Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Trend Analyses of Seasonal Mean Temperature Series Pertaining to the Tapi River Basin Using Monthly Data -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Data -- 1.3 Study Area -- 1.4 Methodology -- 1.5 Results -- 1.5.1 Trend Analysis of Regional Winter Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.2 Trend Analysis of Regional Pre-monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.3 Trend Analysis of Regional Monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.4 Trend Analysis of Regional Post-monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Dry Spell and Wet Spell Characterisation of Nandani River Basin, Western Maharashtra, India -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Objective -- 2.3 Study Area and Methodology -- 2.3.1 Data Used -- 2.3.2 Method -- 2.3.3 Identification of Wet and Dry Spell -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Assessment of Climate Change on Crop Water Requirement in Tandula Command of Chhattisgarh (India) -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area and Data Used -- 3.3 Methodology -- 3.3.1 Statistical Downscaling -- 3.3.2 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo) -- 3.3.3 Computation of Irrigation Water Requirement -- 3.4 Analysis of Results -- 3.4.1 Future Projection of Climate Parameters and Rainfall -- 3.4.2 Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirement -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrological Regime of Narmada River Basin -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Literature Review -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Study Area -- 4.3.2 Data and Methodology -- 4.3.3 Model Working Flowchart -- 4.4 ANN Used in Runoff Modelling -- 4.5 Wavelet Transform: A Data Processing Technique -- 4.6 Efficiency Parameters -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References. , 5 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Ethiopia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Resources of Ethiopia -- 5.3 Ethiopian Contribution to Global Greenhouse Emission -- 5.4 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Ethiopia -- 5.4.1 Observed (Historical) Impacts on Water Resource -- 5.4.2 Potential Impacts on Water Resource -- 5.5 State Reaction for Threats of Climate Change in Ethiopia -- 5.6 Adaptation and Mitigation Techniques in Ethiopia -- 5.7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 6 Spatio-Temporal Trend Analysis of Long-Term IMD-Gridded Precipitation in Godavari River Basin, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area and Datasets Used -- 6.3 Methodology -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Forecasting Reference Evapotranspiration Using Artificial Neural Network for Nagpur Region -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Results and Discussions -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Time-Varying Downscaling Model (TVDM) and its Benefit to Capture Extreme Rainfall -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methodology -- 8.3.1 Data Used -- 8.3.2 Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Calibration Period -- 8.4.2 Validation Period -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 An Assessment of Impact of Land Use-Land Cover and Climate Change on Quality of River Using Water Quality Index -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Land Use-Land Cover -- 9.1.2 Climate Change -- 9.1.3 Water Quality Index -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.3.1 Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 9.3.2 Analysis of WQI and Data -- 9.3.3 Relationship Between Land Use, Climate Change and Water Quality -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Assessment of Tail Behavior of Probability Distributions of Daily Precipitation Data Over India -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 The Dataset -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Defining the Tail -- 10.3.2 Fitting Method -- 10.3.3 The Fitted Distribution Tails -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Benefit of Time-Varying Models Developed Using Graphical Modeling Approach for Probabilistic Prediction of Monthly Streamflow -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methodology -- 11.3 Application of the Time-Varying GM Approach -- 11.3.1 Study Area and Data Source -- 11.3.2 Model Performance and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Determination of Effective Discharge Responsible for Sediment Transport in Cauvery River Basin -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Goodness-of-Fit Test for Stream Flow Data -- 12.2.2 Determination of Effective Discharge Using MFA -- 12.2.3 Recurrence Interval Prediction -- 12.3 Study Area and Data Considered for MFA -- 12.4 Results and Discussions -- 12.4.1 KS Test for Fitting Probability Distributions to Daily Stream Flow Data -- 12.4.2 Stream Flow Distribution and Sediment Transport Analysis -- 12.4.3 Effective Discharge and Recurrence Interval Determination -- 12.4.4 Duration of Effective Discharge -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 A Comparative Study of Potential Evapotranspiration in an Agroforestry Region of Western Ghats, India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Penman-Monteith Method (PM) -- 13.2.2 Priestley-Taylor Method (PT) -- 13.2.3 Hargreaves Method (HG) -- 13.2.4 Turc's Method (TC) -- 13.3 Study Area -- 13.4 Results and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Comparisons of Daily ETo Methods -- 13.4.2 Comparisons of Monthly ET0 Methods -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Influence of Air Temperature on Local Precipitation Extremes Across India -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area and Data -- 14.3 Methodology. , 14.3.1 Pairing the Maximum Daily Temperature and Daily Rainfall of Wet Days -- 14.3.2 Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) Scaling -- 14.4 Results and Discussions -- 14.4.1 Relationship Between Rainfall and Daily Maximum Temperature -- 14.4.2 Evolution of the Scaling Relationship Over Time -- 14.4.3 Relationship Between Rainfall and Maximum Temperature of Preceding Days -- 14.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 15 Effect of Spatial and Temporal Land Use-Land Cover Change on the Rainfall Trend: A Case Study in Kerala -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area and Description -- 15.3 Data and Methodology -- 15.3.1 Rainfall Data -- 15.3.2 Land Use-Land Cover Maps -- 15.3.3 Rainfall Trend -- 15.4 Results and Discussion -- 15.4.1 Land Use-Land Cover Change -- 15.4.2 Rainfall Trend Estimation -- 15.4.3 Relating LULC Modification to Rainfall Change -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Innovations and Application of Operational Ocean Data Products for Security of Marine Environment -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Argo Floats -- 16.1.2 Drifter Program -- 16.1.3 Soop/XBT -- 16.1.4 Moored Buoy -- 16.1.5 Satellite Oceanography -- 16.2 Ocean Data and Information System (ODIS) -- 16.3 Ocean Information and Advisory Services -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Statistical Downscaling of Sea Level by Support Vector Machine and Regression Tree Approaches -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Methods -- 17.2.1 Support Vector Regression -- 17.2.2 Regression Tree -- 17.3 Data Collection -- 17.4 Identification of Predictors -- 17.5 Development of Statistical Downscaling Model -- 17.6 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Yield in Upper Godavari River Sub-basin Using H08 Hydrological Model -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Study Area and Database Development -- 18.3 Methodology and Hydrological Model: H08 -- 18.4 Results and Discussion. , 18.5 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Evaluation of Time Discretization of Daily Rainfall From the Literature for a Specific Site -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Site Description -- 19.3 Time Distribution Curves from the Literature -- 19.4 Data and Methodology -- 19.5 Results and Discussion -- 19.6 Conclusions -- References -- 20 Quality Checks on Continuous Rainfall Records: A Case Study -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Site Description -- 20.3 Screening of Hydrological Data -- 20.3.1 Check for Trend: Spearman's Rank Correlation Method -- 20.3.2 Check for Trend: Kendall's Tau Test -- 20.3.3 Test for Change Point: Cumulative Deviation from the Mean -- 20.3.4 Check for Stability of Variance: Fisher's Test -- 20.3.5 Check for Stability of Means: T-Test -- 20.3.6 Check for Persistence of Data: Lag 1 Serial Correlation Coefficient Test -- 20.3.7 Check for Randomness: Wald-Wolfowitz Test -- 20.4 Conclusions -- References -- 21 Assuring Water Intake Sustainability Under Changing Climate -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Motivation and Objective -- 21.3 Methodology -- 21.4 Basic Governing Equations -- 21.5 Results and Discussion -- 21.6 Conclusions -- References -- 22 Characteristics of Gldas Evapotranspiration and Its Response to Climate Variability Across Ganga Basin, India -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Study Area -- 22.3 Datasets -- 22.3.1 Evapotranspiration -- 22.3.2 Rainfall -- 22.3.3 Temperature -- 22.4 Methods -- 22.4.1 Mann-Kendall Test -- 22.4.2 Modified Mann-Kendall Test -- 22.5 Results and Discussion -- 22.6 Conclusions -- References -- 23 Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature and Its Correlation with Maximum Sustained Wind Speed in Bay of Bengal -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Data and Methodology -- 23.3 Results and Discussion -- 23.4 Conclusions -- References. , 24 Comparison of CMIP5 Wind Speed from Global Climate Models with In-Situ Observations for the Bay of Bengal.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- Authors -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Why Statistical Downscaling? -- 1.2 Climate Models -- 1.3 Statistical Downscaling -- 1.4 Selection of Model Scheme -- 1.5 Structure of Chapters -- 1.6 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 2 Statistical Background -- 2.1 Probability and Statistics -- 2.1.1 Probabilistic Theory -- 2.1.1.1 Probability Density Function and Cumulative Distribution Function -- 2.1.1.2 Descriptors of Random Variables -- 2.1.2 Discrete Probability Distributions -- 2.1.2.1 Bernoulli Distribution -- 2.1.2.2 Binomial Distribution -- 2.1.3 Continuous Probability Distributions -- 2.1.3.1 Normal Distribution and Lognormal Distributions -- 2.1.3.2 Exponential and Gamma Distributions -- 2.1.3.3 Generalized Extreme Value and Gumbel Distribution -- 2.1.4 Parameter Estimation for Probability Distributions -- 2.1.4.1 Method of Moments -- 2.1.4.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation -- 2.1.5 Histogram and Empirical Distribution -- 2.2 Multivariate Random Variables -- 2.2.1 Multivariate Normal Distribution and Its Conditional Distribution -- 2.2.2 Covariance and Correlation -- 2.3 Random Simulation -- 2.3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation and Uniform Random Number -- 2.3.2 Simulation of Probability Distributions -- 2.4 Metaheuristic Algorithm -- 2.4.1 Harmony Search -- 2.5 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Data and Format Description -- 3.1 GCM Data -- 3.2 Reanalysis Data -- 3.3 RCM Data -- 3.4 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Bias Correction -- 4.1 Why Bias Correction? -- 4.2 Occurrence Adjustment for Precipitation Data -- 4.3 Empirical Adjustment (Delta Method) -- 4.4 Quantile Mapping -- 4.4.1 General Quantile Mapping -- 4.4.2 Nonparametric Quantile Mapping -- 4.4.3 Quantile Delta Mapping -- 4.5 Summary and Comparison. , Chapter 5 Regression Downscalings -- 5.1 Linear Regression Based Downscaling -- 5.1.1 Simple Linear Regression -- 5.1.1.1 Significance Test -- 5.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression -- 5.2 Predictor Selection -- 5.2.1 Stepwise Regression -- 5.2.2 Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator -- 5.3 Nonlinear Regression Modeling -- 5.3.1 Artificial Neural Network -- 5.4 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 6 Weather Generator Downscaling -- 6.1 Mathematical Background -- 6.1.1 Autoregressive Models -- 6.1.2 Multivariate Autoregressive Model -- 6.1.3 Markov Chain -- 6.2 Weather Generator -- 6.2.1 Model Fitting -- 6.2.1.1 Precipitation -- 6.2.1.2 Weather Variables (T[sub(max)], T[sub(min)], SR) -- 6.2.2 Simulation of Weather Variables -- 6.2.2.1 Precipitation -- 6.2.2.2 Weather Variables (T[sub(max)], T[sub(min)], SR) -- 6.2.3 Implementation of Downscaling -- 6.3 Nonparametric Weather Generator -- 6.3.1 Simulation under Current Climate -- 6.3.2 Simulation under Future Climate Scenarios -- 6.4 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 7 Weather-Type Downscaling -- 7.1 Classification of Weather Types -- 7.1.1 Empirical Weather Type -- 7.1.2 Objective Weather Type -- 7.2 Generation of Daily Rainfall Sequences -- 7.3 Future Climate with Weather-Type Downscaling -- 7.4 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Temporal Downscaling -- 8.1 Background -- 8.1.1 K-Nearest Neighbor Resampling -- 8.2 Daily to Hourly Downscaling -- 8.3 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 9 Spatial Downscaling -- 9.1 Mathematical Background -- 9.1.1 Bilinear Interpolation -- 9.1.2 Nearest Neighbor Interpolation -- 9.2 Bias Correction and Spatial Downscaling -- 9.3 Bias Correction and Constructed Analogues -- 9.4 Bias Correction and Stochastic Analogue -- 9.5 Summary and Comparison -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- part1.pdf -- 1-4020-5180-8_1_Part_OnlinePDF.pdf -- SECTION0 Introduction -- Introduction -- 1-4020-5180-8_1_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Physical Environment of India -- Topography -- Political Divisions of India -- Climate -- Meteorological Sub Divisions -- Soils of India -- Land Use and Land Management -- Forests -- Agriculture -- Flora of India -- Fauna of India -- Wetlands -- Lakes -- Hydrology in Ancient India -- part2.pdf -- 1-4020-5180-8_2_Part_OnlinePDF.pdf -- SECTION0 Hydrology and Hydrometeorology -- Hydrology and Hydrometeorology -- 1-4020-5180-8_2_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Water Budget and Population of India -- The water balance equation -- World Water Inventory -- Water Balance for India -- Population and nutrition requirements -- Water poverty index -- 1-4020-5180-8_3_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Rainfall and Analysis of Rainfall Data -- Measurement of rainfall -- Measurement of Snow -- Storage of Rainfall data -- Estimation of Missing Data -- Disaggregation of Daily Data -- Rainfall of Various Durations -- Rain Storm Analysis -- Rainfall Intensity -- Duration -- Frequency Studies -- Long range forecast of monsoon -- Relation between Rainfall Extremes and El Nino Characteristics -- 1-4020-5180-8_4_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Evaporation and other Meteorological Data -- Evaporation -- Temperature -- Humidity -- Sunshine -- Wind -- Atmosphere Pressure -- Radiation -- Automated Weather Station (AWS) -- 1-4020-5180-8_5_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Runoff and Streamflow -- Acquisition and Processing of Streamflow Data -- Stream Gauging Networks -- Hydrologic Design of Projects -- Baseflow -- Flood Frequency Analysis -- Food forecasting -- 1-4020-5180-8_6_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Groundwater -- Introduction -- Hydrogeology of India -- Characterization of Rock Types of India -- Infiltration -- Ground Water Monitoring Network in India -- Ground Water Resources. , Estimation of Ground Water Resource in India -- Norms for Estimation of Recharge -- Ground Water Draft -- Artesian flow -- Conjunctive Use of Water -- part3.pdf -- 1-4020-5180-8_3_Part_OnlinePDF.pdf -- SECTION0 River Basins -- River Basins -- 1-4020-5180-8_7_OnlinePDF.pdf -- River Basins of India -- Major river groups of India -- Mythological Naming of Rivers -- River Basins of India -- Freshwater resources -- Data Requirement for Water Resources Development (WRD) Projects -- 1-4020-5180-8_8_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Ganga Basin -- Ganga-Brahmaputra-Barak (Meghna) Basin -- Ganga Basin -- Major tributaries of Ganga -- The Ganga Delta -- Major Water Resources Development Projects in the Ganga Basin -- Ganga-Brahmputra-Barak Basin Study -- Problems in Water Resources Development of Ganga Basin -- Water Quality Aspects -- Ground Water Aspects in Terai and Ganga Plain Zones -- Ground Water in Ganga Plains -- Epilogue -- 1-4020-5180-8_9_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Brahmaputra and Barak Basin -- The Brahmaputra Basin -- Hydrometeorology of the Basin -- Soils of the Brahmaputra Basin -- Hydrogeology -- Ground Water Resource Potential -- Crops and Cropping Pattern -- Precipitation -- Discharge -- Sediment Transport -- Irrigation -- Hydropower -- Environmental and other aspects -- Concluding Remarks -- 1-4020-5180-8_10_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Indus Basin -- The Indus Basin -- Topography of Indus Basin -- Kandi Belt -- Climate -- Tributaries of the Indus River -- Surface Water Potential of Indus River -- Water Resources Development in Indus basin in India -- Water Resources Projects in Indus Basin -- Dams and Water Transfer in Indus Basin -- Water Resources Development in the Indus basin in Pakistan -- Flash Floods in the Indus River Basin -- Water Quality of the tributaries of Indus basin in Punjab -- 1-4020-5180-8_11_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Narmada Basin -- The Narmada Basin. , Major Tributaries and Sub-basins -- Climate in Narmada Basin -- Soils and Land Use -- Water Resources of Narmada Basin -- Water Quality -- Modeling Studies -- Major Water Resources Projects in Narmada Basin -- Floods, Waterlogging and Drainage -- The Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) -- 1-4020-5180-8_12_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Tapi, Sabarmati and Mahi Basins -- The Tapi Basin -- The Sabarmati Basin -- The Mahi Basin -- 1-4020-5180-8_13_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Mahanadi, Subernarekha and BrahmaniBasins -- The Mahanadi Basin -- Subernarekha System -- The Brahmani Basin -- The Baitarani River Basin -- 1-4020-5180-8_14_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Krishna and Godavari Basins -- The Krishna Basin -- The Godavari Basin -- 1-4020-5180-8_15_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Cauvery and Pennar Basins -- The Cauvery Basin -- The Pennar Basin -- 1-4020-5180-8_16_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Other Basins and Islands -- West Flowing River System -- West Flowing Rivers of Kachchh and Saurashtra including Luni and Inland Drainage -- West Flowing Rivers South of Tapi -- East Flowing Rivers between Mahanadiand Godavari -- East Flowing Rivers between Godavariand Krishna -- East Flowing Rivers between Krishnaand Pennar -- East Flowing Rivers between Pennarand Cauvery -- East Flowing Rivers South of Cauvery -- Rivers Draining into Bangladesh -- Hydrology and Water Resources of Islands -- Eminent water resources professionals who have made outstanding contributions in India -- part4.pdf -- 1-4020-5180-8_4_Part_OnlinePDF.pdf -- SECTION0 Water Uses, Projects, Problems, and Governance -- Water Uses, Projects, Problems, and Governance -- 1-4020-5180-8_17_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Major Uses of Water in India -- The demand for water -- Water resources requirement -- Domestic Water Needs -- Irrigation -- Hydropower -- Industrial uses -- Re-cycling and Reuse of water -- Navigation and Other Uses -- Total Water Requirements. , Virtual Water Trade and Water Footprints of India -- 1-4020-5180-8_18_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Problems Related to Water Resources Management in India -- Causes of Water Related Problems in India -- Uneven Distribution of Water Availability -- Floods -- Droughts -- Excessive Groundwater Exploitation -- Drinking Water Problems -- Waterlogging -- Soil Salinity -- Problems in Construction of New Projects -- Climate change and its impact on water resources -- Hydrological Problems of Hard Rock Region -- Threat to Biodiversity and Wetlands -- 1-4020-5180-8_19_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Reservoirs and Lakes -- Need for Storage Reservoirs -- Dams in India -- Problems in Decision Making for Dams -- Reservoir Operation -- Hydrological Aspects of Dam Safety -- Reservoir Sedimentation -- Lakes -- Lakes of India -- Problems of Indian Lakes -- 1-4020-5180-8_20_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Water Quality and Related Aspects -- UN Millennium Development Goals -- Water Quality Requirement for Different Uses -- Sources of Pollution -- River Water Quality -- Ground Water Pollution -- Ground Water Quality -- Pollution in Coastal Areas -- Water related diseases -- Water Quality Monitoring -- Water Quality and Environmental Lawsin India -- Epilogue -- 1-4020-5180-8_21_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Constitutional Provisions, Inter-State Water Disputes and Treaties -- Constitutional Provisions Regarding Water -- River Boards Act -- Inter-State Water Disputes (ISWD) -- Godavari Water Dispute Tribunal -- Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal -- Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal -- Ravi and Beas Water Tribunal -- Cauvery Water Dispute -- Yamuna Water Dispute -- International Treaties -- Cooperation with Neighboring Countries for Joint Water Resources Projects -- 1-4020-5180-8_22_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Inter-Basin Water Transfer -- Introduction -- Inter-Basin Water Transfer -- Planning for IBWT Projects. , IBWT Projects in Other Countries -- Past Indian Experiences on Inter-basin Water Transfer -- Objectives of Inter-basin Transfers of Water -- National Perspective Plan -- Himalayan Rivers Development Component -- Peninsular Rivers Development Component -- Present Status of ILR -- Opposition to the ILR Scheme -- Conclusion -- 1-4020-5180-8_23_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Institutions in the Field of Hydrology and Water Resources -- Main organizations dealing with Water Resources in India -- Ministries involved in Water Sector -- Central Government Organizations and Undertakings -- River basin organizations -- State Government Organizations -- Academic organizations -- Professional Societies -- Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) -- International organizations -- Research and development setup in water resources -- 1-4020-5180-8_24_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Concepts of Water Governance for India -- Hydrological Information System (HIS) -- Water Conservation -- Water Quality Improvement and Environment Restoration -- Inter-Basin Water Transfer (IBWT) -- Groundwater Management -- Watershed Management -- Impacts of Climate Change -- Water Pricing -- Public Involvement and Capacity Building -- Initiatives Needed in Water Sector in India -- Epilogue -- Hydrology and Water Resources of India -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- References -- Abbreviations -- Conversion Factors -- National Water Policy -- Need for a National Water Policy -- Information System -- Water Resources Planning -- Institutional Mechanism -- Water Allocation Priorities -- Project Planning -- Ground Water Development -- Drinking Water -- Irrigation -- Resettlement and Rehabilitation -- Financial and Physical Sustainability -- Participatory Approach to Water Resources Management -- Private Sector Participation -- Water Quality -- Water Zoning. , Conservation of Water.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Applications of Geospatial and Information Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sustainable Development Goals -- 1.2.1 Targets -- 1.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGI) and Its Global Perspective -- 1.2.3 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on SDGs Implementation -- 1.3 Importance and Scope of Geospatial Technology on SDGs Implementation -- 1.4 Application of Geospatial Techniques Toward Achieving SDGs -- 1.5 Application of Information and Communication Technology Toward Achieving SDGs -- 1.5.1 Application of Big Data -- 1.5.2 Application of Artificial Intelligence -- 1.5.3 Application of Internet of Things -- 1.6 Integration of Geospatial Technology with ICT and Its Significance -- 1.7 Gaps or Challenges -- 1.7.1 Data-Related Challenges -- 1.7.2 Lack of Technology Infrastructure -- 1.7.3 Skilled/Trained Manpower -- 1.7.4 Lack of Awareness -- 1.7.5 Others -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Comparison of Maximum Likelihood, Neural Networks, and Random Forests Algorithms in Classifying Urban Landscape -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study Area -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.3.1 Preprocessing -- 2.3.2 Classification Algorithms -- 2.3.3 Image Classification -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.4.1 Comparison of Overall Accuracies -- 2.4.2 Comparison of Producer's and User's Accuracies -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Crowd-Assisted Flood Disaster Management -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background of Crowdsourced Data (CSD) -- 3.3 Challenges and Opportunities in CSD -- 3.4 Applications of CSD -- 3.5 Quality and Performance of CSD -- 3.5.1 Credibility of Crowdsourced Data -- 3.5.2 Relevance of Crowdsourced Data -- 3.6 Case Study: Flood Disaster Management -- 3.6.1 CSD Location Availability. , 3.6.2 CSD Credibility Analysis: A Naïve Bayesian Network-Based Model for CSD Credibility Detection -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Geospatial Big Earth Data and Urban Data Analytics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Big Earth Data and their Characteristics -- 4.3 Big Earth Data Sources -- 4.4 Existing Platforms for Big Earth Data Processing and Management -- 4.5 Big Earth Data Analytics -- 4.6 Big Earth Data and Urban Studies -- 4.7 Big Data Urban Analytics Toward Society 5.0 -- 4.8 Challenges and Way Forward -- References -- 5 A Comparative Analysis of Spatiotemporal Drought Events from Remote Sensing and Standardized Precipitation Indexes in Central America Dry Corridor -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Case Study -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 5.3.2 Drought Calculation -- 5.3.3 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes -- 5.3.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI -- 5.3.5 Vegetation Condition Index VCI -- 5.3.6 Climatological Drought Indexes -- 5.3.7 Spatiotemporal Monitoring -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Climatological Drought Index -- 5.4.2 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes -- 5.4.3 Spatiotemporal Approach -- 5.4.4 Drought Tracking -- 5.5 Conclusions -- 5.6 Recommendations -- References -- 6 RETRACTED CHAPTER: Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Tools in Assessment of Drought Using Satellite and Ground-Based Data -- 7 Determining the Yield of Rice Using the Leaf Area Index (LAI) in Iran -- 7.1 Rice Cultivation in Iran -- 7.2 Types of Rice Cultivation in Iran -- 7.2.1 The Method of Transplanting -- 7.2.2 Direct Seeding Method -- 7.3 Rice Yield Remote Estimation Indices -- 7.4 Leaf Area Index -- 7.5 Detection of Rice Crop by Remote Sensing Method -- 7.5.1 Unsupervised Classification -- 7.5.2 Supervised Classification -- 7.6 Determining Rice Yield -- 7.7 Results Evaluation of Rice Yield -- 7.8 Discussion and Conclusion. , References -- 8 Soil Erosion Modeling Using Remote Sensing and GIS -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.3.1 Erosion Modeling Using RUSLE -- 8.3.2 Erosion Modeling Using MMF Model -- 8.3.3 Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) -- 8.3.4 Model Validation -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Soil Loss by RUSLE Model -- 8.4.2 Soil Loss by MMF Model -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 The Mapping of the Intensity of Degradation According to the Different Land Use in Arid Regions: The Case of the Bouhamed Watershed, Southern Tunisia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area Exposed to Desertification Problems -- 9.2.1 Arid Climate and Fragile Biophysical Context -- 9.2.2 Ancient and Changing Human Occupation -- 9.3 Methodological Approach to Mapping Land Degradation Based on Remote Sensing and GIS -- 9.3.1 Data and Tools -- 9.3.2 Soil Degradation Mapping Method -- 9.4 Study and Assessment of Degradation Intensity in the Bouhamed Watershed -- 9.4.1 Mapping of the Surface State by the Spectral Indices Approach -- 9.4.2 Mapping Human Occupation Patterns -- 9.4.3 Determination of the Intensity of Degradation -- 9.4.4 Assessment of the State of Desertification by Specification of the Sensitivity Level: Summary Map -- 9.5 Discussion -- 9.6 Conclusion -- 9.7 Recommendation -- References -- 10 Applicability of the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model Data for Basin-Scale Spatiotemporal Drought Assessment -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Case Study -- 10.2.2 WEAP Model -- 10.2.3 GLEAM Data -- 10.2.4 The Wet-Environment Evapotranspiration and Precipitation Standardized Index (WEPSI) -- 10.2.5 Experimental Setup -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 WEPSI Calculation and Performance Evaluation -- 10.3.2 Eligibility of a Global ET Dataset for Local WEPSI Applications -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References. , 11 Remote Sensing-Based Estimation of Shallow Inland Lake Morphometry: A Case Study of Sambhar Salt Lake, Ramsar Site-464, India -- 11.1 Introduction and Background -- 11.1.1 Why Lake Morphometry? -- 11.2 Significant Literature Inferences About Importance of Lake Morphometry -- 11.3 Material and Methods -- 11.3.1 Study Area-General Description -- 11.3.2 Image Preprocessing -- 11.3.3 Extraction of Water Surface -- 11.3.4 Calculation of the Lake Morphometric Parameters -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Lake Water Surface Area (A) or (a) -- 11.4.2 Maximum Length (Lmax) -- 11.4.3 Maximum Width (Bmax) and Mean Width (overlineB) -- 11.4.4 Lake Water Depth (Maximum Depth Dmax) and (Mean Depth overlineD) -- 11.4.5 Lake Volume (V) and Form Factor (Vd) -- 11.4.6 Dynamic Ratio (DR), Erosion-Transportation (ET) Areas, and Accumulation Areas (Ao) -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Remote Sensing and GIS in Spatial Monitoring of the Wetlands: A Case Study of Loktak Lake Catchment, India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Wetlands Classifications and Distributions -- 12.2.1 Ramsar Classification -- 12.2.2 Wetlands Classifications in India -- 12.2.3 Distributions of Wetlands in India -- 12.3 Drivers for Change in Wetland Conditions -- 12.4 Land Use Land Cover Change (LULCC) Modeling Techniques -- 12.4.1 Vector-Based CA (VEC-GCA) -- 12.4.2 CA-Support Vector Machine (SVM) (CA-SVM) -- 12.4.3 CA-MCE -- 12.5 Case Study of Herbaceous Wetlands (Phumdis) and Wetlands in Loktak Lake Catchment, Manipur, India -- 12.6 Results -- 12.7 Discussions -- 12.8 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- 13 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in a Tropical River Basin Using Geospatial Techniques and Analytical Hierarchy Process -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Data and Methodology -- 13.4 Results and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Lithology. , 13.4.2 Geomorphological Features -- 13.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) -- 13.4.4 Soil Texture -- 13.4.5 Lineament Density -- 13.4.6 Slope Angle -- 13.4.7 Drainage Density -- 13.4.8 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) -- 13.4.9 Rainfall -- 13.4.10 Relative Importance of the Factors -- 13.4.11 Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZs) -- 13.4.12 Discussions -- 13.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 14 Management of Environmentally Stressed Areas in Watershed Using Multi-criteria Decision Tool in GIS: A Noble Technique to Conserve Soil for Agriculture -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Rain Splash Erosion -- 14.1.2 Sheet Erosion -- 14.1.3 Rill Erosion -- 14.1.4 Gully Erosion -- 14.1.5 Bank Erosion -- 14.2 Soil Erosion in India -- 14.3 Assessment of Soil Erosion -- 14.4 Watershed Prioritization and Design of SWC Measures -- 14.5 Application of GIS -- 14.6 Case Study -- 14.6.1 Module-I: Prioritization -- 14.6.2 Module-II: Development of CAT Plan for SWC Measures -- 14.7 Study Area and Data Used -- 14.8 Results and Discussion -- 14.8.1 Module-I: Prioritization of Sub-watersheds -- 14.8.2 Module-II CAT Plan for Soil Water Conservation Measures -- 14.9 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Geospatial Technology for Estimating the Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Natural Hazards -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Study Area -- 15.3 Methodology -- 15.3.1 Identification and Grading of Relevant Hazards -- 15.3.2 Determination of Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods -- 15.3.3 Calculation of the Vulnerability Index (VI) -- 15.4 Risk Assessment for Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods -- 15.4.1 The Results of Hazard Assessment -- 15.4.2 Results of the Vulnerability Assessment -- 15.5 Conclusion -- 15.6 Future Directions -- References. , 16 Cooling Potential Simulation of Urban Green Space Using Remote Sensing and Web-Based GIS Integration in Panat Nikom Municipality, Thailand.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Sponsors and Co-Sponsors -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Wastewater Treatment -- 1 Investigation on the Treatment of Combined Effluent Treatment Plant Wastewater and Its Safe Use in Agriculture-A Green Technology Concept -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Preparation of Biocarbon -- Collection and Analysis Grey Water -- Treatment of Grey Water: Biosorption Process -- Evaluation of Capacity of Biocarbon -- Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of Biocarbon (BC) -- Surface Analysis -- Characteristics of Grey Water and Treated Water -- Effect of Biocarbon Dose on Heavy Metals Removal -- Removal of Colour from a Grey Water -- Water Reuse in Agriculture Practice -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Evaluation of Treatment Technologies for Arsenic-Free Drinking Water Supply, Disposal of Backwash Water and Exhausted Media in Bihar, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Arsenic Pollution in Bihar -- Mitigation Techniques Adopted -- Probable Waste Disposal Strategies -- Status of Waste Disposal in Bihar -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Simultaneous Removal of Arsenic and Nitrate in Anaerobic Batch Reactors -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental Setup -- Inoculum and Starting up -- Analytical Methods -- Results -- Nitrate and Arsenic Removal -- Characterization of Precipitates -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Oxyanions Removal by Biological Processes: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Occurrence and Sources of Oxyanions -- Sulfate -- Nitrate -- Perchlorate -- Arsenate -- Conventional Treatment Strategies for Oxyanions -- Overview of Biological Oxyanion Removal -- Sulfate -- Nitrate -- Perchlorate -- Arsenate -- Factors Affecting Oxyanion Removal -- Temperature -- PH. , Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) -- COD/Oxyanion Ratio -- COD/Sulfate -- COD/Nitrate -- COD/Perchlorate -- Simultaneous Removal of Multiple Oxyanion -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Factors Influencing Electrocoagulation Treatment of UASB Reactor Effluent -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental -- Experimental Design and Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Model Development and Validation -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Performance Evaluation of Filters for Sedimentation Particle Filtration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Particle Size Distribution -- Particles Filtration Efficiency -- Results -- Particle Size Distribution -- Different Particle Sizes -- Particle Volume Distribution -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 Magnetic Extracellular Polymer Composite for the Effective Removal of Microcystin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Chemical and Reagent -- Screening and Culturing of Polymer-Producing Microorganisms -- Preparation of Magnetic-Induced ECP -- Removal of Microcystin-LR -- Results and Discussion -- Characterization of Matrices -- Separation of Microcystin-LR by ECP-Fe2O3 -- Characterization of MC-LR -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Bioremediation of Chromium Complex Dye by Growing Aspergillus flavus -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- SEM and EDX Analyses -- Results and Discussion -- Bioremediation Study in Batch Mode -- SEM and EDX Analyses -- Response Surface Optimization -- Combined Effect of Different Parameters on Color Removal -- Confirmatory Experiment -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Biosorption as a Novel Approach for Removing Aluminium from Water Treatment Plant Residual-A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Biosorption as a Promising Alternative -- Aluminium Removal Through Biosorption -- Conclusion -- References. , 10 Catalytic Oxidation of Sulphide Laden Tannery Wastewater Without Sludge Production -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Problems Associated with Presence of Sulphide in Effluent -- Treatment of Lime Sulphide Liquor -- Materials and Methods -- Source and Collection of Lime Sulphide Liquor and Methods -- Materials -- Preparation and Characterization of Nanoporous Activated Carbon (NPAC) -- Physico-Chemical Analysis of the Wastewater -- Treatment Methods for Lime Sulphide Liquor -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of NPAC -- Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR) -- Optimization of pH -- Optimization of H2O2 -- Optimization of NPAC (Nanoporous Activated Carbon) -- Overall Processes -- Instrumental Analyses -- Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and UV-Visible Spectroscopic Studies -- FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Treatment of Dye Wastewater from Textile Industry by Electrocoagulation and Fenton Oxidation: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dyes -- Classification of Dyes -- Classification Based on the Source of Materials -- Classification Based on Industrial Use of the Dyes -- Usage of Various Dyes in Textile Industries -- Dyeing Wastewater from Textile Industry -- Electrocoagulation -- Mechanism of Electrocoagulation -- Application of Electrocoagulation in the Treatment of Dye Wastewater -- Fenton Oxidation Process (H2O2/Fe2+) -- Application of Fenton and Electro-Fenton Methods in the Treatment of Dye Wastewater -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 Impact of Hydrocarbon Pollutants on Partially Saturated Soil Media in Batch System: Morphological Analysis Using SEM Techniques -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Result and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Kitchen Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland Microcosm Using Aquatic Macrophytes -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Collection of Experimental Plants -- Experimental Set-up for Greywater Treatment -- Statistical Analysis -- Results -- Greywater Quality in FWS Microcosm -- Greywater Quality in VSF Microcosm -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Assessment of Aerobic Biodegradability for Vegetable Tanning Process Wastewater Generated from Leather Industry -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Analytical Methods -- Characterization of Vegetable Tannin Wastewater -- Aerobic Biodegradation of Vegetable Tanning Wastewater -- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Analysis -- Results -- Characterization of Vegetable Tanning Process Wastewater -- Aerobic Treatment of Vegetable Tanning Wastewater -- FTIR Analysis of VTW Before and After Aerobic Treatment -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Biodegradability of Syntans Using Ozonation as a Pretreatment Process -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Characteristics of Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Ozonation Studies -- Experiment Setup for Biodegradation of Syntans Under Aerobic Conditions -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of Syntan Containing Wastewater-Sulfone and Phenol Based -- Ozonation Studies -- Optimization of Contact Time for Phenol-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Optimization of Contact Time for Sulfone-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Assessment of Biological Treatment of Phenol- and Sulfone-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater Before and After Ozonation -- Assessment of Biodegradability Before and After Ozonation of Sulfone-Based Syntan -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Treatment of Synthetic Petroleum Refinery Wastewater in Anoxic Reactors at Varied Feed Phenol -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Materials. , Chemicals and Reagents -- Biomass Support Material -- Experimental Methodologies -- Seed Sludge -- Synthetic Feed -- Acclimatization of the Anoxic Reactors -- Reactor Operations with Varying Phenol -- Kinetics Study -- Analytical Methods -- Microscopic Images -- Results and Discussion -- Steady-State Performance of the Anoxic Reactors During Varying Feed Phenol Concentration -- Removal Kinetics of Phenol, Sulphide, Nitrate, Organic COD During Varying Feed Phenol Concentration -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Fluoride Pollution Abatement -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sources of Fluoride -- Effects of Fluoride -- Effects on Humans -- Effects on Teeth -- Skeletal Effects -- Cancer -- Status of Fluoride Contamination Around the Globe -- The World Scenario -- Indian Scenario -- Fluoride Contamination of Groundwater in West Bengal -- Water Supply Scheme by PHED, West Bengal -- Objective of the Study -- Remedial Material -- Alumina and Aluminum -- Activated Alumina -- Various Removal Methods of Fluoride -- Alternate Water Sources -- Better Nutrition -- De-fluoridation of Water -- Adsorption -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Ion Exchange -- Limitations -- Coagulation-Precipitation -- Advantages -- Limitations -- A Special Case of Co-precipitation is Nalgonda Technique Which is Briefly Described Below -- Nalgonda Technique -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- Membrane Process -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Electro-Coagulation Process -- An Experimental Data Collection From Some Fluoride-Affected Area of Birbhum -- Background -- The Study Area -- Primary Data Collection -- Methodology -- Aim -- Methodology -- Sample Preparation and Collection -- Measurement of Fluoride -- De-fluoridation -- Mechanism -- Apparatus Required -- Solution Required -- Development of De-fluoridation Filtration Unit -- Preparation of the Filter Bed. , Details of the Process Are Described Below.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-Sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Groundwater -- 1 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Jaisamand Basin of Udaipur District -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Description of Study Area -- Data acquisition -- Software Used -- Determination of Aquifer Parameters by Pumping Test -- Analyzing Pumping Test Data by Curve-matching Technique -- Groundwater Potential Assessment by Using Remote Sensing and GIS -- Selection of Thematic Layers -- Generation of Thematic Layers -- Groundwater Recharge Map -- Transmissivity Map -- Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones -- Suitable Strategies for Sustainable Groundwater Resources Management -- Results and Discussion -- Aquifer Parameters -- Estimation of Aquifer Parameters -- Groundwater Recharge -- Features of Different Thematic Maps -- Groundwater Potential Zoning -- Weights for thematic maps -- Groundwater Potential Zones -- Groundwater Resources Management -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Groundwater Level: A Case Study of Wainganga Sub-basin, Nagpur, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- Mann-Kendall Test -- Sen's Slope Estimator Test -- Ordinary Kriging -- Results and Discussion -- Temporal Analysis -- Spatial Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Spatio-Temporal Variation and Trend Analysis of Groundwater Level in Raipur City, Chhattisgarh -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data and Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Spatiotemporal Relationship Linking Land Use/Land Cover with Groundwater Level -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data -- Methodology -- Base Map Creation -- Groundwater Level Kriging -- Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) Classification -- Grid Generation. , Overlay Analysis -- Results -- Geostatistical Analysis of Groundwater Level -- LU/LC Classification -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Groundwater System Modelling and Sensitivity of Groundwater Level Prediction in Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plains -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Groundwater System Simulation -- Study Area -- Geology of Study Area -- MODFLOW Model Design and Software -- Model Calibration and Validation -- Steady-State Calibration -- Transient State Calibration -- Model Validation -- Results and Discussion -- Groundwater Level Prediction -- Uncertainty Analysis -- Sensitivity Analysis -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Assessing Aquifer Vulnerability Using GIS-Based DRASTIC Model Coupling with Hydrochemical Parameters in Hard Rock Area from Southern India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Data Collection -- DRASTIC Model -- Results and Discussion -- DRASTIC Model Parameters -- Depth to Groundwater Table -- Recharge -- Aquifer Yields -- Soil Media -- Topography -- Impact of Vadose Zone -- Conductivity -- Vulnerable Map Using the DRASTIC Model -- Validation Aquifer Vulnerability -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Groundwater Recharge -- 7 Development of Groundwater Recharge Plan for Bemetara District of Chhattisgarh Using GIS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Paleochannel Recharge Sources in the Central Godavari Delta, A.P., India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Irrigation Canal Network -- Hydrogeology -- Identified Paleochannel -- Sampling and Analysis -- Stable Isotope Characterization -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Change of Land Use/Land Cover on Groundwater Recharge in Malaprabha Catchment, Belagavi, Karnataka, India -- Abstract -- Introduction. , Study Area -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Rainfall Analysis -- Infiltration and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity -- Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Using Empirical Methods -- Modelling -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Groundwater Quality -- 10 Causes and Sources of Groundwater Pollution: A Case Study of Nagpur City, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Result and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Modeling Leachate Migration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Experimental Study -- Leachate Quality Analysis -- Soil Column Test to Determine the Parameters -- Analytical Model -- Assumptions -- Initial Conditions -- Boundary Conditions -- Numerical Model -- Uncertainty Analysis -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Identification of Hydrogeochemical Process in Hard Rock Terrain -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the Study Area -- Geology of the Study Area -- Sample Collection -- Analytical Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Hydrogeochemical Process -- Physicochemical Parameters -- Major Ion Chemistry -- Water Quality Assessment -- Physicochemical Parameters -- Cations -- Anions -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Spatial and Temporal Nitrate Transport in Deep Heterogeneous Vadose Zone of India's Alluvial Plain -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Governing Equations for Flow -- Governing Equations for Solute Transport -- Model Domain and Boundary Conditions -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 Riverbank Filtration as a Sustainable Solution for Drinking Water Quality and Quantity Problems in Haridwar, Uttarakhand -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area Description -- Hydrogeological Settings -- Materials and Method -- Water Sampling and Detailed Methodology. , Water Quality Analysis of Physicochemical and Bacteriological Parameters -- Results of Water Quality Analysis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 A Study of the Characteristics of Groundwater Solute Transport Parameters -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Present Study and Objectives -- Mathematical Background -- Case Studies -- Injection/Pumping Well Problem -- 3-D Waste Dump Problem -- Conclusions -- References -- 16 Prioritization for Management of Groundwater Quality-Related Problems of Rajsamand District of Rajasthan -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the Study Area -- Location -- Geomorphology and Drainage -- Rainfall and Climate -- Soil, Land Use and Irrigation Practices -- Physiography and Geology -- Materials and Methods -- Collection of Groundwater Samples -- Results -- Well Depth -- Water Level -- Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) -- PH -- Electrical Conductivity -- Cationic Composition -- Anionic Composition -- Classification of Groundwater for Irrigation Suitability -- Conclusion -- References -- 17 Effect of Biochar Amendment on Nitrate Leaching in Two Soil Types of India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental Details -- Preparation of Soil Columns -- Biochar Amendment -- Soil Columns Incubation and Leaching -- Results and Discussion -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Total NO3− Leached in Inceptisol -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Total NO3− Leached in Vertisol -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Leaching of Total Dissolved Salt in Inceptisol -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Leaching of Total Dissolved Salt in Vertisol -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in and Around Laharpur Reservoir, Bhopal -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Frequency -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion. , References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Establishing Sediment Rating Curves Using Optimization Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Method -- 3 GRG Technique -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- A Study on Some Characteristics of an Alluvial Channel for Varying Flows -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Study -- 3 Experimental Set-Up -- 4 Analysis of Data -- 4.1 Fluvial View -- 4.2 Analytical View -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Model Study for Determination of Efficiency of a Typical Silt Ejector -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Justification for Hydraulic Model Study -- 4 Hydraulic Model -- 5 Observations -- 5.1 Escape Discharge -- 5.2 Silt Movement -- 6 Model Run with Discharges Lower Than Design Discharge -- 7 Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Comparative Review on Model Selection for Hydrological Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Models -- 2.1 Process-Based/Deterministic Models -- 2.2 Stochastic Models -- 3 Descriptions of Some Hydrological Models -- 3.1 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model -- 3.2 System Hydrologique European (MIKE-SHE) Model -- 3.3 Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) Model -- 3.4 Topography Based Hydrological Model (TOPMODEL) -- 3.5 Agricultural Policy Environmental Extender (APEX) Model -- 3.6 Annualized Agricultural Non-point Source (AnnAGNPS) Model -- 3.7 Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) Model -- 3.8 Distributed Hydrology Vegetation Soil (DHVSM) Model -- 3.9 Patuxent landscape Model (PLM) -- 3.10 Hydrological Predictions for the Environment (HYPE) Model -- 3.11 Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) -- 3.12 Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) Model -- 3.13 Water and Energy Transfer Between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere (Wet Spa) Model -- 3.14 Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Model. , 4 Conclusion -- References -- An Automatic Integrated Tool for Deriving Morphometric Parameters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Integrated Tool -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Flood Frequency Analysis in Seonath and Hasdeo River Basins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Availability -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Analysis of Hydrological Data -- 3.2 Delineation of Homogeneous Regions -- 3.3 Discordancy Measure -- 3.4 Heterogeneity Test -- 3.5 Selection of Parametric Distribution -- 3.6 Locfit Approach -- 3.7 RFFA for Un-Gauged Catchments -- 3.8 Flood Quantiles Estimation and Comparison -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Data Quality Check -- 4.2 Regionalisation -- 4.3 Parameter Estimation and Regional Formula -- 4.4 At-site Frequency Analysis -- 4.5 Comparative Analyses of Flood Quantiles -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Plan Form Development Due to Erosion and Deposition of Soil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Inferences -- 3 Objectives -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Details of the Experimental Set up -- 5 Experiment Method -- 6 Data Collected and Analysis -- 7 Graphical Representation -- 8 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Assessment and Application of the Morphometric Attributes of the Bharathapuzha River Basin, India Using Geographical Information System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Data Analysis and Discussion -- 4.1 Primary Morphometric Attributes -- 5 Secondary Morphometric Attributes -- 5.1 Linear Aspects of the Drainage Basin -- 5.2 Aerial Aspects of the Drainage Basin -- 5.3 Shape Parameters -- 5.4 Relief Aspects -- 6 Applications of the Obtained Morphometric Attributes -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Integrated Tool for Morphometric Analysis Using QGIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results Stream Order (U) -- 5 Conclusion. , References -- Short Term and Seasonal Observation on Shoreline Changes from Kanagachettikulam to Veerampattinam of the Puducherry Coastal Region Using GPS Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scope of the Present Study -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Materials and Methods -- 5 Results -- 6 Normal Zone (Kanaga Chettikulam to Periyamudaliyarchavady) -- 7 Results Based on Seasonal Observation -- 7.1 Accretion -- 7.2 Erosion -- 7.3 Structure Zone (Periya Mudaliyarchavady to Veerampattinam) -- 8 Accretion Results -- 9 Erosion Results -- 10 Results Based on Seasonal Observation -- 10.1 Accretion -- 10.2 Erosion -- 11 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- A Review of Computational Studies on Indian Coast Considering Climate Change Effects -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Rainfall and Temperature -- 1.2 Sea Level Rise and Floods -- 1.3 Wind and Wave Climate -- 2 Availability of Data -- 2.1 In-Situ Measured Data -- 2.2 Satellite Measurements -- 2.3 Global Climate Models -- 2.4 Climate Change Scenarios -- 3 Methods and Computational Tools Used in Climatology -- 3.1 Numerical Modelling -- 3.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 3.3 Analysis Based on Long-Term Probability Distributions -- 4 Computational Studies Along Indian Coast -- 5 Summary -- References -- Determination of Effective Discharge Responsible for Sediment Transport in Cauvery River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Goodness of Fit Test for Stream Flow Data -- 2.2 Determination of Effective Discharge Using MFA -- 2.3 Recurrence Interval Prediction -- 3 Study Area and Data Considered for MFA -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 KS Test for Fitting Probability Distributions to Daily Stream Flow Data -- 4.2 Stream Flow Distribution and Sediment Transport Analysis -- 4.3 Effective Discharge and Recurrence Interval Determination -- 4.4 Duration of Effective Discharge -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , Pervious Concrete as an Effective Urban Flood Management Tool -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Mix Proportion -- 1.2 Environment Benefits -- 2 Research Significance -- 3 Materials and Methodology -- 3.1 Composition and Mix Design -- 3.2 Sample Preparation -- 3.3 Experimental Set up -- 3.4 Properties of Concrete -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Compressive Strength -- 4.2 Porosity -- 4.3 Permeability -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Wave Conditions for Mangrol Fishing Harbour -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Wave Transformation -- 4 Wave Tranquility -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Erodibility of Cohesive Sediments Using Jet Erosion Tests -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Equipment and Procedure -- 2.1 Properties of Clay and Sand Used -- 2.2 Tank for Experimentation on Jet-Scour -- 3 Methods of Analysis -- 4 Analysis, Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions and Suggestions -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Desilting Chamber Using Flow 3D -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydraulic Model Studies for Desilting Chamber -- 3 Numerical Modeling Through CFD -- 4 Mathematical Formulation -- 4.1 Meshing and Geometry -- 5 Velocity Profiles -- 6 Sediment Movement Inside Desilting Chamber -- 7 Pressure Profiles -- 8 Results -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Flood Management-An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Impact of Flood -- 3.1 Impact of Flood in the State of West Bengal Within Last Fifty Years -- 4 1968 North Bengal Flood, West Bengal -- 5 1978 Flood in Midnapur and Other Districts, West Bengal -- 6 Purulia Flood of 1992, West Bengal -- 7 Flood of 2000 in West Bengal -- 8 Flood in Bankura and Jhargram Districts of West Bengal During the Year 2018 -- 9 Flood Impact Assessment and Management -- 10 Action Plan of Flood Management -- 11 Application of New Technology -- 12 Conclusions -- References. , Grid Sensitivity Study of Modular Ocean Model in Capturing Regional-Scale Dynamics of Bay of Bengal Under Seasonal Wind Patterns -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Description -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Bathymetry Retrieval Using Remote Sensing Techniques for Inter-tidal Regions of Tapi Estuary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Existing Methods to Retrieve Bathymetry from Satellite Images -- 2.1 Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline Method -- 2.2 Band Ratio Method -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Datasets Used -- 4.1 Satellite Images -- 4.2 Bathymetry -- 4.3 Tide -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline (TC) Method -- 5.2 Band Ratio (BR) Method -- 5.3 Hybrid (TCBR) Method -- 6 Results and Discussion -- 6.1 Result from Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline (TC) Method -- 6.2 Result from Band Ratio (BR) Method -- 6.3 Result from Hybrid (TCBR) Method -- 7 Validation -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Model Studies to Assess Wave Transmission Through Array of Wave Energy Converters, with Different Configurations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Numerical Model -- 2.2 Numerical Wave Flume -- 2.3 Experiments -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Comparison of Transmission Coefficients -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Physical and Numerical Modeling of Flow Pattern Near Upstream Guide Wall of Jigaon Dam Spillway, Maharashtra -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Physical Model -- 2 Numerical Model -- 2.1 Comparison of Numerical Model Results with Physical Model Results for Original Design of Spillway -- 2.2 Flow Conditions Over the Spillway for Fully Open Gate Operation -- 2.3 Velocity in the Upstream of the Spillway for Fully Open Gate Operation -- 3 Revised Design of Spillway -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessing the Impact of Ports on Tiruvallur Coast of Tamilnadu -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Used -- 4 Methodology. , 5 Result and Discussion.

Note: Front Cover -- Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects -- Dedication -- Planning and Evaluationof Irrigation Projects Methods and Implementation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 - INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 IRRIGATION: DEFINITION, FUNCTIONS, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES -- 1.2 IRRIGATION PLANNING -- 1.3 NEED OF EVALUATION: BENCHMARKING AND WATER AUDITING -- 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK -- 2 - IRRIGATION PROJECT PLANNING -- 2.1 PLANNING STAGES -- 2.1.1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION -- 2.1.2 PROJECT PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS -- 2.1.3 PROJECT APPRAISAL -- 2.1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION -- 2.1.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION -- 2.2 INVESTIGATION PHASES AND DATA COLLECTION -- 2.2.1 DATA COLLECTION -- 2.3 SCOPE OF WORK FOR PLANNING OR PREFEASIBILITY REPORT STAGE -- 2.4 SCOPE OF WORK FOR DETAILED INVESTIGATION OR DETAILED PROJECT REPORT STAGE -- 2.4.1 ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.4.2 DELIVERABLES AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO BE INCORPORATED IN DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES -- 2.5.1 SOIL -- 2.5.2 CLIMATE -- 2.5.3 TOPOGRAPHY -- 2.5.4 WATER SOURCE -- 2.5.5 WATER QUANTITY -- 2.5.6 WATER QUALITY -- 2.5.7 CROP(S) TO BE CULTIVATED -- 2.5.8 ENERGY -- 2.5.9 LABOR -- 2.5.10 CAPITAL -- 2.5.11 ECONOMIC FACTOR -- 2.5.12 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.13 NATIONAL POLICY AND PRIORITY -- 2.5.14 SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.15 INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE -- REFERENCES -- 3 - BASIC HYDRAULIC COMPUTATIONS -- 3.1 BASIC TERMINOLOGY -- 3.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW -- 3.2 CONSERVATION LAWS -- 3.2.1 LAW OF MASS CONSERVATION OR CONTINUITY EQUATION -- 3.2.2 LAW OF MOMENTUM CONSERVATION -- 3.2.2.1 Specific Force -- 3.2.3 LAW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION -- 3.2.3.1 Steady-State Flow Equation -- 3.2.3.2 Specific Energy Equation -- 3.2.3.3 Application of Specific Energy. , 3.2.3.3.1 Channel Transition -- 3.3 HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1 ELEMENTS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1.1 Chaurasia (2003) -- 3.3.1.2 Swamee and Rathie (2004) -- 3.4 COMPUTATION OF CRITICAL DEPTH -- 3.5 UNIFORM FLOW COMPUTATION -- 3.5.1 COMPUTATION OF NORMAL DEPTH -- 3.5.1.1 Explicit Method of Computing the Normal Depth -- 3.6 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.2 COMPUTATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW OR WATER LEVEL PROFILE -- 3.6.2.1 Direct Integration Method -- 3.6.2.2 Direct Step Method -- 3.6.2.3 Standard Step Method -- 3.6.2.4 Predictor-Corrector Method -- 3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 4 - HYDROLOGIC COMPUTATIONS -- 4.1 ANALYSES OF RAINFALL DATA -- 4.1.1 OPTIMUM NUMBER OF RAIN GAUGES -- 4.1.1.1 Coefficient of Variation Technique -- 4.1.2 ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE RAINFALL -- 4.1.3 ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL TRENDS FOR CLIMATIC VARIATION: THE MANN-KENDALL TEST -- 4.2 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE -- 4.2.1 COMPONENTS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY -- 4.3 HYDROLOGIC EQUATION AND WATER BALANCE -- 4.3.1 PERIOD OF WATER-BALANCE EXERCISE -- 4.3.2 PURPOSE OF WATER BALANCE -- 4.4 ESTIMATION OF RESERVOIR INFLOW USING OBSERVED DATA -- 4.4.1 DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT OR RESERVOIR YIELD -- 4.5 ESTIMATE OF CATCHMENT YIELD USING RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING -- 4.5.1 STRANGE TABLE -- 4.5.2 SIMPLE WATER-BALANCE MODEL -- 4.5.2.1 Components of SWMB -- 4.5.2.1.1 Upper Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.2 Lower Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.3 Subsurface Runoff -- 4.5.2.1.4 Surface Runoff -- 4.5.2.2 Runoff Routing -- 4.5.3 MODIFIED SCS-CN MODEL -- 4.5.3.1 Rainfall-Excess Computation -- 4.5.3.2 Soil Moisture Budgeting -- 4.5.3.3 Computation of Evapotranspiration -- 4.5.3.4 Catchment Routing -- 4.5.3.5 Baseflow Computation -- 4.6 INFLOW ESTIMATION IN MULTI-RESERVOIR CASE. , 4.6.1 RESERVOIR ROUTING: STORAGE-INDICATION METHOD -- 4.6.2 CHANNEL ROUTING -- 4.6.2.1 The Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.1.1 Parameter Estimation of the Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.2 The Muskingum-Cunge Method -- 4.6.2.3 Modified Muskingum-Cunge Method (Ponce and Yevjevich, 1978) -- 4.7 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION FOR FIXING THE SPILLWAY CAPACITY -- 4.7.1 UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.1.1 Assumptions of the Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.2 Derivation of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.3 Unit Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.4 Limitations of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.5 Computation of Floods From UH Using Convolution -- 4.7.1.6 Changing the Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.6.1 Principle of Superposition -- 4.7.1.6.2 S-Hydrograph Method -- 4.7.2 SYNTHETIC HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.2.1 Snyder's Method -- 4.7.2.2 SCS Synthetic UH Method -- 4.7.2.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method of CWC -- 4.7.3 CONCEPTUAL MODELS -- 4.7.3.1 The Clark-Based IUH Model -- 4.7.3.1.1 Parameters of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.1.1 Time of Concentration, tc -- 4.7.3.1.1.2 Time-Area (TA) Diagram -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.1 TA Diagram Using the DEM -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.2 Synthetic TA and TAC Curve -- 4.7.3.1.1.3 Storage Coefficient, K -- 4.7.3.1.2 Governing Equation of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.2.1 Derivation of Routing Equation -- 4.7.4 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION USING FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS -- 4.7.4.1 Components of Frequency Analysis -- 4.8 RESERVOIR SIZING -- 4.8.1 STORAGE ZONES IN A RESERVOIR -- 4.8.2 AREA-ELEVATION AND CAPACITY-ELEVATION CURVES -- 4.8.3 DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITY -- 4.8.3.1 Flow-Mass Curve Analysis -- 4.8.3.2 Sequent Peak Algorithm -- 4.8.3.2.1 Graphical Procedure -- 4.8.3.2.2 Analytical Procedure -- 4.8.4 RESERVOIR OPERATION -- 4.8.4.1 Standard Operating Policy -- 4.8.5 RESERVOIR RULE CURVE -- 4.9 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION -- 4.9.1 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND EXTENSION OF MEASURED DATA. , 4.9.1.1 Extension of Sediment Data -- 4.9.1.2 Estimating Sediment Yield -- 4.9.2 TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RESERVOIR -- 4.9.2.1 Brune (1953) Method -- 4.9.2.2 USDA-SCS (1983) Method -- 4.9.2.3 Churchill (1948) Method -- 4.9.3 SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN RESERVOIR -- 4.9.3.1 Empirical Methods for Evaluating Sediment Distribution -- 4.9.3.1.1 Area-Increment Method -- 4.9.3.1.2 Empirical Area-Reduction Method -- 4.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 5 - ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.1 ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION -- 5.2 ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.2.1 FAO-56 AND ASCE-EWRI METHOD -- 5.2.2 HARGREAVES METHOD -- 5.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - ESTIMATING IRRIGATION DESIGN PARAMETERS -- 6.1 ESTIMATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.1.1 CROP GROWTH STAGE -- 6.1.2 CROP COEFFICIENTS -- 6.1.3 PRINCIPAL CROPS AND THEIR WATER REQUIREMENT AND CRITICAL STAGES -- 6.2 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.2.1 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND SOAKING, WRLS -- 6.2.2 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND PREPARATION, WRLP -- 6.2.3 WATER REQUIRED FOR LEACHING, WRL -- 6.2.4 GROSS IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT, GIWR -- 6.3 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.3.1 WATER CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY (EC) -- 6.3.2 WATER APPLICATION EFFICIENCY (EA) -- 6.3.3 SCHEME IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.4 IRRIGATION COMMAND AREA -- 6.4.1 IRRIGATION INTENSITY -- 6.4.2 PEAK IRRIGATION DEMAND -- 6.4.3 WATER ALLOWANCE -- 6.4.4 DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.4.4.1 Duty, D -- 6.4.4.2 Delta, Δ -- 6.4.4.3 Base Period, B -- 6.4.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.5 DETERMINATION OF IRRIGATED COMMAND AREA, PROJECT DUTY, DUTY AT OUTLET HEAD AND CANAL HEAD, WATER ALLOWANCE, AND CANAL CAPACITY -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 7 - DESIGN OF IRRIGATION CANALS -- 7.1 TYPICAL CANAL GEOMETRY -- 7.2 DESIGN OF LINED CANALS. , 7.2.1 DESIGN OF THE MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION -- 7.3 DESIGN OF STABLE UNLINED CANALS USING THE REGIME THEORY -- 7.4 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING TRACTIVE FORCE APPROACH -- 7.4.1 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING KENNEDY'S THEORY -- 7.5 DETERMINING L-SECTION OF THE CANAL -- 7.6 DEVELOPMENT OF DRAW-OFF STATEMENT FOR THE CANAL -- 7.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 8 - DESIGN OF CANAL OUTLETS AND THEIR CALIBRATION -- 8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLETS -- 8.2 PERFORMANCE OF MODULE OR OUTLET -- 8.2.1 FLEXIBILITY -- 8.2.2 PROPORTIONALITY AND SETTING -- 8.2.3 SENSITIVITY -- 8.3 DESIGN OF OUTLETS: DISCHARGE THROUGH OUTLETS -- 8.3.1 NONMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2 SEMIMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2.1 Pipe Outlet Discharging Freely Into the Water Course -- 8.3.2.2 Open Flume Outlet -- 8.3.2.3 Adjustable Orifice Semimodules -- 8.4 CALIBRATION OF OUTLET -- 8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 9 - CANAL ARCHITECTURE -- 9.1 CANAL CLASSIFICATION -- 9.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OF THE CANAL -- 9.1.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ALIGNMENT -- 9.1.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO NATURE OF SOURCE AND SUPPLY -- 9.1.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DISCHARGE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE -- 9.2 COMMAND AREA SURVEY -- 9.2.1 SURVEY MAPS FOR INITIAL PLANNING -- 9.2.2 SURVEY MAPS FOR DETAILED PLANNING -- 9.3 CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.3.1 IMPORTANT POINTS FOR CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.4 MARKING AND FINALIZATION OF AREA PROPOSED TO BE IRRIGATED BY EACH CHANNEL -- 9.5 DESIGN OF CANAL -- 9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 10 - IRRIGATION METHODS -- 10.1 METHODS OF IRRIGATION -- 10.1.1 BASIN IRRIGATION -- 10.1.2 FURROW IRRIGATION -- 10.1.3 BORDER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.4 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.5 DRIP IRRIGATION -- 10.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF IRRIGATION METHOD -- 10.3 LAYOUT OF BASIN IRRIGATION. , 10.4 LAYOUT FOR FURROW IRRIGATION.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is Deep Learning? -- 1.2 Pros and Cons of Deep Learning -- 1.3 Recent Applications of Deep Learning in Hydrometeorological and Environmental Studies -- 1.4 Organization of Chapters -- 1.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mathematical Background -- 2.1 Linear Regression Model -- 2.1.1 Simple Linear Regression -- 2.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression -- 2.2 Time Series Model -- 2.2.1 Autoregressive Model (AR) -- 2.3 Probability Distributions -- 2.3.1 Normal Distributions -- 2.3.2 Gamma Distribution -- 2.4 Exercises -- References -- 3 Data Preprocessing -- 3.1 Normalization -- 3.2 Data Splitting for Training and Testing -- 3.3 Exercises -- 4 Neural Network -- 4.1 Terminology in Neural Network -- 4.1.1 Components of Neural Network -- 4.1.2 Activation Functions -- 4.1.3 Error and Loss Function -- 4.1.4 Softmax and One-Hot Encoding -- 4.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 4.2.1 Simplest Network -- 4.2.2 Feedforward and Backward Propagation -- 4.2.3 Network with Multiple Input and Output Variables -- 4.2.4 Python Coding of the Simple Network -- 4.3 Exercises -- 5 Training a Neural Network -- 5.1 Initialization -- 5.2 Gradient Descent -- 5.3 Backpropagation -- 5.3.1 Simple Network -- 5.3.2 Full Neural Network -- 5.3.3 Python Coding of Network -- 5.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 6 Updating Weights -- 6.1 Momentum -- 6.2 Adagrad -- 6.3 RMSprop -- 6.4 Adam -- 6.5 Nadam -- 6.6 Python Coding of Updating Weights -- 6.7 Exercises -- References -- 7 Improving Model Performance -- 7.1 Batching and Minibatch -- 7.2 Validation -- 7.2.1 Python Coding of K-Fold Cross-Validation -- 7.3 Regularization -- 7.3.1 L-Norm Regularization -- 7.3.2 Dropout -- 7.3.3 Python Coding of Regularization -- 7.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 8 Advanced Neural Network Algorithms -- 8.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). , 8.1.1 Basic ELM -- 8.1.2 Generalized ELM -- 8.1.3 Python Coding -- 8.2 Autoencoder -- 8.2.1 Vanilla Autoencoder -- 8.2.2 Regularized Autoencoder -- 8.2.3 Python Coding of Regularized AE -- 8.3 Exercises -- Reference -- 9 Deep Learning for Time Series -- 9.1 Recurrent Neural Network -- 9.1.1 Backpropagation -- 9.1.2 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) -- 9.2.1 Basics of LSTM -- 9.2.2 Example of LSTM -- 9.2.3 Backpropagation of a Simple LSTM -- 9.2.4 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.3 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) -- 9.3.1 Basics of GRU -- 9.3.2 Example of GRU -- 9.3.3 Backpropagation of a Simple GRU Model -- 9.4 Exercises -- References -- 10 Deep Learning for Spatial Datasets -- 10.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) -- 10.1.1 Definition of Convolution -- 10.1.2 Elements of CNN -- 10.2 Backpropagation of CNN -- 10.3 Exercises -- 11 Tensorflow and Keras Programming for Deep Learning -- 11.1 Basic Keras Modeling -- 11.2 Temporal Deep Learning (LSTM and GRU) -- 11.3 Spatial Deep Learning (CNN) -- 11.4 Exercises -- References -- 12 Hydrometeorological Applications of Deep Learning -- 12.1 Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.1 Mathematical Description for Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.2 Colorado Monthly Streamflow -- 12.1.3 Results of Colorado River -- 12.1.4 Python Coding -- 12.1.5 Matlab Coding -- 12.2 Forecasting Daily Temperature with LSTM -- 12.2.1 Preparing the Data -- 12.2.2 Methodology -- 12.2.3 Results -- 12.2.4 Python Coding -- 12.3 Exercises -- References -- 13 Environmental Applications of Deep Learning -- 13.1 Remote Sensing of Water Quality Using CNN -- 13.1.1 Introduction -- 13.1.2 Study Area and Monitoring -- 13.1.3 Field Data Collection -- 13.1.4 Point-Centered Regression CNN (PRCNN) -- 13.1.5 Results and Discussion -- 13.1.6 Conclusion -- 13.1.7 Python Coding -- References.