Note: Includes index , Introduction1 Sustainable Intensification for Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change and Advancement of Food Security in Africa -- Land Use and Farming System -- 2 Geopedological and Landscape Dynamic Controls on Productivity Potentials and Constraints in Selected Spatial Entities in Sub Saharan Africa -- 3 Land Degradation and Soil Carbon Pool in Different Land Uses and their Implication for Food Security in Southern Ethiopia -- 4 Land use Impact on Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Storage in a typical Dry Land District in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia -- 5 Climate Risk Management through Sustainable Land Management in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 6 Effects of Land Cover Changes on Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Eastern Mau Forest Reserve, Kenya -- Effects of Climate Change and Crop Yield -- 7 Soil Erosion Hazard under the Current and Potential Climate Change Induced Loss of Soil Organic Matter in the Upper Blue Nile (Abay) River Basin, Ethiopia -- 8 Climate Change and Crop Yield in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 9 Factors in Smallholder Farmers’ Vulnerability to Climate Change Impacts in the Uluguru Mountains, Morogoro, Tanzania -- 10 Using Climate and Crop Simulation Models for Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Agronomic Practices and Productivity -- Soil Nutrient and Water Management For Carbon Sequestration -- 11 Microdosing of Mineral Fertilizer and Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Agricultural Intensification in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 12 Approaches to Reinforce Crop Productivity under Water-limited Conditions in Sub-humid Environments in Africa -- 13 Effect of In situ Soil Water Harvesting Techniques and Local Plant Nutrient Resources on Grain Yield of Drought Resistant Sorghum Varieties in Semi-arid zone, Tanzania -- Rehabilitation of Degraded Land Through Forestry and Agro-Forestry -- 14 Restoration of Degraded Lands Affected by Salinization Process under Climate Change Conditions: Impacts on Food Security in the River Valley of Senegal -- 15 Tree Integration In Banana Based Cropping Systems: A Case Study Of Jinja -- 16 Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands: Sustainable Land Management Practices/ Techniques Commonly Used in Niger Republic, West Africa -- 17 Soil Organic Carbon Stocks of Kitonga Catchment Forest Reserve, Tanzania: Variations with Elevation -- Management of Animal Production for Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 18 Alternative Goat Kid-Rearing Systems for Improved Performance and Milk Sharing between Humans and Offspring in Climate Change Mitigation -- 19 Reducing GHG Emissions from Traditional Livestock Systems to Mitigate Changing Climate and Biodiversity -- 20 Feeding Strategies for Improved Beef Productivity and Reduced GHG Emission in Tanzania: Effect of Type of Finish-feeding on Carcass Yield and Meat Quality of Zebu Steers -- Smallholder Adaptation to Climate Change -- 21 Enhancing Resilience of Food Production Systems under Changing Climate and Soil Degradation in Semi Arid and Highlands of Tanzania -- 22 A Risk-Based Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation in Dryland Systems Based on an Understanding of Potential Production, Soil Resistance and Resilience, and Social Stability -- 23 Use of Conservation Tillage and Cropping Systems to Sustain Crop Yields under Drought Conditions in Zambia -- 24 Sustainable Intensification of Maize and Rice in Small-holder Farming Systems under Climate Change in Tanzania -- 25 Smallholder Adaptation to Climate Change in Semi arid Areas of Tanzania: Experiences from Iramba and Meatu Districts -- Economic, Social and Policy Issues -- 26 Exploring the Meso-level of Agricultural Carbon Finance Projects -- 27 Community, Climate Change and Sustainable Intensification: Why Gender is Important -- 28 Designing Environmental Instruments for Developing Economies under Asymmetric Information: Direct Cost Subsidy versus Tax Cut -- 29 Farming Systems in Tanzania: Empirical Evidence of Changes in Livelihood Patterns and Poverty among Smallholder Farmers -- 30 Carbon Markets Impacts on Farm Management Practices on Mount Kilimanjaro -- 31 Adaptation to Climate Change: Changing Gender relations in Meatu and Iramba Districts in Tanzania -- Conclusion -- 32 Forgotten Facts: Research and Development Priorities -- Appendix -- Working Group Recommendations.

Note: Intro -- Recarbonization of the Biosphere -- Foreword -- Preface -- Editors Personal Profiles -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Terrestrial Biosphere as a Source and Sink of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Loss of Carbon from the Terrestrial Biosphere -- 1.3 Recarbonization of the Terrestrial Biosphere -- 1.4 Policy Implications -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Climate Change Mitigation by Managing the Terrestrial Biosphere -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Principal World Biomes -- 2.2.1 Low-Latitude Biomes -- 2.2.1.1 Tropical Forests -- 2.2.1.2 Tropical Savannas and Grasslands -- 2.2.1.3 Deserts and Semi-deserts -- 2.3 Mid-latitude Biomes -- 2.3.1 Temperate Grasslands and Shrublands -- 2.3.2 Temperate Forests -- 2.4 High Latitude Biomes -- 2.4.1 Boreal Forests -- 2.4.2 Tundra -- 2.4.3 Alpine Biome -- 2.5 Principal Soils and Their Carbon Pools -- 2.6 Anthromes -- 2.7 Terrestrial Biosphere as a Source of Carbon -- 2.8 Carbon Sequestration -- 2.9 Priority Land Uses and Biomes for Recarbonization of the Biosphere -- 2.9.1 Peatlands -- 2.9.2 Degraded Soils and Desertified Ecosystems -- 2.9.3 Agricultural Soils -- 2.9.4 Urban Ecosystems -- 2.10 Conclusions and Priorities -- References -- Chapter 3: Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate in the Anthropocene -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Changes in the Biosphere -- 3.3 Human Alterations of Global Biogeochemical Cycles -- 3.4 Atmospheric Chemistry -- 3.5 Climate in the Anthropocene -- 3.6 The Evidence of Climate Change -- 3.7 Mitigating Climate Change -- 3.7.1 Reductions in Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 3.7.2 Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy Production -- 3.8 Climate Engineering -- 3.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: Historic Changes in Terrestrial Carbon Storage -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 The Global Carbon Budget 1850-2005. , 4.2 Direct Human Effects on De- and Re-carbonization -- 4.2.1 Losses Before 1850 -- 4.2.2 Losses Between 1850 and 2005 -- 4.2.2.1 Deforestation -- 4.2.2.2 Degradation -- 4.2.2.3 Reforestation and Management -- 4.3 Summary and Conclusions -- 4.3.1 The Past -- 4.3.2 The Future -- References -- Chapter 5: Soil Erosion and Soil Organic Carbon Storage on the Chinese Loess Plateau -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Material and Methods -- 5.3.1 Soil-Sediment Sequence Analysis -- 5.3.2 Differential Global Positioning System Measurements -- 5.3.3 Map Analysis -- 5.3.4 Expert Interviews -- 5.3.5 Quantification of Water Erosion and Mass Balances -- 5.4 Results -- 5.4.1 Soil-Sediment Sequence Analysis -- 5.4.2 Results of the DGPS Measurements, Expert Interviews and Map Analysis -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.5.1 Case Study Results -- 5.5.1.1 Soil-Sediment Sequence Analysis -- 5.5.1.2 DGPS Measurements, Map Analysis and Expert Interviews -- 5.6 Soil Erosion Rates and the Soil Carbon Balance on the Chinese Loess Plateau -- 5.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Methane Emissions from China's Natural Wetlands: Measurements, Temporal Variations and Influencing Factors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Wetland Area and Changes in China -- 6.3 Methane Emissions from China's Wetlands -- 6.3.1 Peatlands -- 6.3.2 Coastal Wetlands -- 6.3.3 Lakes -- 6.3.4 Reservoirs -- 6.3.5 Geographical Variation in Methane Emissions -- 6.4 Temporal Variation in Methane Emissions -- 6.4.1 Diel Variation -- 6.4.2 Seasonal Variation -- 6.4.3 Inter-annual Variation -- 6.5 Environmental Variables and Their Effects on Methane Emissions -- 6.5.1 Solar Radiation -- 6.5.2 Temperature -- 6.5.3 Hydrology -- 6.5.4 Vegetation -- 6.5.5 Other Factors -- 6.6 Regional and National Estimates of Methane Emission -- 6.7 Conclusions and Outlook -- References. , Chapter 7: Accounting More Precisely for Peat and Other Soil Carbon Resources -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Peat Formation -- 7.3 Ecological Characteristics of Peatlands and Other Ecosystems Rich in Soil C -- 7.4 Predominant Soils of Peatlands and Other Ecosystems Rich in Soil C -- 7.5 Distribution of Peatland and Hydromorphic Soils -- 7.6 Differences Between Wetland and Non Wetland Soils -- 7.6.1 A Case Study South Africa -- 7.7 Global Soil Carbon Hot Spots: Potential Sources for Atmospheric CO 2 -- 7.8 Peatland Conversion to Agricultural Use -- 7.9 Interaction with the Climate System -- 7.10 Climate Change and the C Cycle in Peatlands -- 7.11 Distribution of Soil Carbon Resources -- 7.12 Peat Extraction -- 7.13 Peat Restoration -- 7.14 Feedbacks to Climate Change -- 7.15 Remote Sensing Possibilities to Capture Peat- and Wetland More Precisely -- 7.16 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Permafrost - Physical Aspects, Carbon Cycling, Databases and Uncertainties -- 8.1 Permafrost: A Phenomenon of Global Significance -- 8.2 Permafrost: Definition, Distribution and History -- 8.3 Physical Factors Affecting the Permafrost Thermal Regime -- 8.3.1 Permafrost Temperatures -- 8.3.2 Active Layer Dynamics -- 8.3.3 Land Cover -- 8.3.4 Surface Energy Balance -- 8.4 Carbon Stocks and Carbon Mobilization -- 8.4.1 Carbon Stocks of Soils and Deeper Permafrost -- 8.4.2 Carbon Mobilization -- 8.4.3 Arctic Coasts, Subsea Permafrost, and Gas Hydrates -- 8.5 Modeling Permafrost and Carbon Cycling Under a Changing Climate -- 8.5.1 Modeling Permafrost and Implementing Physical Permafrost Processes in Global Models -- 8.5.2 Permafrost-Atmosphere Feedback Through a Modified Surface Energy Balance -- 8.5.3 Modeling the Permafrost-Carbon Feedback -- 8.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 9: Carbon Sequestration in Temperate Forests -- 9.1 Introduction. , 9.2 Soils of Temperate Forests -- 9.3 Impact of Fire on Ecosystem Carbon Pool -- 9.4 Factors Affecting Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems -- 9.5 Temperate Forests and the Missing/Unidentified Carbon Sink -- 9.6 Climate Change and Carbon Storage in Temperate Forests -- 9.7 Potential of Temperate Forests to Recarbonization of the Biosphere -- 9.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Decarbonization of the Atmosphere: Role of the Boreal Forest Under Changing Climate -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Climate -- 10.1.2 Landscape and Plant Species -- 10.2 Carbon Balance of the Boreal Forest -- 10.2.1 Carbon Stocks -- 10.2.2 Carbon Fluxes -- 10.3 Carbon Balance of Boreal Peatlands -- 10.3.1 Forestation of Peatlands -- 10.4 Global Change and the Boreal Forest -- 10.4.1 Interaction with Climate Change -- 10.4.2 Effects of Disturbance -- 10.4.3 Land Use Change -- 10.5 Increasing C Sequestration in the Boreal Forest -- 10.5.1 Management -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Recarbonization of the Humid Tropics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Humid Tropical Forest -- 11.2 Current State of Knowledge of C Stocks and Fluxes in the Humid Tropics -- 11.2.1 C Pools -- 11.2.2 C Fluxes -- 11.3 Options for Recarbonizing the Humid Tropics -- 11.3.1 Protecting Existing Forest by Reducing Deforestation -- 11.3.2 Reducing Forest Degradation Through Reduced Impact Logging -- 11.3.3 Forest Rehabilitation Through Accelerated Natural Regeneration -- 11.3.4 Converting Degraded Non-forest Lands to Forests -- 11.3.4.1 Agroforestry -- 11.3.4.2 Monocultures in Short Rotations -- 11.3.4.3 Polycultures in Long Rotations -- 11.3.4.4 Restoration Plantings -- 11.3.5 Recarbonization Options Discussed -- 11.4 Recarbonizing Policies Under United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) -- 11.5 Concluding Remarks -- References. , Chapter 12: Carbon Cycling in the Amazon -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Brazilian Amazon General Characterization -- 12.3 Scenarios of Soil Carbon Sequestration in the Amazon -- 12.3.1 Primary Forest (Avoided Deforestation) -- 12.3.2 Conversion of Forest to Well Managed Pasture -- 12.3.3 Conversion from Degraded to Well Managed Pasture -- 12.3.4 Conversion from Degraded Pasture to Secondary Forest (Abandonment) and Existing Secondary Forest -- 12.3.5 Conversion from Degraded Pasture to Agroforestry -- 12.4 Potential of Soil and Biomass Carbon Sequestration in the Brazilian Amazon -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Grassland Soil Organic Carbon Stocks: Status, Opportunities, Vulnerability -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Background -- 13.2.1 Grasslands Cover Broad Areas, Contribute Substantially to Livelihoods, and Are Vulnerable -- 13.2.2 Grasslands Are Intensively Used and Degradation Is Widespread -- 13.3 Opportunities for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Grasslands -- 13.3.1 Carbon Sequestration in Grasslands -- 13.3.2 Reduced Carbon Emissions Through Reduced Grassland Degradation -- 13.3.3 Practices That Sequester Carbon in Grasslands Often Enhance Productivity -- 13.3.4 Practices That Sequester Carbon in Grasslands Can Enhance Adaptation to Climate Change -- 13.4 Challenges to Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Through Grassland Management -- 13.4.1 Challenges to Developing Workable Policies and Incentives -- 13.4.2 Demonstrating Additionality Is a Formidable Challenge -- 13.4.3 Carbon Sequestered in Grassland Systems Is Subject to Reversals -- 13.4.4 Well-Intentioned Policies Do Not Necessarily Lead to Good Practices -- 13.4.5 Land Tenure and Governance Issues Complicate Policy Implementation -- 13.4.6 Systems for Documenting Carbon Stocks Changes Have Not Been Agreed Upon -- 13.4.6.1 Practice-Based Estimates of Soil Carbon Sequestration. , 13.4.6.2 Combining Measurement with Mechanistic Modeling.

Note: 190499_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Anchor 1 -- Anchor 2 -- Anchor 3 -- Anchor 4 -- Anchor 5 -- 190499_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Chapter 1 -- Introduction -- 1.1 Forest Ecosystems -- 1.2 Historic Development of Forest Ecosystems -- 1.3 The Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Change -- 1.4 Carbon Sequestration -- 1.5 Review Questions -- References -- 190499_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Chapter 2 -- The Natural Dynamic of Carbon in Forest Ecosystems -- 2.1 Carbon Input into Forest Ecosystems -- 2.1.1 Carbon Assimilation -- 2.1.1.1 Eukaryotic Photosynthesis -- Photosynthesis by C3 Plants -- Climate Change and Photosynthesis by C3 Plants -- Photosynthesis by C4 Plants -- Climate Change and Photosynthesis by C4 Plants -- Photosynthesis by Crassulacean Acid Metabolism -- Climate Change and Photosynthesis by CAM Plants -- Photosynthesis by Woody Plant Stems -- 2.1.1.2 Carbon Monoxide Uptake by Plants -- 2.1.1.3 Prokaryotic Carbon Assimilation -- Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Microorganisms -- Bacterial Methane Oxidation -- Bacterial Carbon Monoxide Oxidation -- Climate Change and Prokaryotic Carbon Assimilation -- 2.1.2 Influx of Gaseous Carbon Compounds -- 2.1.3 Deposition of Dissolved and Particulate Carbon -- 2.1.3.1 Climate Change and Carbon Deposition -- 2.2 Carbon Dynamics in Forest Ecosystems -- 2.2.1 Carbon Dynamics in Trees -- 2.2.1.1 Carbon Storage in Chloroplasts -- 2.2.1.2 Transport of Assimilated Carbon -- 2.2.1.3 Carbon Storage in Foliage -- 2.2.1.4 Carbon Storage in Stems -- 2.2.1.5 Carbon Partitioning for Reproduction -- 2.2.1.6 Carbon Partitioning to Roots -- 2.2.1.7 Climate Change and Carbon Partitioning in Trees -- 2.2.2 Carbon Dynamics Outside of Trees -- 2.2.2.1 Fluxes of Dissolved Carbon -- Climate Change and Fluxes of Dissolved Carbon -- 2.2.2.2 Litter Input -- Climate Change and Litter Input. , 2.2.2.3 Non-gaseous Carbon Efflux from Roots -- Climate Change and Carbon Efflux from Roots -- 2.2.2.4 Decomposition -- Climate Change and Decomposition -- 2.2.2.5 Soil Organic Matter -- Climate Change and Soil Organic Matter -- 2.2.2.6 Soil Inorganic Carbon -- Climate Change and Soil Inorganic Carbon -- 2.3 Carbon Efflux from Forest Ecosystems -- 2.3.1 Gaseous Carbon Efflux from Plants -- 2.3.1.1 Carbon Dioxide Release During Photosynthesis -- Climate Change and Carbon Dioxide Release During Photosynthesis -- 2.3.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Release Due to Respiration by Autotrophs -- Climate Change and Respiration by Autotrophs -- 2.3.1.3 Efflux of Other Gaseous Carbon Compounds -- Climate Change and Release of Gaseous Carbon Compounds -- 2.3.2 Carbon Efflux from Organic Matter -- 2.3.2.1 Gaseous Carbon Efflux During Organic Matter Decomposition -- Climate Change and Efflux of Gaseous Carbon Compounds During Decomposition -- 2.3.2.2 Dissolved and Particulate Carbon Efflux -- Climate Change and Efflux of Dissolved and Particulate Carbon -- 2.3.3 Carbon Efflux from Soil Carbonates -- 2.3.3.1 Climate Change and Carbon Efflux from Carbonates -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 2.5 Review Questions -- References -- 190499_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Chapter 3 -- Effects of Disturbance, Succession and Management on Carbon Sequestration -- 3.1 Effects of Natural Disturbances on Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems -- 3.1.1 Natural Disturbances -- 3.1.1.1 Major (Stand-Replacing) Disturbances -- Wildfires -- Mechanical Forces -- Biotic Factors -- 3.1.1.2 Minor Disturbances -- 3.2 The Natural Successional Cycle of Forest Stand Development and Carbon Sequestration -- 3.2.1 Initiation Stage -- 3.2.2 Stem Exclusion Stage -- 3.2.3 Understory Reinitiation Stage -- 3.2.4 Old-Growth Stage -- 3.3 Forest Management and Carbon Sequestration. , 3.3.1 Management Activities in Natural Forests -- 3.3.1.1 Fire Management -- 3.3.1.2 Management of Herbivores and Diseases -- 3.3.1.3 Silvicultural Management -- 3.3.1.4 Management of Tree Species and Genotypes -- 3.3.1.5 Management of Forest Regeneration -- 3.3.1.6 Management of Forest Operations -- 3.3.2 Management Activities in Forest Plantations -- 3.4 Effects of Peatland, Mining and Urban Land Uses on Forest Carbon Sequestration -- 3.4.1 Forested Peatlands -- 3.4.2 Mining Activities in Forests -- 3.4.3 Urbanization and Forest Ecosystems -- 3.5 Conclusions -- 3.6 Review Questions -- References -- 190499_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Chapter 4 -- Carbon Dynamics and Pools in Major Forest Biomes of the World -- 4.1 Boreal Forests -- 4.1.1 Carbon Dynamics and Pools -- 4.1.2 Effects of Climate Change -- 4.2 Temperate Forests -- 4.2.1 Carbon Dynamics and Pools -- 4.2.2 Effects of Climate Change -- 4.3 Tropical Forests -- 4.3.1 Carbon Dynamics and Pools -- 4.3.2 Effects of Climate Change -- 4.4 Conclusions -- 4.5 Review Questions -- References -- 190499_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Chapter 5 -- Nutrient and Water Limitations on Carbon Sequestration in Forests -- 5.1 Nitrogen -- 5.1.1 Nitrogen Dynamics in Forest Ecosystems -- 5.1.2 Nitrogen Impacts on Biomass Carbon Sequestration -- 5.1.3 Nitrogen Impacts on Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration -- 5.1.4 Conclusions -- 5.2 Phosphorus -- 5.2.1 Phosphorus Dynamics in Forest Ecosystems -- 5.2.2 Phosphorus Impacts on Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems -- 5.2.3 Conclusions -- 5.3 Water -- 5.3.1 Water Cycle in Forest Ecosystems -- 5.3.2 Water and Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems -- 5.3.3 Conclusions -- 5.4 Review Questions -- References -- 190499_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Chapter 6 -- The Importance of Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems -- 6.1 Bioenergy from Tree Plantations. , 6.1.1 Bioenergy and Biofuels from the Forest Sector -- 6.1.2 Genetic Modification of Dedicated Biomass Trees by Biotechnology -- 6.2 Forest Carbon Sequestration Under the United Nations Framework on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and Post-Kyoto Agre -- 6.2.1 Current Commitments for Forest Carbon Sequestration -- 6.2.2 Future Forest-Based Systems for Carbon Sequestration -- 6.2.2.1 Carbon Monitoring in Forestry Projects -- 6.2.2.2 Monitoring the Soil Organic Carbon Pool -- 6.2.2.3 Remote Sensing of Forest Carbon Pools -- 6.2.2.4 Modeling Forest Carbon Pools and Fluxes -- 6.2.2.5 Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation -- 6.2.2.6 Accounting for Forest Carbon Offsets -- 6.3 Major Constraints on the Importance of Forest Carbon Sequestration: Tropical Deforestation, Perturbations in Peatlands a -- 6.3.1 Tropical Deforestation -- 6.3.2 Perturbations in Peatland Forests -- 6.3.3 Perturbations in Old-Growth Forests -- 6.4 Conclusions -- 6.5 Review Questions -- References -- 190499_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF.pdf.