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  • Rat  (3)
  • Suicide  (3)
  • Attempted suicide  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Stereotypy ; Environmental influence ; Automatic recording ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The topography of stereotyped behaviour produced by apomorphine in rats was studied by using either a scoring system, based on observation in a wire cage, or by quantification of horizontal and vertical activities, and of the total distances run in an open field, using an automatic recording system. The latter design was combined with a classification of the type of stereotyped behaviour observed during recording. In addition, the reproducibility of the nature of the stereotyped behaviour and its dose-dependence in individual animals was evaluated. In rats observed in a wire cage, apomorphine at lower doses (0.25 or 0.50 mg/kg SC) produced stereotyped sniffing. Increasing the doses led to stereotyped licking and the largest dose (5.00 mg/kg SC) produced predominantly stereotyped gnawing, as was demonstrated graphically. The type of behaviour produced by 2 mg/kg apomorphine in the open field was reproduced well in individuals after a second administration 4 days later. The shift from sniffing to gnawing was observed in most, but not all of the individually classified animals after administration of the largest dose (5 mg/kg). The locomotor part of motility was highest in “sniffing animals” and lower when gnawing occurred. The non-locomotor part of motility was low in “sniffing rats” and increased when licking and gnawing occurred. In some of the animals a characteristic “climbing” behaviour was observed in addition after the larger doses, which did not interfere with sniffing, licking or gnawing. A combination of classification by observation and automatic recording seems the most appropriate way to study the topography of stereotyped behaviour produced by apomorphine.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 182-187 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nomifensine ; B-HT 920 ; Dopamine receptors ; Conditioning ; Dopamine-mediated behaviours ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Conditioning of behavioural effects produced by two drugs acting differently upon dopaminergic neurotransmission was studied. Nomifensine and the putative dopamine autoreceptor agonist B-HT 920 produce contrasting effects on motility, namely increases in locomotor activity and stereotypies as compared to hypokinesia and ptosis. The administration of each of these drugs (US) was repeatedly associated with well-defined environmental stimuli (CS): a wire cage associated with an auditory and on olfactory stimulus. The rats were conditioned for 7 days with 20 mg/kg nomifensine IP each day. After conditioning, the rats were treated with the solvent alone in presence of the CS. Not only did sniffing and licking occur, but also gnawing, even though the latter response was not evident after acute administration of the drug or during the conditioning period. Nomifensine (20 mg/kg IP) also acutely decreased the ratio of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine concentrations (DOPAC/DOPAMINE); this ratio was not altered in the conditioned rats, 60 min after solvent administration in presence of the CS. Rats were conditioned with 0.02 mg/kg IP B-HT 920 daily for 8 days. During the conditioning phase, akinesia and ptosis showed a slight enhancement and a faster onset. After conditioning, when the rats were treated with the solvent alone, the majority of them showed akinesia and/or ptosis during the observation period, in contrast to pseudoconditioned controls. When these rats were conditioned or pseudoconditioned, respectively, with B-HT 920 for further 5 days using 0.02 mg/kg again, treatment with the same dose in presence of the CS produced a significant enhancement and acceleration of these signs in conditioned as compared with pseudoconditioned control rats. The results show that stereotypies producd by nomifensine and akinesia and ptosis produced by B-HT 920 can be conditioned and that, in addition, a sign of stereotypies which was not manifest during the conditioning period appeared as conditioned response.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Conditioned dopaminergic activity ; Stereotyped behaviour ; Dopamine autoreceptors ; Dopamine metabolism ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated whether pharmacological effects of the dopamine agonist apomorphine can be conditioned by establishing an association of apomorphine administration with exteroceptive cues. Apomorphine was repeatedly administered and subsequently, the rat was put into a test cage and exposed to an acoustic and an olfactory stimulus (“conditioned rats”). Control animals (“pseudoconditioned” rats) were treated with the same pharmacological schedule of apomorphine not temporally associated with the stimuli. On the test day, both groups were injected with saline and exposed to the stimuli described. The stereotyped behaviour produced by large doses of apomorphine (0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg SC), namely sniffing, licking and gnawing, could be conditioned in a pronounced way. During the conditioning period, a change in the stereotypies was observed with regard to the time-course (earlier occurrence) and to the character of the stereotypies (from sniffing to licking and gnawing), when 0.5 mg/kg apomorphine was used, but not with the dose of 2.0 mg/kg. The conditioned responses showed a relatively uniform distribution during the observation period with some increase towards the end of the observation period. Some signs produced by a low dose of apomorphine (0.07 mg/kg SC), namely hypomotility and ptosis, but not yawning, could also be conditioned, although in a less pronounced way. An intermediate dose of apomorphine (0.18 mg/kg SC) produced both signs observed after large doses and those observed after a small dose, occurring alternatingly. Both types of signs could be conditioned using this dosage. Conditioning did not alter striatal or mesolimbic dopamine turnover. These results suggest that only behavioural signs due to an activation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors, but also some symptoms produced by an activation of dopamine autoreceptors can be conditioned.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 250 (2000), S. 257-261 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Unipolar ; Bipolar ; Depression ; Suicidality ; Suicide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present analyses was to evaluate differences in suicidality (past suicide attempts, suicidal thoughts at time of admission and completed suicides during the hospital stay) between bipolar and unipolar depressed inpatients. Apart from a higher frequency of past suicide attempts in bipolar depressed patients (26.6% in bipolar vs. 17.8% in unipolar patients), findings do not indicate any further differences in suicidality (suicidal thoughts (about 40% in both groups) and completed suicides during the hospital stay (0.8% in both groups)) between bipolar and unipolar patients. Factors with a predictive value for suicidal thoughts at the time of admission were a positive family history for affective disorders, past suicide attempts, and the depressive and paranoid hallucinatory syndrome (all associated with an increased risk). Female gender, an older age at hospitalisation and a longer duration of the illness were found to be associated with a lower probability for having suicidal tendencies at the time of admission. The risk for committing suicide during the hospital stay was increased if the patients had a history of past suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts at the time of admission. A more pronounced depressive syndrome at time of admission was slightly associated with a lower risk of committing suicide.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 427-438 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Attempted suicide ; Singular and repeated acts ; Comparative study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Hinblick auf soziodemographische, biographische und psychopathologische Variablen wurden 169 Patienten nach erstmaligem und 109 Patienten nach wiederholtem Suizidversuch miteinander verglichen. Die erheblichen, zum Teil statistisch hochsignifikanten Unterschiede kennzeichnen die Patienten mit mehrfachen Selbstmordversuchen als einen Personenkreis mit häufigeren Verlust- oder Trennungserlebnissen in Kindheit und Jugend sowie mit konfliktreicheren und instabileren sozialen Beziehungen im privaten wie im beruflichen Bereich. Diese Patienten kamen häufiger als die Vergleichsgruppe in psychiatrische und psychotherapeutische Behandlung, wurden häufiger als persönlichkeitsgestört oder suchtkrank diagnostiziert und prognostisch ungünstiger beurteilt. Die Übereinstimmung der Ergebnisse mit der vorliegenden Literatur, Fragen der typologischen Interpretation und versorgungspraktische Konsequenzen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary After their first suicide attempts 169 patients were compared to 109 repeated suicide attempters regarding sociodemographical, biographical, and psychopathological variables. The differences between the groups characterize the repeaters as persons with more broken-home situations in childhood and youth and with more tension and instability in private and occupational relationships. These patients received more psychiatric or psychotherapeutic treatment, were more often classified as suffering from a personality disorder or addiction and their prognosis was estimated less favourable. These findings are consistent with the results of other investigations. Questions of typological interpretation and practical consequences are discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Suicide ; Attempted suicide ; Suicidal act ; Parasuicidal act ; Suicide prevention services ; Suicid ; Suicidversuch ; Suicidale Handlung ; Parasuicidale Handlung ; Selbstmordverhütungsinstitutionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 150 Patienten mit Tablettenselbstmordversuch warden soziale und psychiatrische Daten analysiert. Die sozialen Daten werden in Beziehung gesetzt zu einer Vergleichsgruppe von Suicidenten. Bei den psychiatrischen Daten werden insbesondere Informationen über das Selbstmordverhalten herausgearbeitet. Der letzte Teil der Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Bekanntheit und der Inanspruchnahme von Selbstmordverhütungsinstitutionen.
    Notes: Summary Social and psychiatric data on patients who attempted suicide are analysed and compared with social data on a control group of persons who succeeded in committing suicide. Among the psychiatric data, information about presuicidal and suicidal behavior is elaborated. The last part of the analysis describes how many people know about and use suicide prevention services.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Psychopharmakologie ; Suizid ; Schizophrenie ; Risikofaktoren ; Psychopathologie ; Keywords Psychopharmacology ; Suicide ; Schizophrenia ; Risk facotrs ; Psychopathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract For all 5.352 patients treated for schizophrenia at the Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Munich in 1981 and 1992, detailed routine and data processing-assisted documentations were made of the psychopharmacological therapies. Nineteen of the patients committed suicide while undergoing inpatient treatment; the control group consisted of all other patients (n=5.333). More than 77 sociodemographic and anamnestic variables as well as 195 items from the admission summaries were taken into account while comparing the groups. Furthermore, the pharmacological data were classified according to drug groups and comparison was based on the mean frequency of prescription of each group. We analyzed the mean number of prescriptions for neuroleptics, tranquilizers, and antidepressants, which were further differentiated into sedating and nonsedating types. For frequently administered drugs, mean daily doses were also compared. Bivariate analysis of the data suggests that the suicide cases presented depressive signs, symptoms, and tendencies already present on admission more frequently than with controls; the same applies to previously attempted suicides. Discriminating analysis showed that the variables “feeling of loss of feelings,“ thought insertion,”“visible depression,”“free-floating anxiety,”“suicidal tendencies,” and “previously attempted suicide” have the greatest predictive value with respect to suicide, in descending order. No differences in psychopharmacological treatment between suicides and controls were found, apart from a significantly higher percentage of antidepressive treatments and a higher mean number of antidepressant prescriptions for the suicides.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei allen 5.352 im Zeitraum 1981–1992 in der Psychiatrischen Klinik der Universität München stationär aufgenommenen schizophrenen Patienten wurde systematisch sowohl eine Routinedokumentation mit dem AMDP-System als auch eine computergestützte Dokumentation der pharmakologischen Behandlung durchgeführt. 19 dieser Patienten suizidierten sich während des stationären Aufenthaltes, wobei die Kontrollgruppe aus allen übrigen Patienten gebildet wurde (n=5.333). In den Gruppenvergleich gingen alle soziodemographischen und krankheitsanamnestischen Variablen sowie alle Items des AMDP-Aufnahmebefundes ein. Ferner wurden die pharmakologischen Daten nach Medikamentengruppen zusammengefasst und hinsichtlich der Verordnungshäufigkeiten der jeweiligen Pharmakagruppen verglichen. Die bivariate Auswertung zeigte neben häufigeren Suizidversuchen in der Vorgeschichte ein bei den säteren Suizidenten bereits bei Aufnahme häufiger vorliegendes depressiv-suizidales Syndrom, wobei diskriminanzanalytisch in absteigender Reihenfolge die Variablen “Gefühl der Gefühllosigkeit”, “Gedankeneingebung”, “beobachtete Depression”, “frei flottierende Angst”, “Suizidalität” und “Suizidversuch in der Vorgeschichte” die größte prädiktive Kraft in Richtung Suizid entfalteten. Mit Ausnahme einer signifikanten Erhöhung sowohl des prozentualen Anteils der antidepressiv behandelten Patienten als auch der mittleren Anzahl der Antidepressivaverordnungen in der Suizidgruppe fanden sich keine Anhaltspunkte für eine zwischen den beiden Gruppen wesentlich differierende psychopharmakologische Behandlung.
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