Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Part I: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Land Resources -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2 Spatio-Temporal Investigation of Mining Activity and Its Effect on Landscape Dynamics: A Geo-Spatial Study of Beejoliya Tehsil, Rajasthan (India) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Data Used -- 2.2.3 Methodology -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 LULC Change Assessment -- 2.3.2 LULC Gain and Losses and Prediction Modeling -- 2.3.3 NDVI Change Assessment -- 2.3.4 Elevation Profile Change Assessment -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Mapping Areas for Growing Pulses in Rice Fallows Using Multi-Criteria Spatial Decisions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Data and Methodology -- 3.2.3 Potential Areas for Identification of Pulses -- 3.2.4 Identification of Assessment Factors -- 3.2.5 Fuzzy Set Modeling -- 3.2.6 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach -- 3.2.7 Calculation of Suitability Index Using Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) -- 3.2.8 Generating Land Suitability Maps -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessing Desertification Using Long-Term MODIS and Rainfall Data in Himachal Pradesh (India) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Materials and Methods -- 4.3.1 Methodology -- 4.3.2 MODIS NDVI Analysis -- 4.3.3 RUE -- 4.3.4 Residual Image -- 4.3.5 Statistical Significance Test -- 4.3.6 Significance Level -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Relationship between NDVI and Rainfall -- 4.4.2 RUE -- 4.4.3 RUE Trend -- 4.4.4 Residual Trend and Human-Induced Desertification. , 4.4.5 Regression Slope between Residual NDVI and Time (Year) -- 4.4.6 Comparison between RUE and RESTREND -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Scope for Further Research -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Land Use/Land Cover Characteristics of Odisha Coastal Zone: A Retrospective Analysis during the Period between 1990 and 2017 -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Data Used -- 5.4 Methodology -- 5.4.1 Pre-processing of Satellite Image -- 5.4.2 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Map Preparation -- 5.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis -- 5.4.4 Accuracy Assessment -- 5.4.5 Estimation of Resource Degradation -- 5.5 Results -- 5.5.1 Spatio-temporal Distribution of LULC Categories -- 5.5.1.1 Agricultural Fallow Land -- 5.5.1.2 Cultivated Land -- 5.5.1.3 Aquaculture -- 5.5.1.4 Fallow/Open Land -- 5.5.1.5 Beach/Sand Dune (with Vegetation) -- 5.5.1.6 Industrial Built-up Area -- 5.5.1.7 Mudflat -- 5.5.1.8 Mangrove -- 5.5.1.9 Marshy Land -- 5.5.1.10 Open Vegetation -- 5.5.1.11 Rural and Urban Settlement -- 5.5.1.12 Scrub Land -- 5.5.1.13 Water Bodies (Streams/Canals/Ponds/Lakes) -- 5.5.1.14 Ocean -- 5.5.2 Estimation of Land Degradation Characteristics -- 5.6 Discussion -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Evaluating Landscape Dynamics in Jamunia Watershed, Jharkhand (India) Using Earth Observation Datasets -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Study Area -- 6.2.2 Data Processing -- 6.2.3 LULC Classification -- 6.2.4 Landscape Metrics Analysis -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Classification and Accuracy Assessment of LULC Images -- 6.3.2 Fragmentation Analyses -- 6.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Drought Frequency and Soil Erosion Problems in Puruliya District of West Bengal, India: A Geo-Environmental Study -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Role of Open Source Software Packages -- 7.2.1 SAGA -- 7.2.2 QGIS. , 7.2.3 GRASS GIS -- 7.2.4 Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) -- 7.2.5 Others -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.3.1 Study Area -- 7.3.2 Methodology -- 7.3.2.1 Assessment and Monitoring of Vegetative Drought -- 7.3.2.2 Modeling Soil Erosion: -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Severity of Drought -- 7.4.2 Threat of Soil Erosion -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 Effects of Cyclone Fani on the Urban Landscape Characteristics of Puri Town, India: A Geospatial Study Using Free and Open Source Software -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Data Source -- 8.2.3 Image Processing -- 8.2.4 LULC Classification -- 8.2.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based assessment -- 8.2.6 Community Perception-Based Vegetation Appraisal -- 8.2.7 Change Detection Analysis -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover Pattern of Puri Town -- 8.3.2 Pre-Fani Vegetation Scenario -- 8.3.3 Post-Fani Vegetation Scenario -- 8.3.4 Cyclone-Induced Changes in Vegetation Cover -- 8.3.5 Community-Formulated Plantation Guidelines -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring: Advances of Open Source Geospatial Data and Techniques -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Combinatorial Innovation in Sustainable Land Management -- 9.3 Big (Geo) Data -- 9.3.1 Coarse Resolution Satellite Data (> -- 100 m Pixel Size) -- 9.3.2 Medium Resolution Satellite Data (10-99 m Pixel Size) -- 9.3.3 High Resolution Satellite Data (< -- 10 m Pixel Size) -- 9.4 Web Search Engine for Free Access Remote Sensing Data -- 9.4.1 Open Source Vector Data -- 9.5 Open Source Software for Land Resource Mapping and Monitoring -- 9.6 Crowdsource Platform -- 9.7 High-Quality Ground Truth and Land Use Management -- 9.8 Cloud Computing. , 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Introduction to Part II: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Water Resources -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 11 Improving Wetland Mapping Techniques Using the Integration of Image Fusion Techniques and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Materials and Methodology -- 11.3.1 Materials -- 11.3.2 Methods for Image Fusion -- 11.3.3 Methods for Evaluating the Performances of Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.3.4 Artificial Neural Network for Wetlands Mapping -- 11.3.5 Validation of Wetland Maps -- 11.3.6 Comparisons of Wetland Mapping Models -- 11.3.6.1 Kendall Correlation -- 11.3.6.2 Spearman's Correlation -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Analysis of Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.4.2 Evaluation of the Image Fusion Techniques -- 11.4.3 Wetland Mapping Using Artificial Neural Network -- 11.4.4 Validation of the Wetland Modeling Models -- 11.4.5 Comparison of the Association among Wetland Modeling Models -- 11.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 12 Open Source Geospatial Technologies for Generation of Water Resource Development Plan -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area -- 12.3 Data Used -- 12.4 Methodology -- 12.4.1 WRDP Generation Using Open Source Desktop GIS -- 12.4.2 WRDP Generation Using Web-Enabled Open Source GIS -- 12.4.2.1 Creation of Database and Web Services -- 12.4.2.2 Development of Customized Web GIS Application for WRDP Generation -- 12.5 Results and Discussion -- 12.5.1 Desktop Interface -- 12.5.2 Web Interface -- 12.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13 Geo-Spatial Enabled Water Resource Development Plan for Decentralized Planning in India: Myths and Facts -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Water Resource Development Program in India. , 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Extent and Size of Water Resource Development Plans -- 13.2.2 Effect of Scale on Water Resource Development Plan -- 13.2.2.1 Study Area -- 13.2.2.2 Remote Sensing/GIS Data Used -- 13.2.2.3 Remote Sensing / GIS Software Used -- 13.2.2.4 Process Flow for Image Analysis -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Generation of Thematic Map -- 13.3.2 Slope -- 13.3.3 Land Capability -- 13.3.4 Erosion -- 13.3.5 Soil Depth -- 13.3.6 Drainage -- 13.3.7 Land Use/Land Cover -- 13.3.7.1 Land Evaluation and Land Use Plan -- 13.3.8 Water Resource Action Plan Generation -- 13.3.9 Weighted Overlay Techniques -- 13.3.10 Resource Conservation Practices in India -- 13.3.10.1 Water and Soil Conservation Activities in Maharashtra State -- 13.4 Conclusion -- 13.4.1 Effect of Water Resources on the Community -- References -- Chapter 14 Automatic Extraction of Surface Waterbodies of Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh (India) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Methods -- 14.3.1 Spectral Water Indexes -- 14.3.2 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) -- 14.3.3 Modified Difference Water Index (MNDWI) -- 14.3.4 Water Ratio Index (WRI) -- 14.3.5 Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) -- 14.3.6 Accuracy Assessment -- 14.3.7 Correlation Analysis And Evaluation -- 14.4 Results and Discussion -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Valuing Ecosystem Services for the Protection of Coastal Wetlands Using Benefit Transfer Approach: Evidence from Bangladesh -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.2.1 Study Area -- 15.2.2 Methodology -- 15.2.3 Land Use Land Cover Classification -- 15.2.4 Ecosystem Services Value (ESV) Estimation -- 15.2.5 Spatial Analysis of ESV Flow -- 15.2.6 Sensitivity Factor -- 15.3 Results -- 15.3.1 Land Cover Classes in the Study Area -- 15.3.2 Estimation of Total ESV. , 15.3.3 Estimation of Ecosystem Function Value (ESVf).

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Spatial Extent, Formation Process, Reclaimability Classification System and Restoration Strategies of Gully and Rav... -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Spatial Extent of Gully and Ravines in India -- 1.3 Gully and Ravine Formation Process and Hypothesis -- 1.3.1 Gully and Ravine Formation Process -- 1.3.2 Hypothesis of Gully and Ravine Formation -- 1.3.2.1 Climate and Land-Use Theory -- 1.3.2.2 Tectonic Upliftment Theory -- 1.3.2.3 Aggradation and Degradation Theory -- 1.3.2.4 Oceanic Upwelling Theory -- 1.3.2.5 Concave Riverbank Elevation Theory -- 1.3.3 Other Mechanisms of Gully Head Extension -- 1.3.3.1 Tension Cracks -- 1.3.3.2 Tunnelling -- 1.3.3.3 Suffusion/Internal Erosion/Internal Instability -- 1.4 Gully Reclaimability Classification System -- 1.5 Technology for Gully and Ravine Area Restoration -- 1.5.1 Management of Shallow Ravines and Marginal Lands -- 1.5.2 Rehabilitation of Medium and Deep Ravines -- 1.5.2.1 Gully Head Stabilization -- 1.5.2.2 Stabilization of Gully Bed and Side Slopes -- 1.5.2.3 Vegetation Establishment -- 1.5.2.4 Bamboo-Based Production System -- 1.5.3 Performance Evaluation of Ravine Reclamation Works -- 1.6 Road Ahead -- References -- Chapter 2: Soil Disintegration Characteristics on Ephemeral Gully Collapsing in Lateritic Belt of West Bengal, India -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Site Description -- 2.2.2 Soil Sampling -- 2.2.3 Soil Analysis -- 2.2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Soil Moisture Content of the Collapsing Gullies -- 2.3.2 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) and Bulk Density -- 2.3.3 Soil Particle Size Distribution (PSD) -- 2.3.4 Soil Anti-Disintegration Index (Kc). , 2.3.5 Relationship Between the Soil Anti-disintegration (Kc) and Particles Size Distribution (PSD) and SOM -- 2.3.6 Analysis of Soil Disintegration Characteristics of Different Soil Layers of Collapsing Gullies -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Modeling of Gully Erosion Based on Random Forest Using GIS and R -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Material and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Affecting Factors Related to Gully Erosion -- 3.2.3 Methods -- 3.2.3.1 Random Forest -- 3.2.3.2 Validation of Gully Erosion Potential Map -- 3.3 Results -- 3.3.1 Gully Erosion Potential Zone Models (GEPM) -- 3.3.2 Validation of Machine Learning Model -- 3.3.3 Important Effective Factors for GESM -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Geomorphic Threshold and SCS-CN-Based Runoff and Sediment Yield Modelling in the Gullies of Dwarka-Brahmani Interfl... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Area -- 4.2.2 Secondary Data Collection -- 4.2.3 Field Research Design -- 4.2.3.1 Geomorphic Analysis -- 4.2.3.2 Hydrologic Analysis -- 4.2.4 Quantitative Models and Techniques -- 4.2.4.1 Geomorphic Threshold Model -- 4.2.4.2 SCS-CN Method and Sediment Yield Model -- 4.2.4.3 Statistical Test of Model and Model Validation -- 4.3 Results -- 4.3.1 Estimating Geomorphic Threshold of Gully Erosion -- 4.3.2 M-D Envelope and Dominancy of Erosion Processes -- 4.3.3 Catchment-Wise Runoff Yield -- 4.3.4 SCS-CN Model Validation -- 4.3.5 SCS-CN-Based Sediment Yield -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.4.1 Hydraulic and Topographic Threshold -- 4.4.2 Role of Flow Erosivity in Gullies -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Assessing Gully Asymmetry Based on Cross-Sectional Morphology: A Case of Gangani Badland of West Bengal, India -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Database and Methodology -- 5.3.1 Database -- 5.3.2 Methodology. , 5.3.2.1 Areal and Slope Asymmetry Indices -- 5.3.2.2 Form Indices -- 5.3.2.3 Principal Component Analysis -- 5.3.2.4 Residual Analysis -- 5.3.2.5 Particle Size Analysis -- 5.4 Results -- 5.4.1 Linear Perspective on Cross-Sectional Morphology -- 5.4.1.1 Depth Analysis -- 5.4.1.2 Width Analysis -- 5.4.1.3 Width-Depth Ratio -- 5.4.1.4 Shape Index -- 5.4.2 Areal Perspective on Cross-Sectional Morphology -- 5.4.2.1 Cross-Sectional Area -- 5.4.2.2 Areal Asymmetry (A, A1, A2) -- 5.4.2.3 Concavity Index and Erosiveness -- 5.4.3 Slope Asymmetry -- 5.4.4 Identification of Elements Influencing Cross-Sectional Morphology of Gullies -- 5.4.5 Association Among Gully Morphometric Indices -- 5.5 Discussions -- 5.5.1 Identifying Inter- and Intra-Order Variation in Gully Morphology -- 5.5.2 Compositions of Slope Segments, Processes and Gully Asymmetry -- 5.5.3 Modelling Asymmetric Behaviour of Gully -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: The Potential Gully Erosion Risk Mapping of River Dulung Basin, West Bengal, India Using AHP Method -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Study Area -- 6.2.2 Methodology -- 6.2.2.1 Database -- 6.2.2.2 Layer Creation and Digital Analysis -- 6.2.2.3 Portfolio of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) -- 6.3 Results -- 6.3.1 Factor Analysis of Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.1.1 Slope Analysis -- 6.3.1.2 Soil Analysis -- 6.3.1.3 Geological Characteristics and Association with the Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.1.4 Geomorphological Characteristics and Association Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.1.5 Drainage Density and Association Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.1.6 Annual Average Rainfall and Association Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.1.7 Spatial Characteristics of Lineaments and Association Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.1.8 Characteristics of LULC and Its Bearing on Rill and Gully Erosion. , 6.3.2 Pairwise Comparison Matrix of the Biophysical Variables Associated to Rill and Gully Erosion -- 6.3.3 Validation of Map -- 6.4 Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Application of Field-Monitoring Techniques to Determine Soil Loss by Gully Erosion in a Watershed in Deccan, India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Monitoring and Assessment -- 7.3.1 General Sedimentological Properties Assessment -- 7.3.1.1 Results of the Sedimentological Analyses -- 7.3.2 Microprofilometer Technique -- 7.3.2.1 Fabrication of the Microprofilometer -- 7.3.2.2 Results of the Microprofilometer Monitoring -- 7.3.3 Erosion-Pin Technique -- 7.3.3.1 Results of the Microprofilometer Monitoring -- 7.3.4 The Rainfall Simulator Experiment -- 7.3.4.1 Design of the Simulator -- 7.3.4.2 Results of the Rainfall Simulation Experiment -- 7.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Gully Erosion Susceptibility Mapping Based on Bayesian Weight of Evidence -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methods -- 8.3.1 Gully Inventory Mapping -- 8.3.2 Gully Erosion Conditioning Geo-Environmental Factors -- 8.3.3 Weight of Evidence Model (WoE) for Preparing Gully Erosion Map -- 8.3.4 Accuracy Assessment -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Role of Land Use/Land Cover on Gully Occurrence -- 8.4.2 Role of Lithology and Soil Type on Gully Occurrence -- 8.4.3 Role of Slope Degree on Gully Occurrence -- 8.4.4 Role of Wetness Index (WI) on Gully Occurrence -- 8.4.5 Role of Slope Length on Gully Occurrence -- 8.4.6 Role of Stream Power Index (SPI) on Gully Occurrence -- 8.4.7 Gully Susceptibility Map -- 8.4.8 Validation of Gully Erosion Susceptibility Map -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Understanding the Morphology and Development of a Rill-Gully: An Empirical Study of Khoai Badland, West Bengal, Ind. , 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Materials and Methods -- 9.2.1 Study Area -- 9.2.2 Methodology -- 9.2.2.1 Collection of Data -- 9.2.2.2 Gully Morphology and Profile Character -- 9.2.2.3 Curve Number Method (CN) and Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Processes of Gully Formation and Badland Development -- 9.3.2 Morphology and Profile Character of Selected Gullies -- 9.3.3 Estimation of Runoff and Sediment Delivery Ratio -- 9.3.3.1 LULC -- 9.3.3.2 Hydrological Soil Group (HSG) Condition -- 9.3.3.3 Weighted Area Curve Number -- 9.3.3.4 Runoff Estimation -- 9.3.3.5 Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Estimation of Erosion Susceptibility and Sediment Yield in Ephemeral Channel Using RUSLE and SDR Model: Tropical P... -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Methodology and Mapping -- 10.3.1 RUSLE Parameter Estimation -- 10.3.1.1 Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R) -- 10.3.1.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) -- 10.3.1.3 Slope Length and Slope Steepness Factor (LS) -- 10.3.1.4 Cover Management Factor (C) -- 10.3.1.5 Support Practice Factor (P) -- 10.3.2 SDR Parameter Estimation -- 10.3.2.1 Estimation of β Coefficient and Travel Time (ti) -- 10.3.2.2 Land Use and Land Cover (à Coefficient) -- 10.3.2.3 Slope Factor (Si) -- 10.3.2.4 Flow Velocity (Vi) -- 10.3.2.5 Length of Segments (Li) -- 10.3.2.6 Basin-Specific Parameter (β) -- 10.4 Results and Discussions -- 10.4.1 Estimation of PMSE Using RUSLE -- 10.4.1.1 PMSE at Sub-basin Level -- 10.4.1.2 Justification of RUSLE Estimation -- 10.4.2 Delineation of SDR Using SDR Model -- 10.4.2.1 SDR at the Sub-basin Level -- 10.4.2.2 Validation of SDR Estimation -- 10.4.2.2.1 Drainage Area and SDR -- 10.4.2.2.2 Topographical Factors and SDR -- 10.4.3 Delineation of SY Zone -- 10.4.3.1 SY at the Sub-basin Level. , 10.4.3.2 Relationship Between Ephemeral Channel (Gully Erosion) and SY.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Floods of Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in Context -- 1 Backdrop -- 2 The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta: A Geomorphic Unit -- 3 Living with Monsoon Floods -- 4 The Present Volume and Its Focus -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Flood Inundation Modelling in Data-Sparse Flatlands: Challenges and Prospects -- 1 Flood as a Global Natural Hazard -- 2 The Issue of Limited Data in Flood-Prone Regions -- 2.1 Prevailing Mismatch in Scientific Advancement and Global Availability of Suitable Datasets -- 2.2 Applicability of SRTM DEMs for Flood Inundation Modelling -- 2.3 Applicability of Other Low-Cost Sources of DEMs in Inundation Modelling -- 2.4 Creating Accurate River Terrain Model from Sparse Data -- 3 Inundation Modelling at Regional and Reach Scales with Limited Data -- 4 Choice of the Model and the Required Level of Complexity -- 5 Treatment of Uncertainties -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Nature of Flood and Channel Sedimentation in the Torsa River: A Hydro-Geomorphic Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Data Used -- 3.2 Channel Hydrological Components -- 3.2.1 Flood Frequency -- Gumbel´s Method -- Log-Pearson Type III -- Log Normal -- 3.2.2 Flash Flood Magnitude Index (FFMI) -- 3.3 Channel Morphology Parameters -- 3.3.1 Demarcation of Channel Reach -- 3.3.2 Measurements of Channel Bar Width and Channel Bar Area -- 3.3.3 Bed Elevation Change -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Flood Discharge -- 4.2 Nature of Flood -- 4.3 Distribution of Peak Discharge -- 4.4 Simulation of the Flood Discharge -- 4.4.1 Goodness of Fit -- 4.5 Channel Morphology and Hydrological Control -- 4.6 Channel Bed Elevation and Discharge Characteristics -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 4: Flood Risk Assessment of Himalayan Foothill Rivers: A Study of Jaldhaka River, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Used and Methodology -- 3.1 Elevation -- 3.2 Slope -- 3.3 Rainfall -- 3.4 Distance from Rivers -- 3.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.6 Bare Soil Index (BSI) -- 3.7 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Elevation -- 4.2 Slope -- 4.3 Rainfall (Cm) -- 5 Distance from Rivers (Meter) -- 6 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 7 Bare Soil Index (BSI) -- 8 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) -- 9 Flood Susceptibility Mapping -- 9.1 Validation -- 10 Discussion -- 11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Flood Dynamics, River Erosion, and Vulnerability in the Catchment of Dharla and Dudhkumar Rivers in Bangladesh -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Used and Methodology -- 3 Flood Dynamics: Nature and Magnitude -- 4 Causing of Floods -- 4.1 Natural Causes -- 4.2 Anthropogenic Causes -- 5 Impact of Floods -- 5.1 Impact on Hydro-Geomorphology -- 5.2 Impact on River Bank Erosion and Accretion -- 5.3 Impact on Resources, Live, and Livelihood -- 6 Flood Vulnerability -- 7 Management of Floods -- 7.1 Structural Approach -- 7.2 Nonstructural Approach -- 7.3 Coping Strategies, Policy Issues, and Local Level Implementation -- 8 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 6: Assessing Human Control on Planform Modification over Floods: A Study of Lower Mahananda-Balason River System, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Database and Methodology -- 2.1 The Spatiotemporal Framework Selected for This Study -- 2.2 Dataset Procurement and Preprocessing -- 2.3 LULC Classification -- 2.4 Formulation and Measurement of the Indicators -- 2.5 Assessment of the Impact of Flood Discharge on Channel Planform. , 2.6 Estimating the Relationship Between the Anthropogenic Intervention and Planform Properties -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of LULC -- 3.2 Measurement of the Indicators -- 3.3 Impact of Flood on Channel Modification -- 3.4 Relationship Between Human Interventions and Channel Planform -- 4 Discussions -- 4.1 Spatiotemporal Pattern of Anthropogenic Interventions and Planform Modification of MBS -- 4.2 Comparing the Role of Flood and Human Activities on Planform Modification -- 4.3 Possible Future Pattern of Channel Planform and Its Effects -- 5 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 7: Exploring the Flooding Under Damming Condition in Punarbhaba River of India and Bangladesh -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Historical Perspective of Floods in the Punarbhaba River -- 4 Materials and Methods -- 4.1 Materials -- 4.2 Method for Flood Frequency and Magnitude Analysis -- 4.3 Instability of Flow -- 4.4 Methods for Regional Hydrologic Analysis -- 4.5 Method for Simulating Flooding -- 4.6 Method for Wetland Mapping -- 4.7 Method for Wetland Habitat Vulnerability Under Flooding Conditions Considering Damming Effect -- 4.8 Method for Flood Susceptibility Model -- 4.9 Method for Wetland Creation and Restoration Using Nature-Based Solution -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Monitoring Flooding Conditions in the Punarbhaba River -- 5.2 Reconstruction of Flooding Under Damming Scenario -- 5.3 Impact of Flooding Under Dam Condition on Wetland Habitat Vulnerability -- 5.4 Drivers for Flooding -- 5.5 Recommendation for Flood and Floodplain Wetland Management -- 5.5.1 Flood Susceptibility Model -- 5.5.2 Wetland Conservation and Restoration Using Nature-Based Solution -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Morphometric Analysis and Prioritization of Watersheds for Flood Susceptibility Mapping in the Eastern Himalayan Fo. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Location of the Study Area -- 2.2 Flood Perspective of the Study Area -- 3 Data and Methods -- 4 Validation -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Morphometric Parameters -- 5.1.1 Basic Parameters -- 5.1.2 Linear Parameters -- 5.1.3 Shape Parameters -- 5.1.4 Relief Parameters -- 5.2 Flood Prioritization of the Kaljani River Basin -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Application of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Assessing Flood Susceptibility of the Tal-Diara and Bari... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Succinct Outline of the Research Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Data Sources and Preparation of Thematic Layers -- 3.2 Factors that Affect Flood Conditions -- 3.2.1 Elevation (EL) -- 3.2.2 Distance from Major Rivers (DR) -- 3.2.3 Slope (SP) -- 3.2.4 Distance from River Confluence Point (DC) -- 3.2.5 Rainfall (RF) -- 3.2.6 Geomorphology (GM) -- 3.2.7 Soil (SL) -- 3.2.8 LULC -- 3.3 AHP Model for Flood Susceptibility Zones -- 3.4 Weighed Overlay Model (WOM) -- 3.5 Modeling Flood Susceptibility Zone -- 3.6 Validation of the Map of Flood Susceptibility -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Location Factor -- 4.2 Breaching of Embankment -- 4.3 Inability of River Systems Vis-À-Vis Human Impact -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Agrarian and Socio-Infrastructural Vulnerability in the Wake of Flood: An Example from the Mayurakshi River Basin,... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Database and Methodology -- 3.1 Database -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.2.1 Measuring Flood Hazard -- 3.2.2 Measuring Flood Vulnerability -- 3.2.3 Cropping Intensity and Diversification -- 3.2.4 Relative Importance Index -- 3.2.5 Student´s T-Test -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Nature of Flood -- 4.2 Threat to the Agricultural Economy -- 4.3 Impact on House Condition -- 4.4 Impact on Road and Transport. , 4.5 Accessibility to Market -- 4.6 Health Problems -- 4.7 Education and Related Issues -- 4.8 Sociopsychological Problems -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Contemporary and Future Flood Characteristics and Associated Environmental Impact: A Study of Ajay River Basin, In... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical Set-up of the Study Area -- 3 Used Database and Methodology -- 4 Contemporary Flood Characteristics (1950s-2000s) -- 4.1 Trend in Flood Frequency During the Twentieth Century -- 4.2 Spatial Extension of Flood over the Lower ARB -- 4.3 Trend in Flood-Affected Area Since 1956 -- 4.4 Dominant Impact on Agriculture -- 4.5 Effect on the Channel Geomorphology -- 5 Future Scenario of Flood Height and Affected Area (up to 2080) -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12: Nature of Floods in the Khari River Basin, Eastern India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Database and Methodology -- 4 Result and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Flood Risk Assessment and Numerical Modelling of Flood Simulation in the Damodar River Basin, Eastern India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical Settings of Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Data Collection -- 4 Methods -- 4.1 Basics of 1D-Hydrodyanmic Model -- 4.2 Steps in Flood Inundation Model of HEC-RAS -- 4.3 Risk and Flood Frequency Analysis -- 4.4 Other Hydrological Estimates -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Analysis of Flood Climate -- 5.2 Impact of Dam on Hydrological Variability -- 5.3 Flood Frequency and Hydrological Risk -- 5.4 1D Flood Simulation of Unsteady and Steady Flow -- 6 Discussion -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: An Account of the Flood History in the Ghatal Region of West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Locational Setting and Causes of Flood in the Ghatal Region -- 3 Disrupted Rivers and Embankments. , 4 Documenting the Near-Annual Flood Phenomenon in Ghatal.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Executive Summary -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Fundamentals of Geostatistics for Assessing Spatial Variation of Groundwater Resources -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Random Field Model -- 2.1 Random Variables -- 3 The Normal Distribution -- 4 Probability Distribution Versus Frequency Distribution -- 5 Covariance and Correlation -- 6 Random Fields -- 7 Statistical Measure of Spatial Variation: The Variogram -- 7.1 The Variogram -- 7.2 Relationship Between the Variogram, Covariance Function and Correlogram -- 8 Kriging -- 8.1 Ordinary Kriging Equations -- 8.2 Cross-Validation -- 8.3 Kriging Extensions -- 9 Sampling Design Optimization -- 10 Spatial Stochastic Simulation -- 10.1 Spatial Stochastic Simulation Versus Kriging -- 11 Conclusion -- References -- Recent Trends in GIS and Geostatistical Approaches to Analyze Groundwater Resource in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical Information System -- 3 Geostatistics -- 3.1 Kriging -- 4 Applications of Kriging in Groundwater -- 4.1 Mapping of Groundwater Depth -- 4.2 Mapping Groundwater Quality -- 4.3 Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zone -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Concept of Artificial Intelligence and Its Applications in Groundwater Spatial Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications -- 3 Models -- 3.1 Fuzzy Logic -- 3.2 Sugeno Fuzzy Logic -- 3.3 Neurofuzzy (NF) -- 3.4 Gradient-Based Groundwater Model -- 3.5 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) -- 3.6 Support Vector Machine (SVM) -- 3.7 Wavelet Transform -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Multi-criteria Decision-Making Approach Using Remote Sensing and GIS for Assessment of Groundwater Resources -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Generation of Thematic Maps -- 3.2 MCDA Based Weight Assignment Modeling -- 4 Results and Discussion. , 4.1 Weightage Overlay Analysis -- 4.2 Evaluation of Physical Factors Controlling Groundwater Occurrence -- 4.3 Delineating the Groundwater Potential Zone -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Groundwater Using Conventional Graphical, Geospatial and Multivariate Statistical Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Hydrochemical Facies -- 4.2 Assessment of Water Quality for Drinking -- 4.3 Assessment of Water Quality for Irrigation -- 4.4 Statistical Analyses -- 4.5 Bivariate Plots -- 4.6 Indices of Base Exchange -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Efficacy of Geospatial Technologies for Groundwater Prospect Zonation in Lower Western Ghats Area of Maharashtra, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Slope -- 4.2 Geomorphology -- 4.3 Geology -- 4.4 Land Use and Land Cover -- 4.5 Drainage Density -- 4.6 Runoff -- 4.7 Soil -- 4.8 Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) -- 4.9 Multi Influencing Factor -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Identifying Suitable Sites for Rainwater Harvesting Structures Using Runoff Model (SCS-CN), Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Upper Kangsabati Watershed, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Source -- 2.3 Data Processing -- 2.4 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling (SCS-CN) -- 2.5 Weighted Overlay Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) -- 3.2 Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG) -- 3.3 Curve Number (CN) -- 3.4 Rainfall -- 3.5 Slope -- 3.6 Lineaments Density -- 3.7 Drainage -- 3.8 Geomorphology -- 3.9 Weathering Profile -- 3.10 Estimation of Rainfall-Runoff -- 3.11 Weighted Overlay Analysis and Sites for RWH Structures -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , Identification of Groundwater Potential Areas Using Geospatial Technologies: A Case Study of Kolkata, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Data and Methods -- 4 Results and Analysis -- 5 Discussion and Recommendation -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Geospatial Assessment of Groundwater Potential Zone in Chennai Region, Tamil Nadu, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Methodology Framework -- 2.3 Data Used -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Geology -- 3.2 Geomorphology -- 3.3 Soil Texture -- 3.4 Land Use/Land Cover -- 3.5 Slope -- 3.6 Elevation -- 3.7 Rainfall -- 3.8 Drainage Density (DD) -- 3.9 Lineament Density (LD) -- 3.10 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.11 Weightage Calculation -- 3.12 Demarcation of Groundwater Potential Zone -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Multi-influencing Factors (MIF) Technique: A Geospatial Study on Purba Bardhaman District of India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Used -- 2.3 Multi-influencing Factors (MIF) for Weightage -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 3.1 Influencing Factors of Groundwater Potentiality -- 3.2 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones -- 3.3 Validation of the Groundwater Potential Zones -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Delineating the Status of Groundwater in a Plateau Fringe Region Using Multi-influencing Factor (MIF) and GIS: A Study of Bankura District, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Used and Methodology -- 3.1 Preparation of Thematic Map -- 3.2 Assigning of Weights and Ranks -- 3.3 Weighted Overlay Method -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Input Parameters for MIF -- 4.2 Groundwater Potential Zones -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment of Chaka River Basin, Purulia, India Using GIS-Based DRASTIC Model -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Depth to Water Level -- 4.2 Net Recharge -- 4.3 Aquifer Media -- 4.4 Soil Media -- 4.5 Topography -- 4.6 Impact of Vadose Zone -- 4.7 Hydraulic Conductivity -- 4.8 Aquifer Vulnerability Zone -- 4.9 Validation -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Water Level Behaviour to Investigate the Hydrological Conditions of Bokaro District, Jharkhand, India Using GIS Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Rainfall and Climate -- 2.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.3 Geomorphology and Soil -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Graphical Analysis of WLF Under Different Factors -- 4.2 Comparative Analysis of WLF Using GIS Technique -- 4.3 Comparative Statistical Analysis -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Investigation of Lineaments for Identification of Deeper Aquifer Zones in Hard Rock Terrain: A Case Study of WRWB-2 Watershed from Nagpur District, Central India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Geomorphological Set-Up -- 4.2 Lineaments -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendation -- References -- Assessing Contamination of Groundwater with Fluoride and Human Health Impact -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Method -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Spatial Variation of Fluoride Contaminated Groundwater -- 3.2 Block-Wise Distribution of Fluoride Level -- 3.3 Gram Panchayat Wise Distribution of Fluoride Contamination -- 3.4 Factors of Fluoride Contamination in Ground Water and Onset of Fluorosis -- 3.5 Impact on Human Health -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Primary Concept of Arsenic Toxicity: An Overview -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Routes of Exposure for Arsenic -- 3 Metal Toxicities in Human and Experimental Animal -- 4 Some Specific Aspects of Arsenic Toxicities -- 4.1 Genotoxicities -- 4.2 Immunological Toxicities -- 4.3 Carcinogenicity -- 4.4 Endocrine Effects -- 4.5 Neurogenic Effects -- 4.6 Gastrointestinal Effects -- 4.7 Musculoskeletal Effects -- 4.8 Cardiovascular Effects -- 4.9 Dermal Effects -- 4.10 Metabolic Effects -- 4.11 Hematologic Effects of Arsenic -- 5 Effects on Plants -- 6 Arsenic Mitigation and Management -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Evaluation of Ground Water Quality by Use of Water Quality Index in the Vicinity of the Rajaji National Park Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Material -- 2.1 Research Area -- 2.2 Collection of Groundwater Samples and Anlysis -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 3.1 pH -- 3.2 DO -- 3.3 BOD -- 3.4 TS, TDS and TSS -- 3.5 Total Alkalinity and Total Hardness -- 3.6 Acidity -- 3.7 Potassium -- 3.8 WQI Interpretation -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Groundwater Resource Pollution in Kangsabati River Basin, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiographic and Climatology of Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 pH -- 4.2 Ionic Chemistry -- 4.3 Total Dissolved Solids -- 4.4 Total Hardness -- 4.5 Chloride -- 4.6 Sulphate, Calcium and Magnesium Ion -- 4.7 Irrigation Related to Water Quality -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Effect of Conventional Sand Mining Along Heavy Mineral Beach Placers and Its Environmental Impact -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Thermal Imagery Principles -- 3.2 Thermal Imagery of the Study Area -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussions -- 6 Conclusion -- References. , Evaluation of Shallow Ground Water Quality: A Case Study for a Coal Mining Environment (East Bokaro Coalfield) of Damodar Valley, India.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anthropogeomorphology and Geospatial Technology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Interaction Between Geomorphology and Human -- 1.3 Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Geomorphological Application -- 1.4 Anthropogenic Landform and Intervention of Geospatial Technology -- 1.4.1 Mining, Quarrying and Geomorphological Change and Application of Geospatial Technology -- 1.4.2 Riverine Geomorphology and Human Intervention and Application of Geospatial Technology -- 1.4.3 Coastal Geomorphology and Human Intervention and Application of Geospatial Technology -- 1.4.4 Human Intervention in Mountainous Region and Application of Geospatial Technology -- 1.4.5 Soil, Gully Erosion and Application of Geospatial Solution -- 1.4.6 Urban Geomorphology and Application of Geospatial Solution -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Braiding and Planform Pattern of Ganga -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Planform Pattern of the River -- Sinuosity Ratio (SR) -- Planform Index -- 2.2 Study Area and Data -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: SWAT-Based Analysis of Ganga Water Availability at Farakka -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 3.2.2 Land Use and Land Cover -- 3.2.3 Soil Data -- 3.2.4 Meteorological Data -- 3.2.5 Model Setup -- 3.2.6 Surface Runoff Estimation -- 3.2.7 Calibration and Validation -- 3.2.8 Model Performance Evaluation -- 3.3 Result and Discussion -- 3.3.1 SWAT Model Performance -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Bank Erosion and Sediment Deposition in Teesta River: A Spatiotemporal Analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methodology and Data Sources -- 4.3 Results and Discussion. , 4.3.1 The Process of Erosion and Deposition -- 4.3.2 Spatiotemporal Analysis of Bank Erosion and Sediment Deposition -- 4.3.3 Erosion and Deposition in Nilphamari District -- 4.3.4 Erosion and Deposition in Rangpur District -- 4.3.5 Erosion and Deposition in Lalmonirhat District -- 4.3.6 Erosion and Deposition in Kurigram District -- 4.3.7 Erosion and Deposition in Gaibandha District -- 4.3.8 Comparison of Erosion and Deposition Among the Study Districts -- 4.4 Recommendations -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Flood Management: A Case Study of the Jiadhal River Basin of Dhemaji District... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Materials and Methodology -- 5.3.1 Land Use/Land Cover -- 5.3.2 Altitudinal Zones -- 5.3.3 Slope -- 5.3.4 Flow Accumulation -- 5.3.5 Drainage Network -- 5.3.6 Drainage Proximity -- 5.3.7 Geomorphological Units -- 5.4 Results -- 5.4.1 Flood Hazard Zones -- 5.4.2 Flood Management -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Geomorphic History and Analysis of Deterioration of Quaternary Red Sands of Visakhapatnam, East Coast of India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.3 Background of the Study Area -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Human Intervention and Spatio-temporal Changes -- 6.6 Remedial Measures -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Recent Disturbances in the Geomorphic Processes Due to Human Interventions Along the West Coast of India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Study Area -- 7.1.2 Oceanographic Condition in the Vicinity -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Mapping Coastal Geomorphology -- 7.2.2 Shoreline Analysis -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Coastal Geomorphology and Nearshore Landforms -- 7.3.2 Shoreline Analysis and Coastal Modification -- 7.3.3 Coastal Features and Coastal Stability -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 8: River Dynamics of the Ganga and Its Tributaries in the Siwalik-Tarai Region of Haridwar District, Uttarakhand, India -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Area and Location -- 8.2.2 Geological Characteristics of the Study Area -- 8.2.3 Tectonic Setup of the Area -- 8.2.4 Geomorphological Characteristics of the Area -- The Ganga Megafan Surface -- River Valley Terrace Surface (T1) -- Piedmont Fan Surface (PF) -- Active Flood Plain Surface (T0) -- 8.3 Result and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Analysis of Channel Characteristics -- Altitudinal Variation and River Dynamics -- 8.3.2 Aggrading Characteristics of the Ganga and Its tributaries -- Impacts of Sedimentation on Channel Bars -- Channel Forms in the Cross-Section of Ganga River -- Channel Abandonment and Development of Stable Mid-Channel Bar in Ganga River -- 8.3.3 Shifting and Avulsion Nature of River Channels -- Different Sites of Avulsion -- Change Detection Study on Shifting and Avulsion of Ganga and Other Rivers -- 8.3.4 Observation of Flood-Induced Channel Avulsion -- Variability of Water Discharge and Flooding Nature of the Rivers -- Impact of the 2013 Flood on Channel Geomorphology -- 8.3.5 Anthropogenic Impacts on Ganga River Channel -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Tidal Mechanism and the Changing Fluvio-Geomorphological Environment of the Interfluves in Indian Indian Sundarbans... -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Objectives -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.4 Background of the Study Area -- 9.4.1 Locational Significance of Sundarbans in India -- Climate -- Temperature -- Rainfall -- Relative Humidity -- Wind Direction and Wind Velocity -- 9.5 Relief -- 9.6 Natural Calamities -- 9.7 Tidal Bores -- 9.8 Impact of Tides on the Fluvio-Geomorphological Environment in Indian Sundarbans -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 10: Appraisal of the Variation of TSS and Turbidity on Fish Production in Mahanadi Delta Region Post Fani and Phailin ... -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Data Source and Methodology -- 10.3.1 Retrieval Method of Total Suspended Solid Concentration -- 10.3.2 Retrieval Method of Turbidity -- 10.4 Results and Discussions -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Impact of Sand Mining on the Physical Health of the River and the Livelihood of the People: A Case Study of Umtyng... -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 River Health -- 11.2 Statement of the Problem -- 11.3 Objectives -- 11.4 Study Area -- 11.5 Materials and Methods -- 11.6 Results and Discussion -- 11.6.1 Types and Methods of Sand Mining -- 11.6.2 Quantity of Sand Extraction -- 11.6.3 Quantity of Sand Extracted in Two Mining Sites of the Area -- 11.7 Impact on River Health -- 11.8 Effects of Sand Mining on Livelihoods -- 11.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Assessment of Water Quality and Landscape Dynamics in Some Selected Pit Lakes of Andal Block, Paschim Bardhaman, W... -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Description of the Study Area -- 12.2.2 Analysis of Physico-chemical Parameters -- 12.2.3 WQI Analysis -- 12.2.4 Method for Analysing the Evolution of Pit Lake -- 12.2.5 Scheme for Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover -- 12.3 Result and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Genesis and Evolution of Pit Lake -- 12.3.2 Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Utility of Low-Cost Geospatial Tools for Monitoring of Water Resources for Their Conservation and Optimum Manageme... -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Modeling and Monitoring Soil Erosion by Water Using Remote Sensing Satellite Data and GIS -- 14.1 Introduction. , 14.1.1 Soil Erosion Factors and Processes -- 14.1.2 Factors Affecting Water Erosion -- 14.1.3 Soil Erosion Types -- 14.2 Remote Sensing -- 14.3 GIS Analysis -- 14.4 Soil Erosion Models -- 14.4.1 Empirical Models -- 14.4.2 Conceptual Models -- 14.4.3 Physical Process-Based Models -- 14.4.4 Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) -- 14.4.5 Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) -- 14.4.6 Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) -- 14.4.7 Revised Morgan, Morgan & -- Finney (MMF) Model -- 14.4.8 Soil & -- Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) -- 14.4.9 Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model -- 14.4.10 GeoWEPP -- 14.4.11 Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) -- 14.4.12 Agricultural Non-Point Source (AGNPS) -- 14.5 Satellite Remote Sensing in Soil Erosion Assessment -- 14.5.1 Land Use/Land Cover -- 14.5.2 Topographic Information -- 14.5.3 Soil Information -- 14.5.4 Rainfall Information -- 14.6 Monitoring Soil Erosion with Remote Sensing -- 14.7 Case Study -- 14.7.1 Soil Erosion Risk Assessment in a Watershed Using the RUSLE Model -- 14.8 Simulating Climate Change Impact on Soil Erosion Using SWAT -- 14.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Soil Erosion Assessment Using RUSLE Model in the Randigad Catchment in Northern India -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.3 Materials and Methods -- 15.3.1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 15.3.2 Rainfall Data -- 15.3.3 LISS IV Data -- 15.3.4 Soil Data -- 15.4 Methodology -- 15.4.1 Calculation of RUSLE Factor -- Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R) -- Soil Erodibilty Factor (K) -- 15.4.2 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS) -- Crop Management Factor, C -- Conservation Practices, P -- 15.5 Result and Discussion -- 15.5.1 Prioritisation of Micro-Watersheds -- 15.5.2 Assessment of Soil Erosion Risk with LULC -- 15.6 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 16: Role of Geospatial Techniques in Soil Erosion Modelling in South Koel Basin, Jharkhand, India.