.3 Pool-Riffle Sequence -- 3.1.4 Thalweg Shifting -- 3.1.5 Channel Planform Change -- 3.1.6 Water Flow Regime -- 3.2 Analysis of Ecological Indicators -- 3.2.1 Riverine LULC -- 3.2.2 Microhabitat Patch -- 3.2.3 Water Quality Index -- 3.2.4 Biodiversity Index in Microhabitat Patch -- 3.3 River Habitat Assessment -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Physicochemical and Microbial Indicators for Water Quality Assessment in an Industrial Catchment of River Damodar, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Collection of Samples and Physicochemical Analysis -- 3.2 Pollution Index (PI) for Drinking Water -- 3.3 Microbial Analysis -- 3.3.1 Total Viable Count (TVC) -- 3.3.2 Coliform Count (TC and FC) -- 3.4 Multivariate Analysis -- 4 Results. , 4.1 Hydro-Chemistry of River Water.