Note: Front Cover -- Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects -- Dedication -- Planning and Evaluationof Irrigation Projects Methods and Implementation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 - INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 IRRIGATION: DEFINITION, FUNCTIONS, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES -- 1.2 IRRIGATION PLANNING -- 1.3 NEED OF EVALUATION: BENCHMARKING AND WATER AUDITING -- 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK -- 2 - IRRIGATION PROJECT PLANNING -- 2.1 PLANNING STAGES -- 2.1.1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION -- 2.1.2 PROJECT PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS -- 2.1.3 PROJECT APPRAISAL -- 2.1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION -- 2.1.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION -- 2.2 INVESTIGATION PHASES AND DATA COLLECTION -- 2.2.1 DATA COLLECTION -- 2.3 SCOPE OF WORK FOR PLANNING OR PREFEASIBILITY REPORT STAGE -- 2.4 SCOPE OF WORK FOR DETAILED INVESTIGATION OR DETAILED PROJECT REPORT STAGE -- 2.4.1 ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.4.2 DELIVERABLES AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO BE INCORPORATED IN DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES -- 2.5.1 SOIL -- 2.5.2 CLIMATE -- 2.5.3 TOPOGRAPHY -- 2.5.4 WATER SOURCE -- 2.5.5 WATER QUANTITY -- 2.5.6 WATER QUALITY -- 2.5.7 CROP(S) TO BE CULTIVATED -- 2.5.8 ENERGY -- 2.5.9 LABOR -- 2.5.10 CAPITAL -- 2.5.11 ECONOMIC FACTOR -- 2.5.12 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.13 NATIONAL POLICY AND PRIORITY -- 2.5.14 SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.15 INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE -- REFERENCES -- 3 - BASIC HYDRAULIC COMPUTATIONS -- 3.1 BASIC TERMINOLOGY -- 3.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW -- 3.2 CONSERVATION LAWS -- 3.2.1 LAW OF MASS CONSERVATION OR CONTINUITY EQUATION -- 3.2.2 LAW OF MOMENTUM CONSERVATION -- 3.2.2.1 Specific Force -- 3.2.3 LAW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION -- 3.2.3.1 Steady-State Flow Equation -- 3.2.3.2 Specific Energy Equation -- 3.2.3.3 Application of Specific Energy. , 3.2.3.3.1 Channel Transition -- 3.3 HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1 ELEMENTS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1.1 Chaurasia (2003) -- 3.3.1.2 Swamee and Rathie (2004) -- 3.4 COMPUTATION OF CRITICAL DEPTH -- 3.5 UNIFORM FLOW COMPUTATION -- 3.5.1 COMPUTATION OF NORMAL DEPTH -- 3.5.1.1 Explicit Method of Computing the Normal Depth -- 3.6 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.2 COMPUTATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW OR WATER LEVEL PROFILE -- 3.6.2.1 Direct Integration Method -- 3.6.2.2 Direct Step Method -- 3.6.2.3 Standard Step Method -- 3.6.2.4 Predictor-Corrector Method -- 3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 4 - HYDROLOGIC COMPUTATIONS -- 4.1 ANALYSES OF RAINFALL DATA -- 4.1.1 OPTIMUM NUMBER OF RAIN GAUGES -- 4.1.1.1 Coefficient of Variation Technique -- 4.1.2 ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE RAINFALL -- 4.1.3 ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL TRENDS FOR CLIMATIC VARIATION: THE MANN-KENDALL TEST -- 4.2 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE -- 4.2.1 COMPONENTS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY -- 4.3 HYDROLOGIC EQUATION AND WATER BALANCE -- 4.3.1 PERIOD OF WATER-BALANCE EXERCISE -- 4.3.2 PURPOSE OF WATER BALANCE -- 4.4 ESTIMATION OF RESERVOIR INFLOW USING OBSERVED DATA -- 4.4.1 DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT OR RESERVOIR YIELD -- 4.5 ESTIMATE OF CATCHMENT YIELD USING RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING -- 4.5.1 STRANGE TABLE -- 4.5.2 SIMPLE WATER-BALANCE MODEL -- 4.5.2.1 Components of SWMB -- 4.5.2.1.1 Upper Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.2 Lower Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.3 Subsurface Runoff -- 4.5.2.1.4 Surface Runoff -- 4.5.2.2 Runoff Routing -- 4.5.3 MODIFIED SCS-CN MODEL -- 4.5.3.1 Rainfall-Excess Computation -- 4.5.3.2 Soil Moisture Budgeting -- 4.5.3.3 Computation of Evapotranspiration -- 4.5.3.4 Catchment Routing -- 4.5.3.5 Baseflow Computation -- 4.6 INFLOW ESTIMATION IN MULTI-RESERVOIR CASE. , 4.6.1 RESERVOIR ROUTING: STORAGE-INDICATION METHOD -- 4.6.2 CHANNEL ROUTING -- 4.6.2.1 The Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.1.1 Parameter Estimation of the Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.2 The Muskingum-Cunge Method -- 4.6.2.3 Modified Muskingum-Cunge Method (Ponce and Yevjevich, 1978) -- 4.7 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION FOR FIXING THE SPILLWAY CAPACITY -- 4.7.1 UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.1.1 Assumptions of the Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.2 Derivation of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.3 Unit Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.4 Limitations of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.5 Computation of Floods From UH Using Convolution -- 4.7.1.6 Changing the Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.6.1 Principle of Superposition -- 4.7.1.6.2 S-Hydrograph Method -- 4.7.2 SYNTHETIC HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.2.1 Snyder's Method -- 4.7.2.2 SCS Synthetic UH Method -- 4.7.2.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method of CWC -- 4.7.3 CONCEPTUAL MODELS -- 4.7.3.1 The Clark-Based IUH Model -- 4.7.3.1.1 Parameters of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.1.1 Time of Concentration, tc -- 4.7.3.1.1.2 Time-Area (TA) Diagram -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.1 TA Diagram Using the DEM -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.2 Synthetic TA and TAC Curve -- 4.7.3.1.1.3 Storage Coefficient, K -- 4.7.3.1.2 Governing Equation of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.2.1 Derivation of Routing Equation -- 4.7.4 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION USING FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS -- 4.7.4.1 Components of Frequency Analysis -- 4.8 RESERVOIR SIZING -- 4.8.1 STORAGE ZONES IN A RESERVOIR -- 4.8.2 AREA-ELEVATION AND CAPACITY-ELEVATION CURVES -- 4.8.3 DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITY -- 4.8.3.1 Flow-Mass Curve Analysis -- 4.8.3.2 Sequent Peak Algorithm -- 4.8.3.2.1 Graphical Procedure -- 4.8.3.2.2 Analytical Procedure -- 4.8.4 RESERVOIR OPERATION -- 4.8.4.1 Standard Operating Policy -- 4.8.5 RESERVOIR RULE CURVE -- 4.9 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION -- 4.9.1 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND EXTENSION OF MEASURED DATA. , 4.9.1.1 Extension of Sediment Data -- 4.9.1.2 Estimating Sediment Yield -- 4.9.2 TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RESERVOIR -- 4.9.2.1 Brune (1953) Method -- 4.9.2.2 USDA-SCS (1983) Method -- 4.9.2.3 Churchill (1948) Method -- 4.9.3 SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN RESERVOIR -- 4.9.3.1 Empirical Methods for Evaluating Sediment Distribution -- 4.9.3.1.1 Area-Increment Method -- 4.9.3.1.2 Empirical Area-Reduction Method -- 4.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 5 - ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.1 ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION -- 5.2 ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.2.1 FAO-56 AND ASCE-EWRI METHOD -- 5.2.2 HARGREAVES METHOD -- 5.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - ESTIMATING IRRIGATION DESIGN PARAMETERS -- 6.1 ESTIMATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.1.1 CROP GROWTH STAGE -- 6.1.2 CROP COEFFICIENTS -- 6.1.3 PRINCIPAL CROPS AND THEIR WATER REQUIREMENT AND CRITICAL STAGES -- 6.2 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.2.1 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND SOAKING, WRLS -- 6.2.2 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND PREPARATION, WRLP -- 6.2.3 WATER REQUIRED FOR LEACHING, WRL -- 6.2.4 GROSS IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT, GIWR -- 6.3 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.3.1 WATER CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY (EC) -- 6.3.2 WATER APPLICATION EFFICIENCY (EA) -- 6.3.3 SCHEME IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.4 IRRIGATION COMMAND AREA -- 6.4.1 IRRIGATION INTENSITY -- 6.4.2 PEAK IRRIGATION DEMAND -- 6.4.3 WATER ALLOWANCE -- 6.4.4 DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.4.4.1 Duty, D -- 6.4.4.2 Delta, Δ -- 6.4.4.3 Base Period, B -- 6.4.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.5 DETERMINATION OF IRRIGATED COMMAND AREA, PROJECT DUTY, DUTY AT OUTLET HEAD AND CANAL HEAD, WATER ALLOWANCE, AND CANAL CAPACITY -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 7 - DESIGN OF IRRIGATION CANALS -- 7.1 TYPICAL CANAL GEOMETRY -- 7.2 DESIGN OF LINED CANALS. , 7.2.1 DESIGN OF THE MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION -- 7.3 DESIGN OF STABLE UNLINED CANALS USING THE REGIME THEORY -- 7.4 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING TRACTIVE FORCE APPROACH -- 7.4.1 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING KENNEDY'S THEORY -- 7.5 DETERMINING L-SECTION OF THE CANAL -- 7.6 DEVELOPMENT OF DRAW-OFF STATEMENT FOR THE CANAL -- 7.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 8 - DESIGN OF CANAL OUTLETS AND THEIR CALIBRATION -- 8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLETS -- 8.2 PERFORMANCE OF MODULE OR OUTLET -- 8.2.1 FLEXIBILITY -- 8.2.2 PROPORTIONALITY AND SETTING -- 8.2.3 SENSITIVITY -- 8.3 DESIGN OF OUTLETS: DISCHARGE THROUGH OUTLETS -- 8.3.1 NONMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2 SEMIMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2.1 Pipe Outlet Discharging Freely Into the Water Course -- 8.3.2.2 Open Flume Outlet -- 8.3.2.3 Adjustable Orifice Semimodules -- 8.4 CALIBRATION OF OUTLET -- 8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 9 - CANAL ARCHITECTURE -- 9.1 CANAL CLASSIFICATION -- 9.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OF THE CANAL -- 9.1.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ALIGNMENT -- 9.1.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO NATURE OF SOURCE AND SUPPLY -- 9.1.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DISCHARGE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE -- 9.2 COMMAND AREA SURVEY -- 9.2.1 SURVEY MAPS FOR INITIAL PLANNING -- 9.2.2 SURVEY MAPS FOR DETAILED PLANNING -- 9.3 CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.3.1 IMPORTANT POINTS FOR CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.4 MARKING AND FINALIZATION OF AREA PROPOSED TO BE IRRIGATED BY EACH CHANNEL -- 9.5 DESIGN OF CANAL -- 9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 10 - IRRIGATION METHODS -- 10.1 METHODS OF IRRIGATION -- 10.1.1 BASIN IRRIGATION -- 10.1.2 FURROW IRRIGATION -- 10.1.3 BORDER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.4 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.5 DRIP IRRIGATION -- 10.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF IRRIGATION METHOD -- 10.3 LAYOUT OF BASIN IRRIGATION. , 10.4 LAYOUT FOR FURROW IRRIGATION.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is Deep Learning? -- 1.2 Pros and Cons of Deep Learning -- 1.3 Recent Applications of Deep Learning in Hydrometeorological and Environmental Studies -- 1.4 Organization of Chapters -- 1.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mathematical Background -- 2.1 Linear Regression Model -- 2.1.1 Simple Linear Regression -- 2.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression -- 2.2 Time Series Model -- 2.2.1 Autoregressive Model (AR) -- 2.3 Probability Distributions -- 2.3.1 Normal Distributions -- 2.3.2 Gamma Distribution -- 2.4 Exercises -- References -- 3 Data Preprocessing -- 3.1 Normalization -- 3.2 Data Splitting for Training and Testing -- 3.3 Exercises -- 4 Neural Network -- 4.1 Terminology in Neural Network -- 4.1.1 Components of Neural Network -- 4.1.2 Activation Functions -- 4.1.3 Error and Loss Function -- 4.1.4 Softmax and One-Hot Encoding -- 4.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 4.2.1 Simplest Network -- 4.2.2 Feedforward and Backward Propagation -- 4.2.3 Network with Multiple Input and Output Variables -- 4.2.4 Python Coding of the Simple Network -- 4.3 Exercises -- 5 Training a Neural Network -- 5.1 Initialization -- 5.2 Gradient Descent -- 5.3 Backpropagation -- 5.3.1 Simple Network -- 5.3.2 Full Neural Network -- 5.3.3 Python Coding of Network -- 5.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 6 Updating Weights -- 6.1 Momentum -- 6.2 Adagrad -- 6.3 RMSprop -- 6.4 Adam -- 6.5 Nadam -- 6.6 Python Coding of Updating Weights -- 6.7 Exercises -- References -- 7 Improving Model Performance -- 7.1 Batching and Minibatch -- 7.2 Validation -- 7.2.1 Python Coding of K-Fold Cross-Validation -- 7.3 Regularization -- 7.3.1 L-Norm Regularization -- 7.3.2 Dropout -- 7.3.3 Python Coding of Regularization -- 7.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 8 Advanced Neural Network Algorithms -- 8.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). , 8.1.1 Basic ELM -- 8.1.2 Generalized ELM -- 8.1.3 Python Coding -- 8.2 Autoencoder -- 8.2.1 Vanilla Autoencoder -- 8.2.2 Regularized Autoencoder -- 8.2.3 Python Coding of Regularized AE -- 8.3 Exercises -- Reference -- 9 Deep Learning for Time Series -- 9.1 Recurrent Neural Network -- 9.1.1 Backpropagation -- 9.1.2 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) -- 9.2.1 Basics of LSTM -- 9.2.2 Example of LSTM -- 9.2.3 Backpropagation of a Simple LSTM -- 9.2.4 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.3 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) -- 9.3.1 Basics of GRU -- 9.3.2 Example of GRU -- 9.3.3 Backpropagation of a Simple GRU Model -- 9.4 Exercises -- References -- 10 Deep Learning for Spatial Datasets -- 10.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) -- 10.1.1 Definition of Convolution -- 10.1.2 Elements of CNN -- 10.2 Backpropagation of CNN -- 10.3 Exercises -- 11 Tensorflow and Keras Programming for Deep Learning -- 11.1 Basic Keras Modeling -- 11.2 Temporal Deep Learning (LSTM and GRU) -- 11.3 Spatial Deep Learning (CNN) -- 11.4 Exercises -- References -- 12 Hydrometeorological Applications of Deep Learning -- 12.1 Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.1 Mathematical Description for Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.2 Colorado Monthly Streamflow -- 12.1.3 Results of Colorado River -- 12.1.4 Python Coding -- 12.1.5 Matlab Coding -- 12.2 Forecasting Daily Temperature with LSTM -- 12.2.1 Preparing the Data -- 12.2.2 Methodology -- 12.2.3 Results -- 12.2.4 Python Coding -- 12.3 Exercises -- References -- 13 Environmental Applications of Deep Learning -- 13.1 Remote Sensing of Water Quality Using CNN -- 13.1.1 Introduction -- 13.1.2 Study Area and Monitoring -- 13.1.3 Field Data Collection -- 13.1.4 Point-Centered Regression CNN (PRCNN) -- 13.1.5 Results and Discussion -- 13.1.6 Conclusion -- 13.1.7 Python Coding -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Water Resource Planning Management -- 1 Hydrological Planning of Watershed of RGSC, Mirzapur, UP, Using GIS Techniques -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) Method -- 5 Data Used -- 5.1 Satellite Data -- 5.2 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 6 Results -- 6.1 Gabion Weirs -- 6.2 Check Dams -- 6.3 Farm Pond -- 6.4 Bund -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Hydrological Simulation of a Large Catchment Using the Variable Infiltration Capacity Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Case Study Area and Database -- 4 Establishing the VIC Model for the Tekra Catchment -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Rainfall Assessment Through Space and Time from 1999 to 2014 in Salem District, South India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Mean Annual Rainfall -- 4.2 Seasonal Rainfall -- 4.2.1 Winter Season -- 4.2.2 Summer Season -- 4.2.3 Southwest Monsoon (SW) -- 4.2.4 Northeast Monsoon (NE) -- 4.2.5 Precipitation Ratio (PR) -- 4.2.6 Winter Season Precipitation Ratio -- 4.2.7 Summer Season Precipitation Ratio -- 4.2.8 Southwest (SW) Monsoon Precipitation Ratio -- 4.2.9 Northeast (NE) Monsoon Precipitation Ratio -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Assessing Stormwater Harvesting Potential in Dehradun City Using Geospatial Technology -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 General -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Geography of the Area -- 2.2 Drainage -- 2.3 Climate and Rainfall -- 2.4 Soil Types -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Spatial Data Collection -- 3.1.1 Land-Use Map -- 3.1.2 Soil Depth and Soil Texture -- 3.1.3 Runoff Coefficient -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , 5 Derivation of Geomorphology-based IUH Using GIS-supported GIUH Model for the Barak River Basin -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Database and Drainage Network Development -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Computation of Horton's Ratios -- 2.2 Derivation of IUH Using GIUH Model -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Geomorphic Resources Characterization -- 3.2 Derivation of IUH from Geomorphic Resources Characterization -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Flow Analysis in a Meandering River Using HEC-RAS Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Study Area -- 2 Methodology and Model Application -- 2.1 Methodology -- 2.2 Model Application -- 2.3 Performance Evaluation Criteria -- 3 Results and Conclusion -- 3.1 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Study of Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport in Gulf of Khambhat, Western Coast India-A Numerical Approach -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Field Data Analysis -- 2.2 Model Description -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Model Studies Conducted -- 3.2 Simulation of Flow Field for Non-monsoon -- 3.3 Simulation of Flow Field for Monsoon -- 3.4 Sedimentation Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- 4.1 Recommendation for Further Research -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Assessment of Sedimentation in Barak River Reach Using HEC-RAS -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Overview of HEC-RAS Model -- 2 Methodology and Model Application -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Hydraulic Calibration of Model -- 3.2 Selection of Sediment Transport Function -- 3.3 Prediction of Invert Changes -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Neuro Fuzzy Application in Capacity Prediction and Forecasting Model for Ukai Reservoir -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Literature Review -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Data Collection -- 3 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) -- 3.1 Methodology -- 4 Results and Analysis -- 5 Calibration. , 6 Validation -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Use of Mathematical Techniques for Determining the Reliability of Springs -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Time-Lag -- 3 Rainfall Versus Spring Yield -- 4 Discharge Rate Prediction of Spring -- 5 Spring Yield -- 6 Optimization of the Size of Water Storage Structure -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Impact of Rainwater on Bituminous Road Surfacing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mechanism of Stripping -- 2.1 Detachment -- 2.2 Displacement -- 2.3 Spontaneous Emulsification -- 2.4 Pore Pressure -- 2.5 Hydraulic Scouring -- 3 Experimental Details -- 4 Test Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Stripping of Aggregate Due to Extended Contact Time -- 4.2 Stripping Value of Aggregate Under Acidic/Alkaline Water Condition -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Application of Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) for the Assessment of the Surface Water Quality in the Upper Ganga River Basin, India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Data Collection -- 3.2 Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Climate Change & -- Global Warming -- 13 Transport of Contaminants During Groundwater Surface water Interaction -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Contaminant Transport During GW-SW Interaction -- 2.1 Factors Affecting the Direction of Hydrologic Exchange Between GW and SW -- 2.2 Contaminant Characteristics -- 2.3 Transport Mechanisms -- 2.3.1 Advection -- 2.3.2 Diffusion -- 2.3.3 Hydrodynamic Dispersion -- 2.3.4 Adsorption -- 2.4 Reactions -- 3 Numerical Methods for Contaminant Transport Modelling -- 3.1 Modelling Approach -- 3.2 Solution Methods for Numerical Model -- 3.2.1 Finite Difference Method (FDM) -- 3.2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM) -- 3.2.3 Meshfree Method (MM). , 3.3 Contaminant Transport Models -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Spatiotemporal Variations in the Precipitation Deficit and Groundwater Recharge Deficit of Mula-Mutha Watershed, Maharashtra, India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Data Used -- 3.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 3.3 Standardized Water-Level Index (SWI) -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Patterns of Rainfall in the Study Area -- 5.2 Variations in the Precipitation Deficit -- 5.3 Variations in the Groundwater Recharge Deficit -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Drawdown Minimization by EMPSO in a Heterogenous Aquifer System -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Governing Equations -- 2.2 Finite Element Formulation -- 2.3 Particle Swarm Optimization -- 2.4 Elitist-Mutated PSO Formulation -- 3 Simulation-Optimization Model Formulation -- 3.1 Minimization of Drawdown for 10 Proposed Wells at Given Location -- 4 Tuning of PSO Parameters -- 5 Elitist-Mutated PSO Formulation -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Downscaling Precipitation in Hemavathy River Basin by Three Different Approaches -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Downscaling Using LARS Weather Generator -- 3.2 Linear Scaling -- 3.3 Quantile Mapping -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Model Calibration -- 4.2 Downscaling -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Quality of Rooftop Harvested Rainwater Stored in Polyethylene Terephthalate Container -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Area of Study -- 3 Locations for Sample Collection -- 4 Methodology and Data Presentation -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Comparison of Turbulent Hydrodynamics with and without Emergent and Sparse Vegetation Patch in Free Surface Flow -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Experimental Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Time-Averaged Velocity of Flow -- 3.2 Normal Stresses -- 3.3 Reynolds Shear Stresses -- 3.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Spectrum -- 3.5 Secondary Current -- 3.6 Strength of Vortex -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 19 Evaluation of Pan Evaporation Model Developed Using ANN -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 3 Artificial Neural Networks -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Input Selection -- 4.2 Model Formulation -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 20 Estimation of Pan Evaporation and Actual Evapotranspiration Using GIS and Remote Sensing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Area Description -- 3 Data Collection -- 4 Research Method -- 4.1 Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration -- 4.2 Estimation of Evaporation from Water Bodies -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Image Classification -- 5.2 Estimating Evapotranspiration for Vegetation from the NDVI and Kc Model -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 21 Assessment of Reference Evapotranspiration in the Context of Climate Change for Central India (Madhya Pradesh) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methodology -- 3.1 Mann-Kendall (MK) Test -- 3.2 Sen's Slope Estimation Test -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 22 Runoff Curve Number for 36 Small Agricultural Plots at Two Different Climatic Conditions in India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Site Description -- 2.2 SCS-CN Method -- 2.3 Estimation of CN from Observed P-Q Data -- 2.4 Goodness of Fit -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Curve Number Estimation -- 3.2 Effect of Land Use, Soil Type and Plot Slope on Runoff Coefficient (Rc) and Curve Number (CN) -- 3.3 Performance Evaluation -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 23 Comparison of Various Functional Forms for Wheat Crop Yield in Kanpur Nagar (Uttar Pradesh).

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I Hydrological Monitoring -- 1 Wireless Sensor Networks for Hydrological Monitoring, Helpful Tools for Accurate Models -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methods -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Automatic Extraction of Surface Water Bodies from High-Resolution Multispectral Remote Sensing Imagery Using GIS and Deep Learning Techniques in Dubai -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Input Data -- 2.2.3 Training Data of the Deep Learning Model -- 2.2.4 Load Model Architecture -- 2.2.5 Train the Model Through Learning Rate Tuning and Transfer Learning -- 2.2.6 Test Time Augmentation -- 2.2.7 Accuracy Assessment -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Confidence Threshold and Accuracy of Water Bodies Dataset -- 2.3.2 Confusion Matrix -- 2.3.3 False Positives -- 2.3.4 Cartography Enhancement -- 2.3.5 Validate the Extracted Water Body Layer Against Reference Layers -- 2.3.6 Water Bodies Layer Dissemination -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Rainfall and Floods -- 3 Multiple Non-linear Reservoirs to Model Water Balance Components in Sandy Soils -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods -- 3.2.1 Assumption of Gravity-Driven Infiltration (GD) -- 3.2.2 One Non-linear Reservoir -- 3.2.3 Multiple Non-linear Reservoirs -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Water Content Profiles for Constant Rainfall Intensity -- 3.3.2 Mass Water Balance -- 3.3.3 Effect of Number of Reservoirs -- 3.3.4 Comparison Between the GD Solution and the Richards Equation -- 3.3.5 Water Content Profiles for Variable Rainfall Intensity -- 3.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 4 Flood Mapping and Assessment During Typhoon Ulysses (Vamco) in Cagayan, Philippines Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Images -- 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Study Area and Methodology -- 4.2.1 Description of Study Area -- 4.2.2 Satellite Data -- 4.2.3 Flooded Area Determination -- 4.2.4 Standing Crops Analysis -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Quantification of Flooded Area -- 4.3.2 Affected Rice Area Analysis -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Trends in Annual Maximum Flood Data in New South Wales Australia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods -- 5.2.1 Selection of AMF Data for Trend Analysis -- 5.2.2 Trend Analysis -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 The Impact of Flash Floods on the Extreme Functioning of Undeveloped Basins: Case of the Srou Catchment (March 2010 Flood) (Oum Er-Rbia Basin, Morocco) -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Presentation Du Domaine D'etude -- 6.3 Climatic and Hydrological Framework -- 6.3.1 Development of Rainfall Characteristics -- 6.3.2 Monthly Flow Coefficient of Wadi Srou (1975-2016) -- 6.4 Material and Methodology -- 6.4.1 Extraction of Floods from Instantaneous References -- 6.5 Results and Discussion -- 6.5.1 Extraction of Floods Form Instantaneous References of the Srou Catchment (1975-2015) -- 6.5.2 Instantaneous Flood Recorded in 2010 -- 6.5.3 2010 Spring Flood Analysis -- 6.5.4 Flood Survey 2010 in Chacha Namalleh and Aval Lahri Station in m3/s -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Analysis of Non-stationary Return Levels Using Extreme Daily Rainfall for Surat City, India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area and Data Collection -- 7.2.2 Methodology -- 7.3 Result and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Trend Analysis -- 7.3.2 Detection of Non-stationarity in the Time Series -- 7.3.3 The Selection of Best Non-stationary Model -- 7.3.4 Model Diagnosis of the Selected GEV Models -- 7.4 Stationary and Non-stationary Return Levels -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Droughts. , 8 Analysis of Hydrological Drought in the Eastern Part of Slovakia Using Standardized Precipitation Index -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Material and Methods -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.4 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Low Flow in the Oued El Abid Basin (Morocco): Better Understand It to Better Manage It (Oum Errbia Basin-Morocco) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 The Appearance of Low Water Levels in the Oued El Abid Basin -- 9.3.2 Analysis of the Variability of CNds in the Watershed of Oued El Abid Upstream of the Bin El Ouidane Dam -- 9.3.3 Frequency Analysis of CNds in the Oued El Abid Watershed -- 9.3.4 Usefulness of VCNds for Managers -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part IV Groundwater -- 10 Development of Long Short-Term Memory Model for Prediction of Water Table Depth in United Arab Emirates -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methodology -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Assessment and Management of Seawater Intrusion in Gaza Aquifer Due to Over Pumping and Sea Level Rise -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area and Boundary Conditions -- 11.2.2 Numerical Model -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 Current Situation of SWI in Gaza Aquifer -- 11.3.2 Numerical Model Verification -- 11.3.3 Seawater Intrusion in Wadi Gaza in Response to Over Pumping and Sea Level Rise -- 11.3.4 Management of SWI in Wadi Gaza -- 11.4 Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Analysis of a Joint Impact of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Interventions on Groundwater Depletion in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Aim -- 12.2 Aim -- 12.2.1 Methods -- 12.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Characteristics of Climate Parameters -- 12.3.2 Climate Condition. , 12.3.3 Results Related to Groundwater -- 12.3.4 Regulatory Framework -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Modeling and Prediction of Groundwater Level Fluctuations Using Geoinformatics and Artificial Neural Networks in Al Ain City, UAE -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methodology -- 13.2.1 Data Processing -- 13.2.2 Artificial Neural Networks -- 13.2.3 Mapping and Visualization -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Factors Influencing the Site Selection Criteria for Efficient Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) System in Saline Regions -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Methods -- 14.3 Results and Discussion -- 14.3.1 Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity and Hydraulic Gradient -- 14.3.2 Aquifer Thickness -- 14.3.3 Longitudinal and Transverse Dispersivity -- 14.3.4 Density Difference -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Estimation of Groundwater Resources According to Watershed and Groundwater Divide -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methods -- 15.2.1 Selected MASCH -- 15.2.2 Fundamentals RENATA Code -- 15.3 Results and Discussion -- 15.3.1 RENATA Code Application -- 15.3.2 Recharge Distribution According to the Watershed and the Groundwater Divides -- 15.4 Conclusions -- References -- 16 CFD Analysis of a Microchannel Heat Exchanger Based 3-D Printed Solar Receiver -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Mathematical Modelling -- 16.3 Results and Discussion -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Mapping Groundwater Potential Zones in UAE Using GIS-Based Hydrogeological Modeling -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Hydrogeological Setting -- 17.3 Materials and Methods -- 17.4 Results and Discussion -- 17.5 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Trihalomethane Species Development in Drinking Water -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Methods -- 18.2.1 Sources of Water Samples -- 18.2.2 Experimental Procedure -- 18.2.3 Analytical Methods -- 18.3 Results and Discussion. , 18.4 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Climate Change Impact on Water Resources and Rainwater Harvesting Systems in the Semi-arid Regions of India -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Methods -- 19.3 Results and Discussion -- 19.3.1 Rainwater Harvesting -- 19.3.2 Rooftop and Storm Water Harvesting in Urban Area -- 19.3.3 Sustainable Environmental Technology to Harvest Rainwater in Rural Area -- 19.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part V Water Quality -- 20 Soil Erosion Prioritization of Yarmouk River Basin, Jordan Using Multiple Approaches in a GIS Environment -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Study Area -- 20.3 Data and Methods -- 20.3.1 Morphometric Analysis -- 20.3.2 Prioritization by Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) -- 20.4 Results and Discussion -- 20.4.1 Prioritization Based on Morphometric Analysis -- 20.4.2 Prioritization Based on Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) -- 20.5 Conclusions -- Appendix 1: Methodology Adopted for Computation of Morphometric Parameters -- Appendix 2: Morphometric Parameters of YRB -- Appendix 3: The Morphometric Parameters of Sub-watersheds in YRB -- References -- 21 Effects of Leachate from Osisioma Open Dumpsite in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria on Surrounding Borehole Water Quality -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.1.1 Description of the Study Area -- 21.2 Methods -- 21.2.1 Sample and Sampling Techniques -- 21.2.2 Groundwater and Leachate Sample Collection and Analysis -- 21.2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 21.3 Results and Discussion -- 21.3.1 Physiochemical and Microbiological Parameters Concentration with Distance from the Dumpsite -- 21.3.2 Concentration Variation in Physiochemical Parameters of Sampled Boreholes and Leachate -- 21.3.3 Concentration Variation in Chemical (Heavy Metals) Variables in Sampled Boreholes and Leachate -- 21.3.4 Concentration Variation in Microbiological Variables in Sampled Boreholes and Leachate. , 21.3.5 Relationship Between Sampled Borehole Water and W.H.O. Water Quality Standard.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Reduction of GHGs in Buildings-Indian Affordable Houses -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Analysis -- 5 Results -- 6 Discussions and Future Work -- References -- Modern Techniques for Earthquake Resistant Buildings: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Studies and Discussion -- 2.1 Fluid Viscous Dampers -- 2.2 Base Isolators -- 2.3 Elastomeric Polymer Bearings -- 2.4 Dampers -- 2.5 Self-righting and Aluminum Shear Links -- 2.6 Composite Materials -- 2.7 Moment Resisting Connections -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Review of Modern Techniques and Automation in the Construction Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Studies and Discussion -- 2.1 Conventional Methods Used in Construction -- 2.2 Modern Construction Methods -- 3 Automation in Construction Sector -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- COVID 19 and Urban Development -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Analysis of Future Urban Areas -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 5 Future Work -- References -- A Case Study on Flyover in Urban Context -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives and Methodology -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Planning for Pedestrian-Friendly Cities -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Problem Statement and Study Objectives -- 1.2 Research Objectives and Expected Goal -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Most Advanced Pedestrian-Friendly Cities in Different Continents -- 2.2 Based on Terrain -- 2.3 Based on Regions -- 2.4 Based Upon Psychological Factors -- 3 Data Collection and Analysis -- 4 Proposed Suggestions -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Spatiotemporal Variation in Surface Velocity of Glaciers, Namely, Mount Kolahoi in the Lidder Basin Between 2016 and 2019 Using Landsat 8 Imagery -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Dataset -- 4 Methodology. , 5 Glacier Velocity Estimation -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 3D Reconstruction of Heritage Site Using Terrestrial LiDAR Scanner (Tls): A Case Study of a Section of Gulistan-E-Iram, Lucknow -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principal of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) -- 3 Components of Terrestrial LiDAR Scanner (TLS) -- 4 Architecture Inspection -- 5 Study Area -- 6 Methodology -- 7 Result of the Study -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Efficient Bus Transport System, Case Study of Dehradun -- 1 Background -- 2 Literature Study -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Pre-fieldwork -- 3.2 Fieldwork -- 3.3 Post-fieldwork -- 4 Road Characteristics -- 4.1 Road Network -- 4.2 Vehicular Growth -- 5 Current Posture of Public Transport -- 5.1 Condition of Public Transport in Dehradun -- 5.2 Existing Bus Transport Network -- 5.3 Existing Vikram Routes -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendation -- References -- Snow Cover Mapping Over the Region of Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) for 2008-2018 Using Cloud Mitigated Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Snow Cover Data -- 1 Introduction and Background -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Datasets Used -- 3.1 MODIS Snow Cover Data Products -- 3.2 Landsat Data Products -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results -- 6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Methods for Vehicle Detection Using Roadside Sensors in Complex Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Studies and Discussion -- 2.1 Importance of Vehicle Count in Traffic Engineering -- 2.2 Intrusive and Non-intrusive Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Model-Based Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Biological Nutrient Removal Processes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 WWTP -- 2.2 Mathematical Model -- 2.3 Activated Sludge Model-1 -- 2.4 Activated Sludge Model -2 -- 2.5 Activated Sludge Model-3 -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Qualitative and Comparative Assessment of Pharmaceutical Industry Effluents in Selaqui Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Studies on Characterization of Pharmaceutical Industry Effluents -- 2.2 Past Studies in Pharma City, Selaqui -- 2.3 Study Area -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 PH -- 3.2 Conductivity -- 3.3 COD -- 3.4 BOD -- 4 Compliance Check with CPCB Standards -- 5 Comparative Study -- 5.1 Effluent Comparison -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- FPGA Implementation of Area-Efficient Binary Counter Using Xilinx IP Cores -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Proposed Work -- 4 Comparison of Proposed and Existing Work -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Impact of Non-standardized Trucks on Vehicle Fill Rate (VFR) and Cost in Indian FMCG Sector: A Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Research Methodology -- 3.1 Case Description -- 3.2 Case Selection -- 3.3 Data Gathering -- 3.4 Data Analysis -- 4 Variability and Impact Analysis (In Terms of Vfr and Cost) -- 4.1 CASE 1: Study of Minimum Variation in Vehicle Dimension for a Similar Type of Truck and Its Effect on Vehicle Fill Rate (VFR) and Variable Distribution Cost Vehicle Direct Cost (VDC) -- 4.2 CASE 2: Study of Minimum Variation Loading Capacity for a Similar Type of Truck and Its Effect on Variable Distribution Cost  (VDC) -- 4.3 Discussion -- 5 Impact of Variabilty of Truck Size and Truck Carrying Capacity on Decision-Making -- 6 Real-Life Implication -- 7 Limitation and Scope of Further Research -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- A Characteristic Study on the Factors Influencing Dust Explosion in Different Industrial Sectors -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Conducted to Understand the Dust Movement -- 3 Combustible Property of Textile Dust -- 3.1 Case Study 1 -- 3.2 Case Study 2 -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Piezoelectric Materials for Sustainable Energy and Fitness Monitoring of Civil Structures -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Technology Development -- 1.2 Piezoelectric Ceramics -- 1.3 Piezoelectric Constant -- 2 Experiment -- 2.1 Electromechanical Properties -- 2.2 Fabrication Technique -- 2.3 Building Fitness Monitoring -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Study on Effectiveness of Parkinsonia Aculeate for Water Treatment: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Turbid Water Purification Using Parkinsonia Seeds [9] -- 3 Water Purification Using Purified Proteins [10] -- 4 Test for the Purification on Large Scale [13] -- 5 Comparison of Coagulating Properties of Crude Seed Extracts and Eluted Proteins [12] -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Floating Green Buildings and Towns -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Floating Cities and Residential Plots Overview -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Discussion and Future Scope of Work -- References -- Integrating Vastu Shastra for Green and Energy Efficient Building Under Byelaws -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analysis of Development Control and Promotion Regulations for Regional Plans in Maharashtra -- 3 Identification of Deficiencies and Gap Analysis -- 3.1 Part 2-General Planning and Building Requirements -- 3.2 Part 3-General Guidelines for Residential Land-Use -- 3.3 Part3-General Guidelines for Commercial Complexes -- 3.4 Part 4-Guidelines for the Construction of Spiritual Places -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Efficient Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of Dehradun City -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Collection and Processing -- 3.1 Existing Situation Analysis -- 4 Result and Conclusion -- 5 Recommendation -- References -- A Study on Alternative Strategies for Public Transportation in Dehradun City -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Research Objectives -- 1.2 Methodology -- 2 Literature Review. , 3 Data Collection and Analysis -- 3.1 Boarding and Alighting Data Collected on Field -- 4 Results and Discussion-Alternate Strategies -- 4.1 Bus Transportation Completely Operated By Government -- 4.2 Both Transit and Paratransit Help the City to Turn Out Into a Smart City -- 4.3 Both Bus Transit and Paratransit Serve the City of Dehradun Simultaneously Under the Government Supervision -- 4.4 Privatisation -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Sustainability Assessment Need for Construction Phase in Construction Project -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Construction  Site & -- Pollution -- 3 Construction Site Sustainability -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Suitable Urban Land Development Model for Uttarakhand -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Land Acquisition -- 2.2 Land Pooling -- 2.3 Town Planning Schemes (TPS) -- 2.4 Transferable Development Rights (TDR) -- 2.5 Accommodation and Reservation Principle -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Assessment of Urban Land Development Mechanism in Different States of India -- 4.1 Maharashtra -- 4.2 Gujarat -- 4.3 Delhi -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- 6 Recommended Framework -- 6.1 Land Pooling -- 6.2 TPS Mechanism -- 6.3 Transferrable Development Rights and Accommodation Reservation -- References -- Evacuation Methods During Fire in High-Rise Buildings: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Limitations -- 5 Outline -- 6 Behavioral Problems Regarding the Building Using -- 6.1 Office Building -- 6.2 Residential Building -- 6.3 Health Care Building -- 6.4 Egress Components -- 6.5 Stairs -- 6.6 Elevators -- 6.7 Sky Bridges -- 6.8 Refugee Floor -- 6.9 Egress Methods -- 7 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Integrated Water Resources Management of Thatipudi Command Area, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 Study Area -- 1.2.2 Data Collection -- 1.3 Analysis -- 1.3.1 Reservoir Storage Capacity -- 1.3.2 Irrigation Purpose -- 1.3.3 Water Supply -- 1.3.4 Preparation of GIS Maps -- 1.4 Results -- 1.4.1 Irrigation in Kharif Season -- 1.4.2 Irrigation in Rabi Season -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Hydrological Modelling to Study the Impacts of Climate and LULC Change at Basin Scale: A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Models -- 2.3 Hydrological Modelling in LULC and Climate Change Impact Studies -- 2.3.1 Impacts of LULCC on Hydrology -- 2.3.2 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology -- 2.3.3 Combined Effects of Climate Change and LULC Change -- 2.4 Model Comparison Studies -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Water Resource Management for Coal-Based Thermal Power Plant -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Water Resource Management in Thermal Power Plants -- 3.2.1 Cooling Water System Water Requirements -- 3.2.2 Ash Handling System Water Requirements -- 3.2.3 Coal Handling System Water Requirements -- 3.2.4 Demineralized Water System Water Requirements -- 3.3 Water Balance for 2 × 660 MW Coal-Based Power Plant -- 3.4 Analysis of New Environment Norms and Its Impacts -- 3.5 Adoption of Dry Cooling System (Air Cooled Condenser) -- 3.6 Additional Water Conservation Techniques Used in TPP -- 3.6.1 Adoption of 100% Utilization of Fly Ash in Dry Mode -- 3.6.2 Increasing Cycle of Concentration for Circulating Cooling Water System -- 3.6.3 Installation of Ash Water Recovery System from Ash Dyke -- 3.6.4 Recycling of CW Blowdown to Other Systems -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Evaluation of Reservoir Sedimentation Using Satellite Data-A Case Study. , 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Description of Study Area -- 4.3 Data and Software Used -- 4.4 Methodology -- 4.5 Results and Discussion -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Regionalisation of Watersheds Using Fuzzy C Means Clustering Algorithm in the West Flowing River of Kerala -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area and Data -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm -- 5.3.2 Validity Index -- 5.3.3 L Moments Heterogeneity H Test -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Parameter Selection for Feature Vector -- 5.4.2 Fuzzy C Means Clusters -- 5.4.3 Validity Index -- 5.4.4 L Moments H Test -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Analysis of Relationship Between Landslides and Rainfall in Karwar, Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.2.1 Geology and Geomorphology -- 6.2.2 Climate and Rainfall -- 6.3 Materials and Methodology -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Optimal Cropping Pattern of Kulsi River Basin, Assam, India Using Simulation and Linear Programming Model -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Study Area -- 7.3 Methods and Materials -- 7.3.1 Crop Water Requirement -- 7.3.2 The Simulation Model -- 7.3.3 Linear Programming Model -- 7.4 Results and Discussions -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Comparison of Flux Footprint Models to a Mixed Fetch Heterogeneous Cropland System -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area and Data Analysis -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Water Resources Assessment Issues and Application of Isotope Hydrology in North East India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Water Resources Assessment Issues in Northeastern Hilly States -- 9.3 Springshed Development and Challenges -- 9.3.1 In-Situ Spring Water/Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.3.2 Springshed Protection. , 9.3.3 Major Challenges, Conflicts and People Participation in Spring Development and Management Practices in Northeast Himalayas Region -- 9.4 Isotope Hydrology Applications in Water Resource Management -- 9.4.1 Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) and Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) -- 9.4.2 Identify the Springs Origin and Their Recharge Area, Altitude Effect, Mean Residence Time -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Water Hammer Analysis for Pipe Line Network Using HAMMER V8i -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Problem Statement and Procedure of Analysis -- 10.3 Results and Analysis -- 10.3.1 Baseline Scenario: Steady State Conditions -- 10.3.2 Surge Analysis on Baseline Network Without Surge Protection -- 10.3.3 Analysis with Surge Protection Device -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Dam Break Flood Routing and Inundation Mapping Using HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Results and Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Suitability and Performance of Present Irrigation System in Kokernag, Jammu and Kashmir -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Parametric Approach -- 12.2.2 On the Basis of Socio-Economic Background -- 12.2.3 On the Basis of Usage and Availability of Water -- 12.3 Suitability and Performance Indicators -- 12.3.1 Capability Index -- 12.3.2 Relative Water Supply (RWS) -- 12.3.3 Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) -- 12.4 Description of Study Area -- 12.4.1 Location -- 12.4.2 Topography -- 12.4.3 Precipitation Characteristics -- 12.4.4 Irrigation Details -- 12.5 Data Collection -- 12.5.1 Soil Data -- 12.5.2 Water Availability and Water Requirement Data -- 12.6 Results and Discussions -- 12.6.1 Suitability -- 12.6.2 Performance -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References. , 13 Linking of Sediment Yield Pattern with Rainfall and Land-Use Land-Cover Changes Within Burhanpur Sub-catchment, India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Methodology -- 13.4 Analysis of Data, Results and Discussions -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Assessment of Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) Using Hydrologic Model for Probable Maximum Precipitation in Maithon Watershed -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.2.1 Geographical Description of Study Area -- 14.2.2 Physiographic Description of Maithon Dam -- 14.3 Materials and Methodology -- 14.3.1 Delineation of Catchment -- 14.3.2 Preparation of Sub-catchment -- 14.3.3 Rainfall Distribution Maps -- 14.4 Probable Maximum Precipitation -- 14.5 Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) -- 14.5.1 Physiographic Parameter of the Sub-catchments -- 14.5.2 Snyder's Method -- 14.5.3 Design Loss Rate -- 14.5.4 Base Flow -- 14.5.5 Muskingum Parameters -- 14.5.6 HEC-HMS Model -- 14.5.7 Output -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Simulating Failure of Indravati Dam Using Mike 11 and the Propagation of Breached Outflow -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.2.1 Salient Features of Indravati Dam -- 15.3 Dam Breach Parameters -- 15.4 Methodology -- 15.5 Model Setup -- 15.6 Results and Analysis -- 15.6.1 Flood Routing -- 15.6.2 Longitudinal Profile of the Bed -- 15.7 Flood Maps -- 15.8 Emergency Action Plan (EAP) -- 15.9 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Optimization of Water Allocation for Ukai Reservoir Using Elitist TLBO -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Methods and Materials -- 16.2.1 Differential Evolution (DE) -- 16.2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) -- 16.2.3 Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) -- 16.2.4 Elitist Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (ETLBO) -- 16.3 Study Area and Data Collection -- 16.4 Mathematical Models -- 16.4.1 Objective Function -- 16.4.2 Constraints. , 16.5 Results and Discussion -- 16.6 Conclusion -- References -- 17 Prediction of Reservoir Submerged Sediment Density -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Materials and Methods -- 17.2.1 Data -- 17.2.2 ANN Model Design -- 17.3 Results and Discussion -- 17.4 Conclusion -- Annexure 1 -- References -- 18 Micro-hydro Power Generation in India-A Review -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Literature Review -- 18.3 Conclusion -- References -- 19 Runoff Simulation and Irrigation Water Requirement for Barman Command -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Study Area and Data -- 19.2.1 Study Area -- 19.2.2 Data Collection -- 19.3 Methodology -- 19.3.1 Net Irrigation Water Requirement -- 19.3.2 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling -- 19.3.3 Probability Analysis -- 19.3.4 Performance Evaluation of Model -- 19.4 Results and Analysis -- 19.4.1 AWBM Calibration and Validation Charts -- 19.4.2 SIMHYD Model -- 19.4.3 Accuracy of Models -- 19.4.4 Effective Rainfall -- 19.4.5 Probability Analysis of Yearly Rainfall -- 19.4.6 Probability Analysis of Monthly Rainfall -- 19.4.7 Irrigation Water Requirement -- 19.5 Conclusions -- Referencess -- 20 Nonlinear Regression Analysis Between Discharge and Head for Piano Key Weirs with Increasing Developed Length (L/W) Ratio and Constant Channel Width -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Literature Review -- 20.3 Methodology -- 20.3.1 Nonlinear Regression Analysis -- 20.4 Results and Discussion -- 20.5 Conclusion -- References -- 21 Grey Water Characterization and Its Management -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Characterization of Grey Water -- 21.3 Treatment of Grey Water -- 21.3.1 Laundry Sample -- 21.3.2 Bathing Sample -- 21.3.3 Washbasin Sample -- 21.4 Conclusion -- References -- 22 Intelligent Operation of Hirakud Reservoir Using Metaheuristic Techniques (PSO and TLBO) -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Study Area and Data Details -- 22.3 Methodology. , 22.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Application of Plastics in Postharvest Management of Crops -- 1.1 Postharvest Management of Crops -- 1.2 Field Handling of Crops -- 1.3 Removal of Field Heat -- 1.4 Field Curing of Root, Tuber, and Bulb Crops -- 1.5 Grading and Sorting -- 1.6 Conveying -- 1.7 Packaging of Fresh and Processed Crops -- 1.7.1 Classification of Packaging Systems -- 1.7.2 Plastic Bags -- 1.7.3 Shrink Wrap -- 1.7.4 Rigid Plastic Packages -- 1.7.5 Biodegradable Films -- 1.7.6 Modified Atmospheric Packaging -- 1.8 Storage -- 1.9 Transportation of Crops -- 1.10 Drying of Crops -- 1.10.1 Open Sun Drying -- 1.10.2 Polyhouse Drying -- 1.10.3 Refractive Window Drying -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Potassium-Solubilizing Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Potassium in Soil -- 2.2.1 Potassium Fixation in Soil -- 2.3 K-Solubilizing Microorganism -- 2.4 Mechanism of Potassium Solubilization -- 2.5 Potential Role of Potassic Biofertilizer -- 2.6 Effect of KSMs on Plant Growth and Yield -- 2.7 Future Prospects -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Weed Control for Conservation Agriculture in Climate Change Scenario -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Prospects of CA -- 3.3 Weed Management -- 3.3.1 Preventive Measures -- 3.3.2 Cultural Practices -- 3.3.3 Crop Residues -- 3.3.4 Intercropping -- 3.3.5 Crop Diversification -- 3.3.6 Chemical Weed Management -- 3.4 Limitations in Adoption of CA Systems -- 3.5 Climate Change and Weed Management -- 3.5.1 Challenges -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 In-situ Soil Moisture Conservation with Organic Mulching under Mid Hills of Meghalaya, India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Seed Emergence. , 4.3.2 Soil Moisture Depletion -- 4.3.3 Tensiometer Observations -- 4.3.4 Crop Yield Parameters -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5 High-Altitude Protected Vegetable Cultivation - A Way for Sustainable Agriculture -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Climate and Farming -- 5.3 High Altitudes and Protected Cultivation -- 5.3.1 Problems -- 5.3.2 Objectives -- 5.3.3 Protected Structures -- 5.4 Points to Be Considered for Cool Climate -- 5.5 Greenhouse Designing -- 5.5.1 Types of Plastic Coverings -- 5.6 Environmental Considerations in Greenhouse Cultivation -- 5.6.1 Temperature -- 5.6.2 Light -- 5.6.3 Relative Humidity -- 5.6.4 Carbon Dioxide -- 5.7 Planning of Protected Structures -- 5.7.1 Site Selection and Preparation -- 5.7.2 Orientation -- 5.7.3 Roads -- 5.7.4 Access to Utilities - Water -- 5.7.5 Light -- 5.7.6 Wind -- 5.8 Climate Regulation, Equipment, and Management -- 5.8.1 Temperature -- 5.8.2 Drainage of Rain Water -- 5.8.3 Lighting -- 5.8.4 Water and Nutrients -- 5.8.5 Pollination -- 5.9 Instruments Required for Polyhouse -- 5.9.1 Covering Material -- 5.9.2 Design of Load -- 5.9.3 Potential Crops -- 5.9.4 Limitations in Protected Cultivation -- 5.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Applications of Remote Sensing in Crop Production and Soil Conservation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS Technology in Crop Production and Soil Conservation -- 6.2.1 Cropping System Analysis -- 6.2.2 Agro-Ecological Zone-Based Land Use Planning -- 6.3 Soil Erosion Inventory -- 6.4 Soil Carbon Dynamics and Land Productivity Assessment -- References -- Chapter 7 Flash Floods Cause and Remedial Measures for Their Control in Hilly Regions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Causes of Flood -- 7.3 Flood Problems in India -- 7.3.1 Brahmaputra River Basin -- 7.3.2 Ganga River Basin -- 7.3.3 North-West River Basins. , 7.3.4 Central India and Deccan Rivers Basin -- 7.4 Flash Flood -- 7.4.1 Climate Change and Extreme Rain Events -- 7.4.2 Cloudbursts -- 7.4.3 Glacial Lakes -- 7.4.4 Landslide Lake Outburst Floods -- 7.5 Flood Management and Control in India -- 7.5.1 Non-Structural Measures -- 7.5.1.1 Flood Forecasting -- 7.5.1.2 Flood Plain Zoning -- 7.5.1.3 Decision Support System for Real-Time Flood Warning and Management -- 7.6 Who is Responsible? -- 7.7 Future Needs in Flood Management -- 7.7.1 Focused Approach -- 7.7.2 Legislation for Flood Plain Zoning -- 7.7.3 Inadequacy of Flood Cushion in Reservoirs -- 7.7.4 Flood Insurance -- 7.7.5 Flood Data Center -- 7.7.6 Research and Development -- 7.7.7 Community Participation -- 7.7.8 International Cooperation -- 7.7.9 Modernization of Flood Forecasting Services -- 7.8 Containing the Damage in the Hilly Basins -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Role of Crop Modeling in Mitigating Effects of Climate Change on Crop Production -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Types of Models -- 8.3 Climate Change and Crop Modeling -- 8.3.1 Climate Change -- 8.3.1.1 The Causes of Climate Change -- 8.3.1.2 Greenhouse Effect -- 8.3.2 Effects of Climate Change -- 8.4 Role of Crop Modeling in Agriculture on Climate Change -- 8.4.1 Applications and Uses of Crop Growth Models in Agriculture -- 8.4.1.1 On-Farm Decision-Making and Agronomic Management -- 8.4.2 Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change -- 8.4.3 Future Issues Related to Weather on Crop Modeling -- 8.4.4 Minimum Dataset Required for Crop Weather Relations and Crop Simulation Models-Rice -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Forestry and Climate Change -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Role of Forests -- 9.2.1 Productive Functions of the Forests -- 9.2.2 Protective and Ameliorative Functions of the Forests -- 9.2.3 Recreation and Educational Functions of the Forests. , 9.2.4 Forests' Developmental Functions -- 9.3 Weather and Climate? -- 9.3.1 Climate Change -- 9.3.2 Evidences of Climate Change -- 9.4 Effects of Climate Change -- 9.5 Climate Change in Jammu and Kashmir -- 9.6 Climate Change and Forests -- 9.6.1 The Effects of Climate Change on Plant Phenology -- 9.6.2 Impacts on Indian Forest Vegetation Types -- 9.7 Management Options -- 9.8 Agroforestry as an Alternate Land Use System -- 9.9 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry -- 9.9.1 Case Studies -- 9.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Agroforestry Role in Sustainable Management of Degraded Watersheds -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Rehabilitation of Degraded Watersheds -- 10.2.1 Catchment Area -- 10.2.1.1 Upper Catchment -- 10.2.1.2 Second Tier/Intermediate Slopes -- 10.2.2 Command Area -- 10.2.3 Submergence Area -- References -- Chapter 11 Infiltration Studies of Major Soils under Selected Land Use Practices in Ranikhola Watershed of Sikkim, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area: Ranikhola Watershed -- 11.2.2 Study Area: Soil Types of Ranikhola Watershed -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.3.1 Delineation of Watershed -- 11.3.2 Measurement of Infiltration -- 11.3.3 Infiltration Models -- 11.3.3.1 Horton's Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.2 Philip's Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.3 Kostiokov Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.4 Green-Ampt Infiltration Model -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Comparison of Observed and Calculated Infiltration Rates or Accumulated Infiltration -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Toward Conservation Agriculture for Improving Soil Biodiversity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 How Conservation Tillage and Residue Management Can Help in Improving Soil Properties and Ultimately Soil Quality -- 12.3 Impact of Conservation Tillage (CT) on Soil Biological Properties. , 12.4 The Economic Value of Soil Biodiversity -- 12.4.1 The Importance of Soil Biodiversity -- 12.4.2 Microorganisms -- 12.4.3 Mesofauna -- 12.4.4 Macrofauna -- 12.4.5 Conservation Agriculture and Soil Biodiversity -- 12.5 Soil Biodiversity under Conventional and No Tillage Systems -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Point-Injection Nitrogen Application under Rice Residue Wheat for Resource Conservation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methodology -- 13.2.1 Field Experimental Design -- 13.2.2 Statistical Analysis -- 13.3 Results -- 13.3.1 Effect of Methods of Nitrogen Application on Mulch Decomposition -- 13.3.1.1 Reduction in Straw Mulch Concentration -- 13.3.2 Rate of Decay of Standing Stubble -- 13.3.3 Effect of Methods of Nitrogen Application on Nitrogen Uptake -- 13.3.3.1 Plant N Concentration -- 13.3.4 Total Plant N Uptake -- 13.3.5 Nitrogen Accumulation in Straw Mulch -- 13.3.6 Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 The Importance of Water in Relation to Plant Growth -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Role of Water in Plant Growth -- 14.3 Effect of Moisture Stress on Crop Growth -- 14.4 Management of Water Stress -- 14.5 Soil Moisture Availability and Unavailability -- 14.6 Water Budgeting -- 14.7 Rooting Characteristics -- 14.8 Moisture Extraction Pattern -- 14.8.1 Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.8.2 Advantages of Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.8.3 Limitations of Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Influence of Deficit Irrigation on Various Phenological Stages of Temperate Fruits -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Drought -- 15.1.2 The Concept of Deficit Irrigation -- 15.1.3 Regulated Deficit Irrigation -- 15.1.4 Partial Root-Zone Drying -- 15.1.5 Water Stress - Why and How? -- 15.1.6 Effects of Water Stress on Plants. , 15.1.6.1 Photosynthesis and Respiration.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Spatial Distribution of a Daily, Monthly and Annual Precipitation Concentration Index -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 CI -- 1.2.2 PCI -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Results of Lake Urmia Basin PCI -- 1.3.2 A Study on CI of Precipitation Distribution in Lake Urmia -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Use of Mid-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance to Assess the Effects of Soil Management on Soil Quality in Tropical Hill Slope Agro Eco-Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Site -- 2.3 Equipments and Procedures -- 2.3.1 HA Extraction and Fractionation Procedure -- 2.3.2 Sample Preparation and Analysis for DRIFT -- 2.3.3 Spectra Data Acquisition and Analysis -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.4.1 DRIFT Spectroscopy and Comparison of Peak Ratio (O/R Ratio) of HAs across Locations -- 2.4.1.1 Location 1 -- 2.4.1.2 Location 2 -- 2.4.1.3 Location 3 -- 2.4.1.4 Location 4 -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Climate Change and Production of Horticultural Crops -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Causes of Climate Change -- 3.2.1 Challenges Due to Climate Change in Horticulture Production -- 3.3 Mitigation Strategies for Enhancing Horticultural Production -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Climate Change on Disease Scenario in Crops and Management Strategies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Effect of Increased CO[sub(2)] Concentrations on Pathogens -- 4.3 Effect of Increase in Temperature on Pathogens -- 4.4 Effect of Changed Moisture Regime on the Disease Scenario -- 4.5 Effect of Climate Change on Plant Diseases -- 4.6 Changing Disease Scenario in Fruits and Vegetables -- 4.7 Initiatives to Mitigate the Effect of Climate Change on Crops -- 4.8 Need for Adoption of Novel Approaches. , References -- Chapter 5 Solar Thermal Modeling of Microclimatic Parameters of Agricultural Greenhouse -- 5.1 Introduction to Modeling of Agricultural Greenhouse -- 5.1.1 The Purpose of Modeling of Greenhouse Environment -- 5.1.2 The Components of Greenhouse Can Be Considered as -- 5.2 Steps of Greenhouse Modeling -- 5.2.1 Thermal Modeling -- 5.2.2 Some Basic Assumptions -- 5.3 Understand the Distribution of Solar Energy inside the Greenhouse (Tiwari, 2002 -- Taki et al., 2018) -- 5.4 Examples of Application of Greenhouse Model -- 5.4.1 A Greenhouse Attached with Ground Air Collector for Heating in the Winter (Jain and Tiwari, 2002, 2003) -- 5.4.2 A Greenhouse with Evaporative Cooling Pad for Cooling in the Summer (Jain and Tiwari, 2003) -- 5.4.3 Greenhouse Attached with Tray-Type Crop Drying System (Jain, 2005) -- 5.5 An Aquaculture Greenhouse System (Jain, 2007) -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Development of Agriculture under Climate and Environmental Changes in the Brazilian Semiarid -- 6.1 Characterization of the Brazilian Northeast Semiarid Region -- 6.2 Agriculture in the Brazilian Northeastern in Front of Climate Change and Soil Usage -- 6.2.1 Diagnosis of Agriculture in the Region and its Adversities -- 6.2.2 Future Scenarios -- 6.3 Family Farming and the Use of Techniques and Practices for Agroecological Development -- 6.3.1 Applications of Agroecological Techniques - Case Study -- References -- Chapter 7 Role of PGPR in Sustainable Agriculture under Changing Scenario of Climate Change -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical Background of PGPR -- 7.3 Mechanisms of Action -- 7.4 Characteristics of a Successful PGPR for Formulation Development -- 7.5 PGPR Application Methods -- 7.6 Constraints to Commercialization -- 7.7 Future Thrust -- References -- Chapter 8 Status and Prospect of Precision Farming in India -- 8.1 Introduction. , 8.2 Definition of PF -- 8.3 Rationale of PF in India -- 8.4 Need of PA -- 8.5 Precision in Water Management -- 8.6 Status of PF Globally -- 8.6.1 Water Savings through PF -- 8.6.2 Yield and Profit through Adoption of PF Technologies -- 8.7 Status of PF in India -- 8.8 Micro Irrigation Studies -- 8.8.1 Fertigation Studies -- 8.8.2 Protected Cultivation Studies -- 8.8.3 Automation of Micro Irrigation -- 8.8.4 Surface Irrigation Automation -- 8.9 Evaluation of PF -- 8.10 Benefits of PF -- 8.11 Drawbacks of PF -- 8.12 Opportunities and Challenges -- 8.13 Future Thrust Area for Research - Technology Gaps and Research Needs -- 8.13.1 Micro Irrigation -- 8.14 Protected Cultivation -- 8.15 Surface Irrigation Processes for Automation -- 8.16 The Policy Approach to Promote PF at Farm Level -- 8.17 Conclusions -- 8.18 Policy for Promotion of PF in India -- 8.19 Future of PF -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9 Low-Cost On-Farm Indigenous and Innovative Technologies of Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Indigenous Technologies of SWC/Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.2.1 Earthen Field Bunds -- 9.2.2 Stone Bunds -- 9.2.3 Stone Wall Terraces (SWT) -- 9.2.4 Rough Stone Slab Bunds -- 9.2.5 Rough Stone Bunds -- 9.2.6 Vegetative Peripheral Bunds/Barriers -- 9.2.7 Smaller Cross-Sectional Earthen Bunds Covered with Flat Stones or Pieces of Stone Slabs -- 9.2.8 Temporary Sediment Detention Dams (TSDD) -- 9.2.9 Diversion Ditches -- 9.2.10 Stone Wall for Nallah Bank Protection -- 9.2.11 Dhora Pali -- 9.2.12 Kana Bandi (Mulching) -- 9.2.13 Village Pond/Talab -- 9.2.14 Talai - A Small Water Harvesting Structure -- 9.2.15 Dry Stone Masonry Pond -- 9.2.16 Ponds (Nada) -- 9.2.17 Nadi (Semi-Arid/Aravali Region) -- 9.2.18 Nadi (Arid Regions) -- 9.2.19 Tanka -- 9.2.20 Khadin -- 9.3 Innovative Technologies of Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.3.1 Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting. , 9.3.2 Subsoiling -- 9.3.3 Chauka System -- 9.3.4 Double Wall Cement Masonry Structure -- 9.3.5 Plastic-Lined Farm Pond -- 9.3.6 Subsurface Barriers -- References -- Chapter 10 Impact of Climate Change on Food Safety -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Effect on Food Crops and Animals -- 10.1.2 Effect on Fisheries -- 10.1.3 Effect on Food Handling, Processing, and Trading -- 10.1.3.1 Sources and Modes of Transmission -- 10.1.3.2 Climatic Influences (e.g., Temperature, Humidity) on the Prevalence of Some Diseases -- 10.1.3.3 Effect of Climate Change on Zoonotic Disease -- 10.1.3.4 Transmission of Bacteria -- 10.1.3.5 Transmission of Protozoas -- 10.1.3.6 Transmission of Parasites -- 10.1.3.7 Climate Change Effects on BVP -- 10.1.4 Climate Change and its Influence on Mould and Mycotoxin Contamination -- 10.1.5 Influence of Climate Change on Post-Harvest Conditions -- 10.1.5.1 Effect on Post-Harvest Quality of Fruits and Vegetables -- 10.1.5.2 Effect of Temperature on Fruits/Vegetables -- 10.1.5.3 Effect of High Ozone Formation -- 10.1.6 Impacts of HABs -- 10.1.6.1 HAB is Because of: -- 10.1.7 Environmental Contaminants and Chemical Residues in the Food Chain -- 10.1.8 Contamination of Waters -- 10.1.9 The Effect of Climate Change on the Cold-Chain -- 10.2 Addressing Food Safety Implications of Climate Change -- 10.3 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Microbial Assisted Soil Reclamation for Sustainable Agriculture in Climate Change -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Soil Respiration: An Indicator of Soil Health and Climate Change -- 11.3 Exploiting Microbial EPS for Estimating their Role in Plant Growth Management and Combating Plant Pathogens -- 11.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Production of Temperate Fruits in Jammu & -- Kashmir under Climate Change Scenario -- 12.1 Introduction. , 12.2 Cultivation of Old Degenerated Varieties -- 12.3 Poor-Quality Planting Material -- 12.4 Low-Density Plantings -- 12.5 Lack of Pollinizers and Pollinators -- 12.6 Poor Canopy Management -- 12.7 Poor Orchard and Fertilizer Management -- 12.8 Rainfed Orcharding -- 12.9 Old and Senile Orchards -- 12.10 Insect-Pests and Diseases -- 12.11 Lack of Grading, Storage & -- Processing Facilities -- 12.12 Dependence on Unskilled Labor -- 12.13 Likely Impact of Climate Change -- 12.14 Strategies for Optimizing Temperate Fruit Production under Changing Climate Scenario -- References -- Chapter 13 Impact of Climate Change on Quality Seed Production of Important Temperate Vegetable Crops -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Principle of Greenhouse -- 13.2.1 Popularization of Off-Season Vegetable Production -- 13.2.2 Post-Harvest Management -- 13.2.3 Organic Farming -- 13.2.4 Micro-Irrigation -- 13.2.5 Biotechnology -- 13.3 Benefits of Greenhouse -- 13.3.1 Vegetable Forcing for Domestic Consumption and Export -- 13.3.2 Raising Off-Season Nurseries -- 13.3.3 Protective Structures for Seedling Production -- 13.3.4 Hot Beds -- 13.3.5 Cloches/Low Tunnels -- 13.3.6 Thatches -- 13.3.7 Seed Panes/Boxes -- 13.3.8 Polybag Nursery Raising -- 13.3.9 Polyhouse/Net House -- 13.3.10 Seedling Trays -- 13.4 Ingredients Used as a Media for Growing Transplants -- 13.4.1 Organic Products -- 13.4.2 Inorganic Products -- 13.5 Methods of Seedling Raising -- 13.5.1 Advantages of Seedlings Production in Tray -- 13.5.2 Vegetable Seed Production -- 13.5.3 Hybrid Seed Production -- 13.5.4 Maintenance and Multiplication of Self-Incompatible Line for Hybrid Seed Production -- 13.5.5 Polyhouse for Plant Propagation -- 13.5.6 Status -- 13.6 Types of Greenhouse/Polyhouse -- 13.6.1 Low-Cost Greenhouse/Polyhouse -- 13.6.2 Medium-Cost Greenhouse/Polyhouse -- 13.6.3 High-Cost Greenhouse/Polyhouse. , 13.7 Other Plant-Protection Structures.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Environment: Hydrologic Impacts -- 1 Structural Evaluation of Cell-Filled Pavement -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material Used for Construction of Pavements -- Plastic Cell -- Cement -- Soil and Moorum -- Crushed Aggregate for Surface Layer -- Crushed Aggregate for WBM Subbase -- Soil-Cement Mix for Subbase Layer -- Mix Composition and Strength of Cement Concrete -- Roller Compacted Concrete -- Construction of Test Sections -- Preparation of Subgrade -- Construction of Subbase -- Construction of Surface Layer -- Structural Evaluation of Cell-Filled Pavement -- Using Falling Weight Deflectometer -- Using Benkelman Beam -- Comparison of Deflections Measured Using Benkelman Beam Method and FWD -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 Global Warming Issues-Need for Sustainable Drainage System in Urban Areas-Green Construction Technologies -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Indian Climate and Monsoon -- Reasons of Global Warming -- Literature Review -- Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement -- Permeable Asphalt -- Permeable Concrete -- Concrete for Sustainable Development -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Environment: Bio-environment -- 3 Water Hyacinth: A Useful Plant to Improve Rural Economy -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Water Hyacinth Control and Its Applications -- Practical Utilization of Water Hyacinth -- References -- 4 Growth, Biomass and Carbon Sequestration by Trees in Nutrient-Deficient Bhata Land Soil of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Growth and Biomass of Different Tree Species -- CO2 Sequestration of Different Tree Species -- Soil Organic Carbon Under Different Tree Species -- Conclusion -- References. , 5 Impact of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Growth of Different Bacterial Species -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Performance of Low-Cost Microbial Fuel Cell Using Earthenware Separator -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Operating Principle of MFC -- Methodology -- MFC Construction -- MFC Operation -- Preparation of Earthenware Separator -- Analysis and Calculation -- Results and Discussion -- Physical Characterization of Separator -- EDS Analysis -- Power Production in MFC -- Coulombic Efficiency -- Polarization Study and Internal Resistance -- Wastewater Treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- Environment: Chemical Environment -- 7 Synthesis of CaO2 Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Materials -- Synthesis of CaO2 Nanoparticles -- Characterization Techniques -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Superiority of Re-circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor Over Existing Reactor Arrangements for Chemical Looping Combustion-A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) -- CLC Requirements -- Existing Reactor Configuration for CLC -- Issues Related to the Existing Interconnected Reactors Arrangement -- Bed Particle Attrition -- Loop-Seal Operation -- Heat Losses -- Cluster Formation -- Gas Bypassing -- Short Residence Time -- Re-circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor Design for CLC -- Working -- Conclusions -- References -- 9 Enhancing N Use Efficiency and Reducing N2O Emission by Coating Urea with Newly Identified Bio-Molecule (C20H30O2), Nano-Zn Oxide and Nano-rock Phosphate -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Protocol for the Preparation of Nano-ZnO and Nano-rock Phosphate Coated Urea. , Pot Culture Experiment on Crop Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency -- Experimental Details and Measurement of N2O Emission -- Statistical Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Nutrient Content of Coated Fertilizers -- Impact of Urea Coated with Pine Oleoresin, Nano-Zn Oxide and Nano-rock Phosphate on Crop Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency -- Trends in N2O Emission During Incubation Period -- Cumulative Emission of N2O from Coated Fertilizers -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Gamma Radiation Technology for Hygienization of Municipal Dry Sewage Sludge -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Results and Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Environment: Social Environment -- 11 Participatory Approach for Corporate Social Responsibility Plan in India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Socio-economic Baseline Data for CSR Plan -- Participatory Survey -- Participatory Approach -- Team Building -- Other Impacts -- Steps in Conducting CSR -- CSR Methods and Tools -- Examples of Questions to Be Addressed in CSR Planning -- Sources of Information -- The CSR Plan Requires Both Primary and Secondary Data -- Data Collection Methods for Preparing CSR Plan -- Qualitative Methods -- Quantitative Methods -- Reference -- Energy: Solar Energy -- 12 Solar-Powered Cold Storage System for Horticultural Crops -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Solar PV Powered Refrigeration System -- Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Panel System -- Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) -- Battery Bank -- Sensor for Temperature and RH Controller in Cold Storage -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Feasibility of Solar Pumps for Salt Farmers -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Process of Salt Production -- Highlights of Yearly Cycle -- Components Involved in the System -- Operation of Solar Water Pumping System. , Net Present Value for Solar Versus Diesel -- Features for Safe Future -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Energy: Hydropower -- 14 Development of Uttarakhand Using Alternative Energy Source as Micro Hydropower -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objective of the Study -- Study Area -- Lacchiwala Micro Hydro Project -- Problems Faced by the Lacchiwala Micro Hydro Project -- Kotabagh Micro Hydro Power Project Description and Its Problems -- Results and Conclusion -- Suggestions to Improve the Utilization Factor -- Suggestions to Improve the Utilization Factor -- Selected References -- 15 Comparative Studies on Performance of Commercially Available High-Power PC-LED Bulbs Under Tropical Conditions -- Abstract -- Introduction to Solid State Lighting -- Standard Research Methodology "Useful Life" of High-Power PC-LED -- Proposed Experimental Setup and Methodology -- Lumen Depreciation Measurement -- Ambient and Body Temperature of High-Power PC-LED -- Results Obtained -- Outcome and Further Research work -- References -- 16 Design and Development of Pedal Operated Flour Mill with Multi-Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Energy: Biogas -- 17 Development of Family Size FRP Biogas Plant Based on Kitchen Waste -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 A Computer-Based Expert System to Design Deenbandhu Biogas Plant -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- General Procedure -- Data Collection -- Assumptions for Model -- Validation and Evaluation of Expert System -- Results and Discussion -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 19 Prosopis juliflora-A Potential Problematic Weed for Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods. , Results and Discussion -- Composition of Biomass -- Effect of Alkaline Pretreatment -- Selection of Optimal Pretreatment Conditions -- Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- Fermentation Profile of Enzymatic Hydrolysate -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 20 Oil Extraction, Biodiesel Production and CI Engine Investigation Using Madhuca indica Methyl Ester -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Oil Extraction Process -- Biodiesel Production -- Cloth Filtering -- Caustic Pre-treatment -- Acid Pre-treatment -- Transesterification Process -- Comparison of Properties of Diesel and Biodiesel -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 21 Design and Development of Producer Gas-Based Heat Exchanger for Drying Application -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Physical Properties and Proximate Analysis of Different Biomass -- Performance Evaluation of Updraft Gasifier -- Development of Single Pass Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger -- Results and Discussion -- Physical Properties and Proximate Analysis of Different Biomass -- Design Parameters of Updraft Biomass Gasifier and Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger -- Effect of Fuel Consumption Rate on Producer Gas Composition and Calorific Value for Various Biomass -- Effect of Air Flow Rate, Fuel Consumption Rate, and Gas Flow Rate on Air Outlet Temperature of Heat Exchanger -- Effect of Air Flow Rate, Fuel Consumption Rate on LMTD, Heat Transfer Area, and Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Using Different Biomass -- Effect of Air Flow Rate and Fuel Consumption Rate on Dryer Inlet Hot Air Temperature Using Different Biomass -- Conclusion -- References -- 22 Carbon Storage Potential in Dominant Trees of Koraput District of Odisha -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Sampling and Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Above Ground Biomass (AGB) -- Above Ground Carbon (AGC). , Conclusions.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Identification of the Parameters to Estimate the Capillary Rise from Shallow Groundwater Table Using Field Crop Experiments -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Models Used for the Investigation -- 1.3 Study Area -- 1.4 Field Crop Experiments -- 1.5 Performance Evaluation Indicator for Models -- 1.6 Results and Discussions -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Study of Groundwater Table Fluctuations in the Command Area of Bhagwanpur Distributary of the Eastern Gandak Project -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Study Area -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Appendices -- References -- 3 Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Exploratory Wells for Riverbank Filtration Sites Impacted by Extreme Environmental Conditions Using Principal Component Analysis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Soil and Sediment Sampling and Analysis -- 3.2.3 Water Sampling and Analysis -- 3.2.4 Principal Component Analysis -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Mathura -- 3.3.2 PCA of Heavy Metals in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Mathura -- 3.3.3 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Samples from Exploratory Well Mathura -- 3.3.4 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Agra -- 3.3.5 PCA of Heavy Metals in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well in Agra -- 3.3.6 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Samples from Exploratory Well Agra -- 3.3.7 Synthesis of PCA and Vertical Distribution of Heavy Metals in Exploratory Well Sediments -- 3.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 4 Simulation of Re-Aeration Coefficient Using Anfis and Arima Models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area and Database -- 4.2.1 Study Area. , 4.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System -- 4.3.2 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average -- 4.3.3 Evaluation of ANFIS and ARIMA Models -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Model Input -- 4.4.2 Selection of Best ANFIS Model -- 4.4.3 Hybrid ANFIS-ARIMA -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Identification of Unknown Number of Clandestine Groundwater Contamination Source Locations and Their Release Flux History -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology Development -- 5.2.1 Illustration of the Study Area -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Development of Multiple Linear Regression Model for Heavy Metal Prediction Around Eklahare Thermal Power Plant, Nashik, Maharashtra -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Data Analysis and Model Development -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Correlation Analysis -- 6.4.2 MLR Model -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Integrated Approach for Groundwater Recharge Assessment-A Review -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methodology -- 7.3 Factors Influencing Groundwater Recharge -- 7.3.1 Lithology/Geology -- 7.3.2 Slope -- 7.3.3 Geomorphology -- 7.3.4 Land Use/land Cover -- 7.3.5 Groundwater Contour -- 7.3.6 Soil Type -- 7.3.7 Drainage -- 7.3.8 Lineaments -- 7.3.9 Rainfall -- 7.3.10 Iso Resistivity -- 7.4 Suitability Map for Groundwater Recharge and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Decision Support System -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Effect of Indira Sagar Dam on the Health Assessment of Narmada River -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.2.1 Flood Frequency Analysis -- 8.2.2 Base Flow Separation -- 8.2.3 Median Flow Duration Curve -- 8.2.4 Colwell Indices -- 8.2.5 Timing of Annual Extreme Water Conditions -- 8.2.6 Persistently Higher Flow (PH) -- 8.3 Persistently Lower Flow (PL). , 8.3.1 Persistently Very Low Flow (PVL) -- 8.3.2 Seasonality Flow Shift (SFS) -- 8.3.3 Small Floods -- 8.3.4 Rate of Water Condition Change -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Effect of Water Regulation in Low-Flow Season -- 8.5 Effect of Flood Control -- 8.5.1 Predictability of Flow -- 8.5.2 Storage Affecting Base Flow -- 8.5.3 Persistent Change in River Condition -- 8.5.4 Seasonality of Water Flow Conditions -- 8.5.5 Rate of Water Change Condition -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Study and Modelling of Trace Contaminant Transport Under Drowned Condition -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Objectives -- 9.3 Description on MIM Model of Cr(VI) Transport -- 9.4 Experimental Methodology -- 9.4.1 Fixed Bed Column Study -- 9.5 Results and Discussion -- 9.5.1 Effect of Resin Dosage -- 9.5.2 Effect of Solution pH -- 9.5.3 Isotherm Study -- 9.5.4 Kinetic Study -- 9.5.5 Fixed Bed Column Study -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 ANN Modeling of Groundwater Development for Irrigation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Present Study -- 10.3 Zonal Cropping Pattern -- 10.4 Study Area -- 10.5 Data -- 10.6 Artificial Neural Network -- 10.7 Development of ANN Models -- 10.8 Results and Discussion -- 10.9 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Assessment of Groundwater Quality with Special Reference to Arsenic in Ballia District, Uttar Pradesh, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methodology -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Groundwater Chemistry -- 11.3.2 Water Type and Hydro-chemical Facies -- 11.3.3 Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking Purposes -- 11.3.4 Arsenic Occurrence and Its Suitability for Drinking Purposes -- 11.3.5 Suitability for Irrigation Uses -- 11.3.6 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References. , 12 Assessment of Hydraulic and Geoelectric Parameters of the Aquifers and Their Relationship Using Vertical Electrical Sounding in Gurpur Watershed, West Coast of India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area -- 12.2.1 Geology -- 12.3 Materials and Methods -- 12.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 12.3.2 Interpretation of Resistivity Sounding Data -- 12.4 Results and Discussion -- 12.4.1 Qualitative and Quantitative VES Analysis -- 12.4.2 Hydraulic and Geoelectric Parameters -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Performance Monitoring and Re-design of a Traditional Household Filter Unit for Simultaneous Removal of Iron and Fluoride from Groundwater of Assam -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Material and Methods -- 13.2.1 Monitoring of a Traditional Indigenous Household Filter Unit -- 13.2.2 Wooden Charcoal -- 13.2.3 River Sand -- 13.2.4 Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Fe(II) and F− Uptake from Mono- and Binary-Ion Systems Using Groundwater Samples -- 13.2.5 Analytical Methods Used -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Performance of a Traditional Indigenous Household Filter Unit -- 13.3.2 Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Fe(II) and F− Uptake from Mono- and Binary-Ion Systems Using Groundwater Samples -- 13.3.3 Proposed Design Modification of a Field Filter Unit -- 13.4 Summary -- References -- 14 Applications of Cascade Feed Forward Neural Network for Modelling of Coagulant Dose in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant: Comparative Study -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Material and Methods -- 14.2.1 Study Area -- 14.2.2 Methodology -- 14.3 Results and Analysis -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- 15 A Conceptual Understanding of Groundwater Levels Using Data-Driven Model-A Case Study in Hyderabad, India -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.3 Data and Methods -- 15.3.1 Data Used -- 15.3.2 Methodology -- 15.4 Results and Discussions. , 15.4.1 Lateral Flow Estimation -- 15.4.2 Calibration and Validation of the Model -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Assessment of Groundwater Quality of the Aquifer Adjacent to River Bharalu in Guwahati City, Assam, India -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Study Area -- 16.3 Methodology -- 16.4 Results and Discussion -- 16.5 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Groundwater Modelling Using Coupled Model SWAT-MODFLOW in the Hiranyakeshi Sub-Watershed -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Study Area -- 17.3 Methods and Methodology's -- 17.3.1 Data Required for SWAT and SWAT-MODFLOW Model -- 17.3.2 SWAT Model -- 17.3.3 Description of SWAT Model -- 17.3.4 HRU Analysis -- 17.3.5 Weather Stations Data -- 17.4 Calibration and Validation of SWAT Model -- 17.4.1 SWAT-MODFLOW Model -- 17.4.2 SWAT-MODFLOW Model Set-Up & -- Execution -- 17.5 Result and Discussion -- 17.5.1 SWAT Model Results -- 17.5.2 Results of SWAT Calibration and Validation -- 17.5.3 Modflow Head -- 17.6 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Effect of Rainfall on Groundwater Levels in Sina Basin, Maharashtra -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Study Area -- 18.3 Methodology -- 18.3.1 Steps Involved in the Analysis -- 18.3.2 Trend Analysis -- 18.3.3 ArcGIS 10.3 -- 18.3.4 Moving Average -- 18.3.5 Water Level Residual -- 18.4 Data Used -- 18.5 Results and Discussions -- 18.5.1 Thiessen Polygon of Study Area -- 18.5.2 Contours of Ground-Water Level -- 18.5.3 Trend Detection -- 18.5.4 Groundwater Water Level Residuals and Rainfall Patterns -- 18.6 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Management of Arsenic Sludge Using Solidification -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Materials and Methods -- 19.2.1 Preparation of Arsenic Residual Sludge -- 19.2.2 Preparation of Solidified Matrices -- 19.2.3 Semi Dynamic Leachability Test -- 19.2.4 Diffusion Coefficient (De) and Leachability Index as Per Penetration Theory -- 19.2.5 Analytical Method. , 19.3 Results and Discussion.