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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ferredoxin degradation in growing Clostridium pasteurianum during periods of iron deprivation (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 120 (1979), S. 73-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ferredoxin ; Clostridium pasteurianum ; Pyruvate synthase ; Iron-sulfur proteins ; Iron metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Clostridium pasteurianum was grown in batch cultures on media with an initial iron concentration of 10 μM. The uptake of iron and the synthesis of ferredoxin was followed. All the iron present in the medium was taken up by the cells before 50% of the final cell density was attained. The bacteria then continued to grow in the complete absence of exogenous iron. Ferredoxin was synthesized during growth until the exogenous iron concentration dropped below 1 μM. During growth in the absence of iron ferredoxin was degraded with the result that at the end of growth the cells did not contain ferredoxin. The specific activity of the iron sulfur protein, pyruvate synthase (E.C. 1.2.7.1), remained constant during growth of C. pasteurianum in the absence of exogenous iron. This finding suggests that ferredoxin was used as an endogenous source of iron for the synthesis of essential iron proteins during periods of iron deprivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413277
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum requirement for growth of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 105-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nickel ; Cobalt ; Molybdenum ; Iron ; Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; Trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum on H2 and CO2 as sole energy and carbon sources was found to be dependent on Ni, Co, and Mo. At low concentrations of Ni (〈100 nM), Co (〈10 nM) and Mo (〈10 nM) the amount of cells formed was roughly proportional to the amount of transition metal added to the medium; for the formation of 1 g cells (dry weight) approximately 150 nmol NiCl2, 20 nmol CoCl2 and 20 nmol Na2MoO4 were required. A dependence of growth on Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, Al, and B could not be demonstrated. Conditions are described under which the bacterium grew exponentially with a doubling time of 1.8 h up to a cell density of 2 g cells (dry weight)/1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403508
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrogenic sodium ion/proton antiport in Desulfovibrio vulgaris (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 136 (1983), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Desulfovibrio vulgaris ; Sodium transport ; Na+/H+ antiport ; Dissimilatory sulfate reduction ; Sulfate transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Entry of sodium ions into cells of Desulfovibrio vulgaris was studied. Translocation of Na+ was monitored by following the optical changes associated with shrinkage and swelling of the cells upon exposure to a hyperosmotic solution (200 mM) of sodium acetate or of sodium thiocyanate. By this technique the two solutes were found to equilibrate only after the addition of a protonophore such as carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP). It was confirmed that acetate permeates electroneutrally as CH3COOH and thiocyanate electrogenically as SCN-. These findings suggest that Na+ is translocated by an electrogenic sodium ion/hydrogen ion antiport mechanism (H+/Na+〉1). Consistent with this interpretation is the observation that the addition of sodium acetate to a cell suspension resulted in the generation of a membrane potential (inside negative) and that of NaCl in an acidification of the external medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00415613
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the biosynthesis of coenzyme F420 in methanogenic bacteria (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 362-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Coenzyme F420 ; Flavin biosynthesis ; Deazaflavins ; Guanine assimilation ; Methanogenic bacteria ; Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Coenzyme F420 is a 8-hydroxy-5-deazaflavin present in methanogenic bacteria. We have investigated whether the pyrimidine ring of the deazaflavin originates from guanine as in flavin biosynthesis, in which the pyrimidine ring of guanine is conserved. For this purpose the incorporation of [2-14C]guanine and of [8-14C]guanine into F420 by growing cultures of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum was studied. Only in the case of [2-14C]guanine did F420 become labeled. The specific radioactivity of the deazaflavin and of guanine isolated from nucleic acids of [2-14C]guanine grown cells were identical. This finding suggests that the pyrimidine ring of the deazaflavin and of flavins are synthesized by the same pathway. F420 did not become labeled when M. thermoautotrophicum was grown in the presence of methyl-[14C] methionine, [U-14C]phenylalanine or [U-14C]tyrosine. This excludes that C-5 of the deazaflavin is derived from the methyl group of methionine and that the benzene ring comes from phenylalanine or tyrosine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410735
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: involvement of reactions of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 159 (1993), S. 354-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Pyrococcus furiosus ; Archaea ; Hyperthermophiles ; Gluconeogenesis ; Embden-Meyerhof pathway ; Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase ; Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase ; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus was grown on pyruvate as carbon and energy source. The enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis were investigated. The following findings indicate that glucose-6-phosphate formation from pyruvate involves phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase, enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase. Cell extracts of pyruvate-grown P.furiosus contained the following enzyme activities: phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase (0.025 U/mg, 50 °C), enolase (0.9 U/mg, 80 °C), phosphoglycerate mutase (0.13 U/mg, 55 °C), phosphoglycerate kinase (0.01 U/mg, 50 °C), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reducing either NADP+ or NAD+ (NADP+: 0.019 U/mg, NAD+: 0.009 U/mg; 50 °C), triosephosphate isomerase (1.4 U/mg, 50 °C), fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (0.0045 U/mg, 55 °C), fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase (0.026 U/mg, 75 °C), and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (0.22 U/mg, 50 °C). Kinetic properties (V max values and apparent K m values) of the enzymes indicate that they operate in the direction of sugar synthesis. The specific enzyme activities of phosphoglycerate kinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+-reducing) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase in pyruvate-grown P. furiosus were by a factor of 3, 10 and 4, respectively, higher as compared to maltose-grown cells suggesting that these enzymes are induced under conditions of gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, cell extracts contained ferredoxin: NADP+ oxidoreductase (0.023 U/mg, 60 °C); phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (0.018 U/mg, 50 °C) acts as an anaplerotic enzyme. Thus, in P. furiosus sugar formation from pyruvate involves reactions of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, whereas sugar degradation to pyruvate proceeds via a modified “non-phosphorylated” Entner-Doudoroff pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290918
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose fermentation to acetate, CO2 and H2 in the anaerobic hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima: involvement of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 161 (1994), S. 460-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thermotoga maritima ; Hyperthermophiles ; (Eu)Bacteria ; Glucose fermentation ; Acetate formation ; Embden-Meyerhof pathway ; Hexokinase ; Phosphofructokinase ; Acetake kinase ; Sulfur reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hyperthermophilic anaerobic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima was grown on glucose as carbon and energy source. During growth 1 mol glucose was fermented to 2 mol acetate, 2 mol CO2 and 4 mol H2. The molar growth yicld on glucose (Yglucose) was about 45 g cell dry mass/mol glucose. In the presence of elemental sulfur growing cultures of T. maritima converted 1 mol glucose to 2 mol acetate, 2 mol CO2 about 0.5 mol H2 and about 3.5 mol H2S. Yglucose was about 45 g/mol. Cell extracts contained all enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway: hexokinase (0.29 U/mg, 50°C), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (0.56 U/mg, 50°C), phosphofructokinase (0.19 U/mg, 50° C), fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (0.033 U/mg, 50°C), triosephosphate isomerase (6.3 U/mg, 50°C), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+ reducing: 0.63 U/mg, 50°C), phosphoglycerate kinase (3.7 U/mg, 50°C), phosphoglycerate mutase (0.4 U/mg, 50°C); enolase (4 U/mg, 80°C), pyruvate kinase (0.05 U/mg, 50°C). Furthermore, cell extracts contained pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductasee (0.43 U/mg, 60°C); NADH: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (benzylviologen reduction: 0.46 U/mg, 80°C); hydrogenase (benzylviologen reduction: 15 U/mg, 80°C), phosphate acetyltransferase (0.13 U/mg, 80°C), acetate kinase (1.2 U/mg, 55°C), lactate dehydrogenase (0.16 U/mg, 80°C) and pyruvate carboxylase (0.02 U/mg, 50°C). The findings indicate that the hyperthermophilic eubacterium T. maritima ferments sugars (glucose) to acetate, CO2 and H2 involving the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase. Thus, the organism differs from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus which ferments sugars to acetate, CO2 and H2 involving a modified non-phosphorylated Entner-Doudoroff pathway and acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP forming).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307766
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence of a Na+/H+ antiporter in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and its role in Na+ dependent methanogenesis (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 142 (1985), S. 354-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; Na+ dependent methanogenesis ; Na+/H+ antiporter ; pH regulation ; Membrane potential ; pH gradient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methane formation from H2/CO2 by methanogenic bacteria is dependent on Na+ ions. In this communication it is shown with Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum that a Na+/H+ antiporter plays a role in methane formation from H2 and CO2 and in the regulation of the ΔpH. This is based on the following findings: (i) Li+ ions, an alternative substrate of Na+/H+ antiporters, could replace Na+ in stimulating methanogenesis from H2 and CO2. (ii) Harmaline, amiloride, and NH 4 + , which are inhibitors of Na+/H+ antiporters, inhibited methanogenesis; inhibition was competitive to Na+ or Li+. (iii) Addition of Na+ or Li+ rather than of other cations to cell suspensions resulted in an acidification of the suspension medium. The rate and extent of acidification was affected by those inhibitors, which inhibited methanogenesis competitively to Na+ or Li. (iv) During methane formation from H2 and CO2 the generation of a ΔpH (inside alkaline) was dependent on the presence of Na+ or Li+. However, methanogenesis was also dependent on Na+ or Li+ under conditions where ΔpH was zero. (v) ATP synthesis driven by an electrogenic potassium efflux was significantly enhanced in the presence of Na+ or Li+. Na+ or Li+ were shown to prevent acidification of the cytoplasm under these conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491903
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth parameters (K s, μmax, Y s) of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 127 (1980), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; Growth rates ; Growth yields ; Nickel ; Maintenance coefficient ; Interspecies hydrogen transfer ; Saturation constants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum was grown on a mineral salts medium in a fermenter gassed with H2 and CO2, which were the sole carbon and energy sources. Under the conditions used the bacterium grew exponentially. The dependence of the growth rate (μ) on the concentration of H2 and CO2 in the incoming gas and the dependence of the growth yield ( $$Y_{CH_4 }$$ ) on the growth rate were determined at pH 7 (the pH optimum) and 65° C (the temperature optimum). The curves relating growth rate to the H2 and CO2 concentration were hyperbolic. From reciprocal plots apparent K s values for H2 and CO2 and μmax were obtained: app. $$K_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} }$$ = 20%; app. $$K_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} }$$ = 11%; μ = 0.69 h-1; t δ (max)=1 h. $$Y_{CH_4 }$$ was 1.6 g mol-1 and almost independent of the growth rate, when the rate of methane formation was not limited by the supply of either H2 or CO2. The yield increased to near 3 g mol-1 when H2 or CO2 were limiting. These findings indicate that methane formation and growth are less tightly coupled at high concentrations of H2 or CO2 in the medium than at low concentrations. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414356
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic mechanism for the ability of sulfate reducers to out-compete methanogens for acetate (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Desulfobacter postgatei ; Methanosarcina barkeri ; K s values for acetate ; Methanogenesis ; Sulfate reduction ; Competition for acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methanosarcina barkeri and Desulfobacter postgatei are ubiquitous anaerobic bacteria which grow on acetate or acetate plus sulfate, respectively, as sole energy sources. Their apparent K s values for acetate were determined and found to be approximately 0.2 mM for the sulfate-reducing bacterium and 3 mM for the methanogenic bacterium. In mixed cell suspensions of the two bacteria (adjusted to equal V max) the rate of acetate consumption by D. postgatei approached 15-fold the rate of M. barkeri at low acetate concentrations. The apparent inhibition of methanogenesis was of the same order as expected from the different K s value for acetate. Difference in substrate affinities can thus account for the inhibition of methanogenesis from acetate in sulfate-rich environments, where the acetate concentration is well below 1 mM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00407967
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potassium accumulation in growing Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and its relation to the electrochemical proton gradient (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 247-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; Potassium accumulation ; Membrane potential ; pH gradient ; Energy coupling ; Active transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cultures of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Marburg) growing on media low in potassium accumulated the cation up to a maximal concentration gradient ([K+]intracellular/[K+]extracellular) of approximately 50,000-fold. Under these conditions, the membrane potential was determined by measuring the equilibrium distribution of the lipophilic cation (14C) tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+). This cation was accumulated by the cells 350-to 1,000-fold corresponding to a membrane potential (inside negative) of 170–200 mV. The pH gradient, as measured by equilibrium distribution of the weak acid, benzoic acid, was found to be lower than 0.1 pH units (extracellular pH=6.8). The addition of valinomycin (0.5–1 nmol/mg cells) to the culture reduced the maximal concentration gradient of potassium from 50,000-to approximately 500-fold, without changing the membrane potential. After dissipation of the membrane potential by the addition of 12C-TTP+ (2 μmol/mg cells) or tetrachlorosalicylanilide (3 nmol/mg cells), a rapid and complete efflux of potassium was observed. These data indicate that potassium accumulation in the absence of valinomycin is not in equilibrium with the membrane potential. It is concluded that at low extracellular K+ concentrations potassium is not accumulated by M. thermoautotrophicum via an electrogenic uniport mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454936
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