Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Bone Char as a Support Material to Build a Microbial Biocapacitor -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Influence of the chemical and textural properties on biochar -- 3. Bioanode preparation -- 4. Accumulated charge -- 5. Biochar-based anode and bioanode capacitances -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- References -- 2 -- Nature Inspired Materials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of nature-derived carbons properties for fulfilling the operational need for EDLC- supercapacitors -- 3. Various preparation mechanisms for nature derived carbons for supercapacitor -- 4. Advantages of naturally-derived carbons over graphene and CNT for EDLC supercapacitors -- 5. Use of different biological precursors -- 5.1 Plant-derived precursors -- 5.2 Fruit based precursors -- 5.3 Microbial-based precursors -- 5.4 Animal-based precursors -- 6. Structural characteristics and properties of nature derived carbons -- Conclusions and future directions -- References -- 3 -- Biomass Derived Composites for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sustainable biomass-carbon materials -- 3. Calculation paramaters -- 4. Biomass activation -- 4.1 Physical activation -- 4.2 Chemical activation -- 4.3 Hydrothermal carbonization -- 4.4 Other activations -- 5. Outlook -- Conclusions and prospects -- References -- 4 -- Lignin-Derived Materials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lignin isolation process -- 3. Lignin carbon fibres -- 3.1 Activation techniques -- 3.2 Lignin- Lignin blends -- 3.3 Lignin-Cellulose blends -- 3.4 Fractionation -- 3.5 Reinforcement -- 3.6 Chemical modification -- 3.7 New lignin types -- 4. Lignin-derived porous carbon -- 5. Challenges with graphite-based electrodes -- 6. Lignin for electrochemical applications -- 6.1 Lithium-ion batteries. , 6.2 Electrochemical double layer capacitors -- 6.3 Electrochemical pseudocapacitors -- 6.4 Sodium -ion batteries -- 6.5 Lignin as binder -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- This research work was financially supported by the University Malaya Impact-Oriented Interdisciplinary Research Grant (No.IIRG018A-2019) and Global Collaborative Programme - SATU Joint Research Scheme (No. ST012-2019). -- References -- 5 -- Bamboo Derived Materials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fabrication of electrode material for supercapacitor application -- 3. Physical characterization -- 4. Electrochemical measurements -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- Cellulose-Derived Electrodes for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cellulose based flexible composite electrodes -- 3. Cellulose carbonization and activation -- 4. Cellulose-derived carbon for supercapacitors -- 5. Cellulose-derived carbon for high-frequency supercapacitors -- 6. Cellulose-derived carbon for lithium-ion batteries -- 7. Cellulose-derived carbon for lithium-sulfur batteries -- 8. Cellulose-derived carbon for other batteries -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Fabrication of TiO2 Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of TiO2 /graphene nanocomposites and metal oxides core-shells SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 2.1 Preparation of TiO2 NRDS -- 2.2 Synthesis of TiO2 NFBS -- 2.3 Synthesis of TiO2 nanocomposites with graphene -- 2.4 Synthesis of coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 3. Fabrication of cell for electrochemical characterization -- 3.1 Electrochemical measurements for TiO2/graphene nanocomposite -- 3.2 Electrochemical tests for coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 4. Characterization of TiO2/graphene nanocomposites -- 4.1 TiO2 /graphene nanocomposites -- 4.1.1 SEM -- 4.1.2 TEM -- 4.1.3 XRD -- 4.1.4 Raman -- 4.1.5 BET -- 4.1.6 EDX -- 4.2 Electrochemical Testing -- 5. Characterization of coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 5.1 Coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 5.1.1 SEM & -- TEM -- 5.1.2 XRD -- 5.1.4 Electrochemical testing -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 2 -- A Brief History of Conducting Polymers Applied in Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications on cathode materials -- 2.1 Before 2000: Emergence stage -- 2.2 2000-2006: Preliminary stage -- 2.3 Since 2007: Fast development stage -- 3. Applications on anode materials -- 3.1 Before 2010: Emergence stage -- 3.2 Since 2010: Rising stage -- Conclusions & -- Outlooks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 -- 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MoS2-based anode materials for LIBs -- 3. WS2-based anode materials for LIBs -- 4. MoSe2 based anode materials for LIBs -- 5. WSe2-based anode materials for LIBs -- 6. Other TMDs for LIBs -- 7. Summary and future outlooks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 4 -- Metal Sulphides for Lithium-ion Batteries. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Demands on batteries in 21st Century -- 3. Design of a lithium-ion battery (LIB) -- 4. Materials related issues in LIBs in modern era -- 5. Advantages of metal-sulphides for LIBs -- 6. Metal sulphide based nanocomposites for battery applications -- 7. Different types of metal sulphides as anode materials in the LIBs applications -- 7.1 Layered metal-sulphides for LIBs. -- 7.2 Copper sulphides -- 7.3 Cobalt sulphides -- 7.4 Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) -- 7.5 Tungsten disulphide (WS2) -- 7.6 Iron disulphide (FeS2) -- 7.7 Tin sulphides -- 7.8 Nickel Sulphides -- 8. Synthesis techniques for metal sulphides -- 8.1 Solid state method -- 8.2 The hydro/solvothermal method -- 8.3 Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis -- 8.4 Spraying-related methods -- 9. Summary -- References -- 5 -- Magnetic Nanomaterials for Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of LIBs -- 3. LIB Technology -- 4. LIB working principle -- 5. Nanomaterials -- 6. Nanomaterials in anode for LIBs -- 7. Nanomaterials in cathode for LIBs -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Li-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure and working of Li-ion battery -- 3. Electrochemical behavior of various materials for Li-ion batteries -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 -- Silicon Materials for Lithium-ion Battery Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Overview on lithium battery technology -- 1.2 Silicon as anode for lithium batteries: -- 1.2.1 0D nanostructures -- 1.2.2 1D nanostructures -- 1.2.3 2D nanostructures -- 1.2.4 3D-nanostructures -- 2. Electrochemical performance of silicon based nanostructures -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- NASICON Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Machinery of SIBs -- 2.1 Storing the progression of NASICON materials -- 2.2 Cathode materials based on NASICON type -- 2.2.1 NASICON-type nanoparticles of Fe2(MoO4)3 wrapped with graphene -- 2.2.2 NASICON-type materials based on Na3V2(PO4)3 -- 2.2.3 NASICON-type materials based on Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Na3V2(PO4)3 -- 2.2.4 NASICON-type materials of porous Na3V2(PO4)3 and NaTi2(PO4)3 -- 2.2.5 A negative electrode of Mg0.5Ti2(PO4)3 based NASICON materials -- 2.2.6 Numerous other NASICON cathode materials -- 2.3 Anode materials based on NASICON-type -- 2.3.1 NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) type anode materials -- 2.3.2 NaZr2(PO4)3 (NZP) type anode materials -- 2.3.3 Numerous other NASICON anode materials -- 2.4 Commercial prospects of NIB technologies -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 2 -- Carbon Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of SIBs electrode materials -- 3. Carbon anode materials for advanced SIBs -- 3.1 Graphite as anode for SIBs -- 3.2 Hard carbon as anode for SIBs -- 3.3 Graphene as anode for SIBs -- 3.4 Carbon nanofibers as anode for SIBs -- 3.5 Biomass-derived carbon as anode for SIBs -- 3.6 Heteroatom-doped carbon materials as anode for SIBs -- References -- 3 -- Organic Electrode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Molecular design of electrodes for organic sodium ion batteries -- 2.1 Organic electrodes constituting of C=O based reaction -- 2.1.1 Carbonyl compounds -- 2.1.2 Polyimides -- 2.1.3 Quinones -- 2.1.4 Carboxylates -- 2.1.5 Anhydrides -- 2.2 Organic electrodes based on doping reaction -- 2.2.1 Organic radical polymers -- 2.2.2 Conductive polymers -- 2.2.3 Conjugated microporous polymers -- 2.2.4 Organometallic polymers. , 2.3 Organic electrode constituting of C=N based reaction -- 2.3.1 Schiff bases -- 2.3.2 Pteridine derivatives -- 3. Electrode design for sodium-ion batteries -- 3.1 Molecular engineering -- 3.2 Polymerization -- 3.3 Combining with carbon (carbon hybrid) -- 3.4 Electrolyte modification -- 4 Future challenges -- References -- 4 -- Alloys for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sodium ion batteries anode materials -- 3. Hard carbon -- 4. Carbon nanostructures -- 5. Carbon and alloy-based material composites -- 6. Alloying reactions-based anode materials -- 6.1 P-based materials -- 6.1.1 Red phosphorous -- 6.1.2 Black phosphorous -- 7. Conversion based material -- 7.1 Metal oxides -- 7.2 Metal sulfides -- 8. Graphene -- Conclusion and challenges -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 -- Mn-Based Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History -- 3. Types -- 4. Sodium-ion batteries -- 5. Mn-based sodium-ion batteries -- References -- 6 -- Tin-Based Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Sn-based anodes -- 3. Electrochemical performance -- 4. Structure and design -- 5. Performance -- 6. Thermal stability -- 7. Mechanism -- 8. Drawbacks -- 9. Factors affecting the capacity of Sn based sodium ion batteries -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 -- Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Energy depository technologies in static application -- 2.1 Pump hydroelectric depository (PHD) -- 2.2 Compressed air energy depository (CAED) -- 2.3 Electrochemical energy storage (EED) -- 3. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) -- 4. Beginning of new technology in the field of energy storage -- 4.1 Electrode material for SIBs -- 5. Polymer electrode material for the SIBs -- 5.1 Polyimides -- 6. Conducting polymers. , 6.1 Conducting polymer can provide electromagnetic shielding of electronic devices -- 6.2 It absorbs microwaves by using stealth technology -- 6.3 It can be used as a hole injecting electrode for OLEDs -- 6.4 Some conducting polymers are promising for field effect transistor (FET) -- 6.5 It can be used in display technology due to their electroluminescent property -- 7. Types of conductive polymer -- 7.1 Electrically conducting polymer -- 7.2 Doping in conductive polymer -- 7.3 Polyacetylene and polyphenylene as electrode material for the SIBs -- 7.4 Conjugated conductive polymer and charge storage mechanism -- 7.5 Non-conjugated conductive radical polymer -- 7.6 Inorganic nanoparticles-conducting polymer composite based battery electrodes -- 8. Why conducting polymer? -- 9. Functions of CPs -- 9.1 Merits and demerits of the conducting polymer -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8 -- Recent Progress in Electrode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History and working principal of SIB -- 3. Anode Materials for SIB -- 3.1 Metal Oxide Anode Materials -- 3.2 Alloy Anode Materials -- 4. Cathode Materials for SIBs -- 4.1 Layered Oxide Cathode Materials -- 4.2 Polyanionic Cathode Materials -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Electrolytes for Na-O2 Batteries: Towards a Rational Design -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Na-O2 Batteries -- 3. Instability of electrolyte -- 4. The use of additives -- 5. Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 -- State-of-the-Art, Future Prospects and Challenges in Sodium-Ion Battery Technology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. State-of-the-art or current status of SIBs -- 4. Hurdles in SIBs -- 5. Next-generation battery research -- 5.1 SexSy-based negative electrode materials (NEMs) -- 5.2 Na3M2(PO4)2F3 [M¼Ti, Fe, V] based NEMs. , 5.3 Inclusion of fluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC) in the electrolyte -- 5.4 Efficient cycling process by Sb in SIBs -- 5.5 SnSb as NEMs -- 6. Economic perspective of SIBs -- 6.1 Battery Performance and Cost model (BatPaC model) -- 6.2 Cost of cathode -- 6.3 Cost of anode -- 6.4 Cost of electrolyte -- 6.5 Fluctuations or variation in price -- 6.6 Limitation of BatPaC model -- 7. A materialistic outlook of SIBs -- 8. Challenges of SIBs -- 8.1 Limitations and materialistic barriers -- 8.2 Challenges of NEMs -- 9. Future opportunities -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 -- Conducting Polymers for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications on cathode materials -- 2.1 Doped and pure conducting polymer cathodes -- 2.2 Conducting polymer-based composite cathode -- 3. Applications on anode materials -- 3.1 Doped and pure conducting polymer anodes -- 3.2 Conducting polymer-based composite anode -- Conclusions & -- Outlooks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Green Inorganic Synthesis -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Microwave-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- Description -- Key features -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Technical aspects of microwave technique -- 2.1. Principles and heating mechanism of microwave method -- 2.2. Green solvents for microwave reactions -- 2.3. Microwave versus conventional synthesis -- 2.4. Microwave instrumentation -- 2.5. Advantages and limitations -- 3. MW-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 3.1. Metallic nanostructured materials -- 3.2. Metal oxides nanostructured materials -- 3.3. Metal chalcogenides nanostructured materials -- 3.4. Quantum dot nanostructured materials -- 4. Conclusions and future aspects -- 4.1. Challenges and scope to further study -- References -- Chapter 2: Green synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles using microemulsion methods -- Description -- Key features -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental aspects of microemulsion synthesis -- 2.1. Microemulsion and types -- 2.2. Micelles, types, and formation mechanism -- 2.3. Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance number -- 2.4. Surfactants and types -- 2.5. Advantages and limitations of microemulsion synthesis of nanomaterials -- 3. Microemulsion-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanostructured materials -- 3.1. General mechanism microemulsion method for nanomaterial synthesis -- 3.2. Preparation of metallic and bimetallic nanoparticles -- 3.3. Metal oxide synthesis by microemulsion -- 3.4. Synthesis of metal chalcogenide nanostructured materials -- 3.5. Synthesis of inorganic quantum dots -- 4. Conclusions, challenges, and scope to further study -- References -- Chapter 3: Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using microorganisms -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Green approach for synthesis of nanoparticles -- 3. General mechanisms of biosynthesis -- 4. Optimization of nanoparticles biosynthesis -- 4.1. Effect of the temperature -- 4.2. Effect of pH -- 4.3. Effect of metal precursor concentration -- 4.4. Effect of culture medium composition -- 4.5. Effect of biomass quantity and age -- 4.6. Synthesis time -- 5. Biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles -- 5.1. Bacteria-mediated synthesis -- 5.2. Fungi-mediated synthesis -- 5.3. Yeast-mediated synthesis -- 5.4. Algae- and viruses-mediated synthesis -- 6. Biosynthesis of metal chalcogenide nanoparticles -- 7. Final considerations -- References -- Chapter 4: Challenge and perspectives for inorganic green synthesis pathways -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis methods -- 2.1. Physical synthesis -- 2.1.1. Advantages -- 2.1.2. Inconvenient -- 2.2. Chemical synthesis -- 2.2.1. Advantages -- 2.2.2. Inconvenient -- 2.3. Green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials and application -- 3. Challenge and perspectives -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Types of nanomaterials -- 1.2. Approaches for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1.3. Characterization of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1.4. What are carbohydrates? -- 1.4.1. Types of carbohydrates -- Monosaccharides -- Oligosaccharides -- Polysaccharides -- 2. Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.1. Synthesis of metal nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.2. Synthesis of metal oxide-based nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.3. Synthesis of nanomaterials using polysaccharides extracted from fungi and plant -- 3. The advantages and disadvantages of inorganic nanomaterials -- 4. Conclusion and future scope -- References -- Chapter 6: Fundamentals for material and nanomaterial synthesis. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental synthesis for materials -- 2.1. Solid-state synthesis -- 2.2. Chemical vapor transport -- 2.3. Sol-gel process -- 2.4. Melt growth (MG) method -- 2.5. Chemical vapor deposition -- 2.6. Laser ablation methods -- 2.7. Sputtering method -- 2.8. Molecular beam epitaxy method -- 3. Fundamental synthesis for nanomaterials -- 3.1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches -- 3.1.1. Ball milling (BL) synthesis process -- 3.1.2. Electron beam lithography -- 3.1.3. Inert gas condensation synthesis method -- 3.1.4. Physical vapor deposition methods -- 3.1.5. Laser pyrolysis methods -- 3.2. Chemical synthesis methods -- 3.2.1. Sol-gel method -- 3.2.2. Chemical vapor deposition method -- 3.2.3. Hydrothermal synthesis -- 3.2.4. Polyol process -- 3.2.5. Microemulsion technique -- 3.2.6. Microwave-assisted (MA) synthesis -- 3.3. Bio-assisted (B-A) methods -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Bioinspired synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Nanomaterials and current limitations -- 1.2. Bioinspired synthesis -- 2. General mechanism of interaction -- 3. Bioinspired synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 3.1. Microorganisms-mediated synthesis -- 3.2. Plant-mediated synthesis -- 3.2.1. Root extract assisted synthesis -- 3.2.2. Leaves extract assisted synthesis -- 3.2.3. Shoot-mediated synthesis -- 3.3. Protein templated synthesis -- 3.4. DNA-templated synthesis -- 3.5. Butterfly wing scales-templated synthesis -- 4. Applications of bioinspired nanomaterials -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Polysaccharides for inorganic nanomaterials synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Polysaccharides -- 2.1. Types of polysaccharides -- 2.1.1. Cellulose -- 2.1.2. Starch -- 2.1.3. Chitin -- 2.1.4. Chitosan -- 2.1.5. Properties of polysaccharides for bioapplications -- 3. Nanomaterials -- 3.1. Types of nanomaterials. , 3.1.1. Organic nanomaterials -- Carbon nanotubes -- Graphene -- Fullerenes -- 3.1.2. Inorganic nanomaterials -- Magnetic nanoparticles -- Metal nanoparticles -- Metal oxide nanoparticles -- Luminescent inorganic nanoparticles -- 3.2. Health effects of nanomaterials -- 4. Polysaccharide-based nanomaterials -- 4.1. Cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.1.1. Preparation of cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.1.2. Structure of cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.2. Chitin nanomaterials -- 4.2.1. Preparation of chitin nanomaterials -- 4.2.2. Structure and properties of chitin nanomaterials -- 4.3. Starch nanomaterials -- 4.3.1. Preparation of starch nanomaterials -- 4.3.2. Structure and properties of starch nanomaterials -- 5. Preparation of polysaccharide-based inorganic nanomaterials -- 5.1. Bulk nanocomposites -- 5.2. Composite nanoparticles -- 6. Applications of polysaccharide-based inorganic nanomaterials -- 6.1. Biotechnological applications -- 6.1.1. Bioseparation -- 6.1.2. Biolabeling and biosensing -- 6.1.3. Antimicrobial applications -- 6.2. Biomedical applications -- 6.2.1. Drug delivery -- 6.2.2. Digital imaging -- 6.2.3. Cancer treatment -- 6.3. Agricultural applications -- 7. Characterization of polysaccharide-based nanomaterials -- 7.1. Spectroscopy -- 7.1.1. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy -- 7.1.2. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) -- 7.1.3. UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy -- 7.2. Microscopy -- 7.2.1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -- 7.2.2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -- 7.3. X-ray methods -- 7.4. Thermal analysis -- 8. Future prospects -- 9. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Supercritical fluids for inorganic nanomaterials synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The supercritical fluid as a substitute technology -- 2.1. What is supercritical fluid? -- 2.2. Supercritical antisolvent precipitation. , 2.3. Supercritical-assisted atomization -- 2.4. Sol-gel drying method -- 3. Synthesis in supercritical fluids -- 3.1. Route of supercritical fluids containing nanomaterials synthesis -- 3.2. Sole supercritical fluid -- 3.3. Mixed supercritical fluid -- 4. Theory of the synthesis of supercritical fluids containing nanomaterials -- 4.1. Supercritical fluids working process -- 4.2. Origin of nanoparticles -- 4.3. The rapid expansion of supercritical solutions -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Green synthesized zinc oxide nanomaterials and its therapeutic applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Green synthesis -- 3. ZnO NPs characterization -- 4. ZnO NPs synthesis by plant extracts -- 5. ZnO NPs synthesis by bacteria and actinomycetes -- 6. ZnO NPs synthesis by algae -- 7. ZnO NPs synthesis by fungi -- 8. NPs synthesis by virus -- 9. ZnO NPs synthesis with alternative green sources -- 10. Therapeutic applications -- 11. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Sonochemical synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1. Background -- 2. Inorganic nanomaterials in sonochemical synthesis -- 3. Applications -- 4. Final comments -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Transition Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen-Evolution Reaction beyond Ni, Co, Fe -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Towards transition metal alloys beyond Ni, Co and Fe applied for OER -- 3. Metal oxides for OER beyond Ni, Co, and Fe -- 3.1 Transition metal binary oxide-based electrocatalyst -- 3.2 Perovskites oxides electrocatalysts -- 4. Transition-metals carbides, nitrides, and phosphides applied for OER -- 4.1 Carbides -- 4.2 Nitrides -- 4.3 Phosphides -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 -- Fe-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen-Evolution Reaction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanism of oxygen evolution reaction -- 3. Fe-based catalysts for OER -- 3.1 Fe-based oxides catalysts -- 3.2 Fe-based (oxy)hydroxides catalysts -- 3.3 Fe-based lamellar layered double hydroxide catalysts -- 3.4 Other Fe-based composites -- Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 3 -- Co-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen-Evolution Reaction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Various Co-based electrocatalysts -- 2.1 Co metal, alloy, and their composites -- 2.2 Co nitrides -- 2.3 Co phosphides -- 2.4 Co oxide -- 2.5 Cobalt (Co) sulfides -- 2.6 Cobal selenides -- 2.7 Binary nonmetal cobalt compounds -- Conclusions and outlook -- References -- 4 -- Metal Free Catalysts for Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) -- 1.2 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 2. Factors affecting the efficiency of electrochemical water splitting -- 3. Electrochemical matrices used for determining talent of the catalyst -- 4. Electrocatalysts for overall water splitting -- 5. Carbon based metal free catalyst -- 5.1 Graphene based electrocatalysts for water splitting -- 5.2 Carbon nanotube based electrocatalysts for water splitting. , 5.3 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) based electrocatalysts for overall water splitting -- 6. Future aspects and outlook -- Reference -- 5 -- Ni-Based Electrocatalyst for Full Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water splitting -- 2.1 Brief history and basics of water splitting -- 2.2 Few parameters related to t oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction and catalytic activity -- 2.3 Mechanism of electrochemical water splitting -- 2.3.1 Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) -- 2.3.2 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 2.4 Recent advances on materials and performance of Ni based materials for overall water splitting -- 2.4.1 Ni- based oxides and hydroxides -- 2.4.2 Ni-based phosphides -- 2.4.3 Ni-based nitrides -- 2.4.4 Ni-based sulfides -- 2.4.4 Ni-based selenides -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 6 -- Transition-Metal Chalcogenides for Oxygen-Evolution Reaction -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Mechanism of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 1.2 Kinetic parameters used to find the suitable catalysts for OER -- 1.2.1 Overpotential -- 1.2.2. Exchange current density -- 1.2.3 Tafel equation and Tafel plot -- 1.2.4 Electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) -- 1.2.5 Faraday efficiency (FE) -- 1.3 Experimental methods used to study the OER behavior and stability of catalysts -- 2. Transition metal chalcogenides as replacement of state-of-art catalyst for OER -- 2.1 Transition metal sulphide for oxygen evolution reaction -- 2.2 Transition metal selenide for oxygen evolution reaction -- 2.3 Transition metal telluride for oxygen evolution reaction -- Conclusion and Future prospective -- References -- 7 -- Interface-Engineered Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting -- 1. The surface/interface mechanism in photoelectrochemical water splitting. , 2. Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance by interface-engineered electrocatalysts -- 2.1 Impurity doping -- 2.2 Surface plasmon resonance effect -- 2.3 Z-scheme system -- References -- 8 -- Application of Prussian Blue Analogues and Related Compounds for Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The coordination chemistry of Prussian blue analogues and other metal cyanides -- 3. Crystal structure of Prussian blue analogues and related coordination polymers -- 4. Photo-induced charge transfer in Prussian blue analogues and related solids -- 5. Electrochemical behavior of PBAs in aqueous solutions -- 6. The water splitting reaction using transition metal cyanides -- 6.1 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 6.2 Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) -- 6.3 Use as co-catalyst in photoelectrochemical cells -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 -- Ni-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The mechanism involved in oxygen evolution reaction and judging parameters -- 3. Nickel based OER catalysts -- 3.1 Ni-hydroxide based OER catalysts -- 3.2 Ni-oxide based OER catalysts -- 3.3 Ni-sulphides and selenides for OER -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Transition Metal Chalcogenides for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Typical structures of transition metal chalcogenides -- 3. Binary chalcogenides applied to photoelectrochemical water splitting -- 4. Transition metal-based ternary and multinary chalcogenides for photoelectrochemical water splitting -- 4.1 P-type copper-based chalcogenides -- 4.2. Silver-based chalcogenides for water splitting -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 -- Selection of Materials and Cell Design for Photoelectrochemical Decomposition of Water -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principle and theory of water decomposition -- 3. Challenges in designing of a photoelectrochemical cell -- 4. Design configurations of PEC -- 4.1 Type 1 photo anodes -- 4.2 Type II heterojunction photomaterials -- 4.3 Type III wired type PEC tandem cells -- 4.4 Type IV wireless type PEC -- 4.5 Type V PV−EC systems -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 -- Interfacial Layer/Overlayer Effects in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. PEC cell photoelectrode: Required characteristics and recent trends -- 3. Interface layering/over-layering: An effective strategy -- 4. Interface layering/over-layering of metal oxide semiconductors -- 4.1 Interface layering with BiVO4 -- 4.2 Interface layering with CuO/Cu2O -- 4.3 Interface layering with hematite (α-Fe2O3) -- 4.4 Interface layering with WO3 -- 4.5 Interface layering with TiO2 -- 5. Interface layering with carbon materials -- 6. Interface layering with low-cost non-metallic semiconductors -- 7. Interface layering/integration with metal nanoparticles -- Conclusion and future directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 -- Narrow Bandgap Semiconductors for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Narrow band gap materials as a strategy to improve photoresponse of the material -- 2.1 Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) -- 2.2 CuO -- 2.3 Fe2O3 -- 2.4 BiOI -- Spray Pyrolysis -- BiOI/BiOBr -- BiOI/TiO2 -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Ti-based Materials for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic principle of PEC water splitting -- 3. Material selection for PEC water splitting -- 4. TiO2 photocatalyst for PEC water splitting -- 5. Tuning the photocatalytic of TiO2 into the visible light region -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 -- BiVO4 Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Crystal and electronic band structure of BiVO4 -- 3. The band gap of monoclinic BiVO4 -- 3.1 BiVO4 photoanode band alignment at a liquid interface -- 4. Influence of crystal facet -- 5. Carrier dynamics in BiVO4 -- 6. Intrinsic defects/Oxygen vacancies in BiVO4 -- 7. Polarons in BiVO4 -- 8. Doping BiVO4 -- 8.1 W doping into BiVO4 -- 8.2 Mo doping into BiVO4 -- 8.3 Other dopants in BiVO4 -- 8.4 Lanthanide ion doping into BiVO4 -- 8.5 Codoping in BiVO4 (multiple ion doping) -- 9. The side of illumination on BiVO4 photoanode -- 10. Photo-charged BiVO4 -- 11. Hole blocking layer for BiVO4 -- 12. Catalyst coatings on BiVO4 photoanode -- 13. Plasmon-induced resonant energy transfer -- Conclusions and future perspective -- References -- 7 -- Noble Materials for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental properties of noble metals for photocatalytic activity -- 2.1 Fundamentals of the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) -- 2.2 Schottky junction -- 3. Photoelectrodes materials -- 3.1 Titania (TiO2) -- 3.2 Haematite (Fe2O3) -- 3.3 Zinc oxide (ZnO) -- 4. Fundamental role of noble materials in PEC water splitting -- 4.1 Platinum (Pt) -- 4.2 Gold (Au) -- 4.3 Silver (Ag). , 4.4 Palladium (Pd) -- 4.5 Copper (Cu) -- 5. Noble bimetallic nanocomposites for PEC water splitting -- 5.1 Au-Pt bimetallic nanocomposites -- 5.2 Au-Pd bimetallic nanocomposites -- 5.3 Au-Ag bimetallic nanocomposites -- 5.4 Ag-Cu bimetallic nanocomposites -- 6. A brief note on bimetallic non-noble NPs for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Front Cover -- Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Conversion of biomass to chemicals using ionic liquids -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biomass as a renewable resource of chemicals -- 2.1. Interaction among biomass components -- 2.2. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass using ionic liquids -- 2.3. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to various chemicals -- 3. Platform chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass -- 3.1. 5-HMF and EMF from lignocellulosic biomass -- 3.2. Levulinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass -- 4. Ionic liquids: Significant in conversion of lignocellulose to platform chemicals -- 4.1. Biomass conversion to chemicals using acidic ILs -- 5. Conversion of biomass to 5-HMF and EMF using ILs -- 6. LA from lignocellulosic biomass -- 7. Effects of ILs properties on conversion of cellulose/lignocellulose to LA -- 8. Summary -- References -- Chapter 2: Ionic liquids for enzyme-catalyzed production of biodiesel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Influence of ionic liquid cation in biocatalyzed biodiesel production -- 2.1. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids -- 2.2. Other cations -- 3. Impact of ionic liquid anion in biocatalyzed biodiesel production -- 4. Biocatalysts employed in biodiesel production with ionic liquids -- 5. Substrates and acyl acceptors for biocatalyzed biodiesel production with ionic liquids -- 6. Operation temperature for biocatalyzed biodiesel production with ionic liquids -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Organic synthesis on ionic liquid support: A new strategy for the liquid-phase organic synthesis (LPOS) -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of small molecules on ionic liquid support -- 3. Ionic liquid-supported reagents for organic synthesis -- 4. Ionic liquid-supported catalysts for organic synthesis. , 5. Conclusion and outllook -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 4: Separation of volatile organic compounds by using immobilized ionic liquids -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ionic liquids for the separation of organic compounds -- 3. Separation of organic volatile compounds by IL-based membranes -- 3.1. Supported ionic liquid membranes -- 3.1.1. Flat sheet-supported ionic liquid membranes -- 3.2. Hollow fiber-supported ionic liquid membranes -- 3.3. Anodic aluminum oxide/ionic liquid membranes -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Deep eutectic solvents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties and characteristics of DES -- 3. Synthesis of DES -- 4. Application of DES in sample preparation -- 4.1. Food analysis -- 4.2. Environmental analysis -- 4.3. Biological analysis -- 5. Conclusions and future trends -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 6: Ionic liquids as scavenger -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Solid- and solution-phase chemistry -- 1.2. Scavenger properties and mechanism -- 1.3. Ionic liquids as scavengers and their properties -- 2. Task-specific ionic liquids as scavenger -- 2.1. Amino-functionalized ionic liquids as scavenger -- 2.2. Diol-functionalized ionic liquid as scavenger -- 2.3. Ionic liquids functionalized with Michael acceptor as scavenger -- 2.4. Si-supported sulfonic acid-functionalized ionic liquid as scavenger -- 2.5. Carboxyl-functionalized ionic liquids as scavenger -- 2.6. Aldehyde-functionalized ionic liquids as scavenger -- 2.7. Azide-functionalized ionic liquid as scavenger -- 2.8. Amino acid-functionalized ionic liquid as scavenger -- 2.9. Chlorosalicylaldehyde-functionalized ionic liquids as scavenger -- 3. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Recent developments in ionic liquid-based electrolytes for energy storage supercapacitors and rechargeable b -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Recent developments in ionic liquid-based supercapacitors and batteries -- 3. Development of porous electrodes for ionic liquid electrolytes -- 4. Development of high operating temperature supercapacitors and batteries -- 5. Effect of cationic or anionic species on the electrochemical performance of ionic liquids -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Recent insights on solubility and stability of biomolecules in ionic liquid -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Available resources on properties of ionic liquids -- 3. Advantages of ILs for biomolecule-based applications -- 3.1. Biocompatibility and biodegrability of ILs -- 4. Biomolecules solubility and stability in ILs -- 4.1. Nucleic acids in ILs -- 4.2. Carbohydrates in ILs -- 4.3. Proteins in ILs -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Ionic liquid-based membranes for water softening -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Ionic liquids (ILs) -- 1.2. Water purification: Challenges and perspectives -- 2. Liquid membrane -- 3. Bulk membranes based on ionic liquids -- 3.1. Extraction of phenols -- 3.2. Extraction of metal ions -- 4. Emulsion liquid membranes -- 5. Supported liquid membranes (SLMs) -- 5.1. Flat sheet liquid membrane -- 5.1.1. IL-SLM as extracting agents for heavy metal ions -- 5.1.2. Extraction of endosulfan -- 5.1.3. Separation of volatile organic compounds by ILs -- 5.1.4. Removal of phenolic compounds from water -- 5.1.5. Separation of organic liquids -- 5.2. Hollow fiber-supported IL membrane -- 5.2.1. Extraction of phenols -- 5.2.2. Extraction of metal ions -- 6. Polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) -- 6.1. Extraction of metal ions -- 6.2. Extraction of antibiotics -- 6.3. Extraction of organic molecules -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Ionic liquids in gas sensors and biosensors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of ILs -- 3. Transducers utilized in IL-based sensors. , 3.1. Electrochemical transducers -- 3.2. Mass-sensing transducers -- 3.3. Optical transducers -- 3.4. IL-modified electrodes -- 3.5. Multitransduction modes -- 4. Immobilization techniques -- 5. Applications of IL-based sensors and biosensors -- 6. Future prospects -- 6.1. Electronic nose instruments -- 6.2. Ion Jelly ionic liquids -- 6.3. 3-D printing technology -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 11: Ionic liquids as gas sensors and biosensors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ionic liquid-based electrochemical biosensors -- 2.1. Ionic liquid-based carbon nanomaterial biosensors -- 2.2. Ionic liquid based biosensor/metal nanomaterials -- 2.3. Gel-based biosensors -- 3. Electrochemical gas sensors -- 3.1. Electrochemical gas sensor-Oxygen (O2) sensors -- 3.2. Electrochemical gas sensor-Nitrogen oxide (NOx) -- 4. Optical gas sensors -- 4.1. Optical oxygen gas sensors -- 4.2. Optical carbon dioxide gas sensors -- 5. Other forms of gas sensors and applications of ionic liquids -- 5.1. Gas seniors-semiconducting metal oxides -- 5.2. Carbon-IL composite gas sensors -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 12: Imidazolium-based room temperature ionic liquids for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon mo ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanistic aspects -- 2.1. Formation of imidazolium-CO2 adducts -- 2.2. Deactivation of imidazolium cation during CO2 ERR -- 2.3. Structural transitions of imidazolium ILs at electrode-electrolyte interface -- 3. Role of imidazolium ILs in homogeneous reduction of CO2 -- 4. Role of imidazolium ILs in heterogeneous reduction of CO2 -- 4.1. With noble metal-based electrodes -- 4.2. With nonnoble metal-based electrodes -- 4.3. With polymers -- 4.4. With carbon-based electrodes -- 5. Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 13: Ionic liquid based electrochemical sensors and their applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of ionic liquids -- 3. Electrochemical properties of ionic liquids -- 4. Ionic liquid based electrochemical sensors -- 5. Ionic liquid applications in electrochemical sensors -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.