Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Bone Char as a Support Material to Build a Microbial Biocapacitor -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Influence of the chemical and textural properties on biochar -- 3. Bioanode preparation -- 4. Accumulated charge -- 5. Biochar-based anode and bioanode capacitances -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- References -- 2 -- Nature Inspired Materials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of nature-derived carbons properties for fulfilling the operational need for EDLC- supercapacitors -- 3. Various preparation mechanisms for nature derived carbons for supercapacitor -- 4. Advantages of naturally-derived carbons over graphene and CNT for EDLC supercapacitors -- 5. Use of different biological precursors -- 5.1 Plant-derived precursors -- 5.2 Fruit based precursors -- 5.3 Microbial-based precursors -- 5.4 Animal-based precursors -- 6. Structural characteristics and properties of nature derived carbons -- Conclusions and future directions -- References -- 3 -- Biomass Derived Composites for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sustainable biomass-carbon materials -- 3. Calculation paramaters -- 4. Biomass activation -- 4.1 Physical activation -- 4.2 Chemical activation -- 4.3 Hydrothermal carbonization -- 4.4 Other activations -- 5. Outlook -- Conclusions and prospects -- References -- 4 -- Lignin-Derived Materials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lignin isolation process -- 3. Lignin carbon fibres -- 3.1 Activation techniques -- 3.2 Lignin- Lignin blends -- 3.3 Lignin-Cellulose blends -- 3.4 Fractionation -- 3.5 Reinforcement -- 3.6 Chemical modification -- 3.7 New lignin types -- 4. Lignin-derived porous carbon -- 5. Challenges with graphite-based electrodes -- 6. Lignin for electrochemical applications -- 6.1 Lithium-ion batteries. , 6.2 Electrochemical double layer capacitors -- 6.3 Electrochemical pseudocapacitors -- 6.4 Sodium -ion batteries -- 6.5 Lignin as binder -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- This research work was financially supported by the University Malaya Impact-Oriented Interdisciplinary Research Grant (No.IIRG018A-2019) and Global Collaborative Programme - SATU Joint Research Scheme (No. ST012-2019). -- References -- 5 -- Bamboo Derived Materials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fabrication of electrode material for supercapacitor application -- 3. Physical characterization -- 4. Electrochemical measurements -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- Cellulose-Derived Electrodes for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cellulose based flexible composite electrodes -- 3. Cellulose carbonization and activation -- 4. Cellulose-derived carbon for supercapacitors -- 5. Cellulose-derived carbon for high-frequency supercapacitors -- 6. Cellulose-derived carbon for lithium-ion batteries -- 7. Cellulose-derived carbon for lithium-sulfur batteries -- 8. Cellulose-derived carbon for other batteries -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Fabrication of TiO2 Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of TiO2 /graphene nanocomposites and metal oxides core-shells SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 2.1 Preparation of TiO2 NRDS -- 2.2 Synthesis of TiO2 NFBS -- 2.3 Synthesis of TiO2 nanocomposites with graphene -- 2.4 Synthesis of coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 3. Fabrication of cell for electrochemical characterization -- 3.1 Electrochemical measurements for TiO2/graphene nanocomposite -- 3.2 Electrochemical tests for coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 4. Characterization of TiO2/graphene nanocomposites -- 4.1 TiO2 /graphene nanocomposites -- 4.1.1 SEM -- 4.1.2 TEM -- 4.1.3 XRD -- 4.1.4 Raman -- 4.1.5 BET -- 4.1.6 EDX -- 4.2 Electrochemical Testing -- 5. Characterization of coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 5.1 Coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 5.1.1 SEM & -- TEM -- 5.1.2 XRD -- 5.1.4 Electrochemical testing -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 2 -- A Brief History of Conducting Polymers Applied in Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications on cathode materials -- 2.1 Before 2000: Emergence stage -- 2.2 2000-2006: Preliminary stage -- 2.3 Since 2007: Fast development stage -- 3. Applications on anode materials -- 3.1 Before 2010: Emergence stage -- 3.2 Since 2010: Rising stage -- Conclusions & -- Outlooks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 -- 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MoS2-based anode materials for LIBs -- 3. WS2-based anode materials for LIBs -- 4. MoSe2 based anode materials for LIBs -- 5. WSe2-based anode materials for LIBs -- 6. Other TMDs for LIBs -- 7. Summary and future outlooks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 4 -- Metal Sulphides for Lithium-ion Batteries. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Demands on batteries in 21st Century -- 3. Design of a lithium-ion battery (LIB) -- 4. Materials related issues in LIBs in modern era -- 5. Advantages of metal-sulphides for LIBs -- 6. Metal sulphide based nanocomposites for battery applications -- 7. Different types of metal sulphides as anode materials in the LIBs applications -- 7.1 Layered metal-sulphides for LIBs. -- 7.2 Copper sulphides -- 7.3 Cobalt sulphides -- 7.4 Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) -- 7.5 Tungsten disulphide (WS2) -- 7.6 Iron disulphide (FeS2) -- 7.7 Tin sulphides -- 7.8 Nickel Sulphides -- 8. Synthesis techniques for metal sulphides -- 8.1 Solid state method -- 8.2 The hydro/solvothermal method -- 8.3 Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis -- 8.4 Spraying-related methods -- 9. Summary -- References -- 5 -- Magnetic Nanomaterials for Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of LIBs -- 3. LIB Technology -- 4. LIB working principle -- 5. Nanomaterials -- 6. Nanomaterials in anode for LIBs -- 7. Nanomaterials in cathode for LIBs -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Li-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure and working of Li-ion battery -- 3. Electrochemical behavior of various materials for Li-ion batteries -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 -- Silicon Materials for Lithium-ion Battery Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Overview on lithium battery technology -- 1.2 Silicon as anode for lithium batteries: -- 1.2.1 0D nanostructures -- 1.2.2 1D nanostructures -- 1.2.3 2D nanostructures -- 1.2.4 3D-nanostructures -- 2. Electrochemical performance of silicon based nanostructures -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- NASICON Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Machinery of SIBs -- 2.1 Storing the progression of NASICON materials -- 2.2 Cathode materials based on NASICON type -- 2.2.1 NASICON-type nanoparticles of Fe2(MoO4)3 wrapped with graphene -- 2.2.2 NASICON-type materials based on Na3V2(PO4)3 -- 2.2.3 NASICON-type materials based on Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Na3V2(PO4)3 -- 2.2.4 NASICON-type materials of porous Na3V2(PO4)3 and NaTi2(PO4)3 -- 2.2.5 A negative electrode of Mg0.5Ti2(PO4)3 based NASICON materials -- 2.2.6 Numerous other NASICON cathode materials -- 2.3 Anode materials based on NASICON-type -- 2.3.1 NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) type anode materials -- 2.3.2 NaZr2(PO4)3 (NZP) type anode materials -- 2.3.3 Numerous other NASICON anode materials -- 2.4 Commercial prospects of NIB technologies -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 2 -- Carbon Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of SIBs electrode materials -- 3. Carbon anode materials for advanced SIBs -- 3.1 Graphite as anode for SIBs -- 3.2 Hard carbon as anode for SIBs -- 3.3 Graphene as anode for SIBs -- 3.4 Carbon nanofibers as anode for SIBs -- 3.5 Biomass-derived carbon as anode for SIBs -- 3.6 Heteroatom-doped carbon materials as anode for SIBs -- References -- 3 -- Organic Electrode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Molecular design of electrodes for organic sodium ion batteries -- 2.1 Organic electrodes constituting of C=O based reaction -- 2.1.1 Carbonyl compounds -- 2.1.2 Polyimides -- 2.1.3 Quinones -- 2.1.4 Carboxylates -- 2.1.5 Anhydrides -- 2.2 Organic electrodes based on doping reaction -- 2.2.1 Organic radical polymers -- 2.2.2 Conductive polymers -- 2.2.3 Conjugated microporous polymers -- 2.2.4 Organometallic polymers. , 2.3 Organic electrode constituting of C=N based reaction -- 2.3.1 Schiff bases -- 2.3.2 Pteridine derivatives -- 3. Electrode design for sodium-ion batteries -- 3.1 Molecular engineering -- 3.2 Polymerization -- 3.3 Combining with carbon (carbon hybrid) -- 3.4 Electrolyte modification -- 4 Future challenges -- References -- 4 -- Alloys for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sodium ion batteries anode materials -- 3. Hard carbon -- 4. Carbon nanostructures -- 5. Carbon and alloy-based material composites -- 6. Alloying reactions-based anode materials -- 6.1 P-based materials -- 6.1.1 Red phosphorous -- 6.1.2 Black phosphorous -- 7. Conversion based material -- 7.1 Metal oxides -- 7.2 Metal sulfides -- 8. Graphene -- Conclusion and challenges -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 -- Mn-Based Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History -- 3. Types -- 4. Sodium-ion batteries -- 5. Mn-based sodium-ion batteries -- References -- 6 -- Tin-Based Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Sn-based anodes -- 3. Electrochemical performance -- 4. Structure and design -- 5. Performance -- 6. Thermal stability -- 7. Mechanism -- 8. Drawbacks -- 9. Factors affecting the capacity of Sn based sodium ion batteries -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 -- Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Energy depository technologies in static application -- 2.1 Pump hydroelectric depository (PHD) -- 2.2 Compressed air energy depository (CAED) -- 2.3 Electrochemical energy storage (EED) -- 3. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) -- 4. Beginning of new technology in the field of energy storage -- 4.1 Electrode material for SIBs -- 5. Polymer electrode material for the SIBs -- 5.1 Polyimides -- 6. Conducting polymers. , 6.1 Conducting polymer can provide electromagnetic shielding of electronic devices -- 6.2 It absorbs microwaves by using stealth technology -- 6.3 It can be used as a hole injecting electrode for OLEDs -- 6.4 Some conducting polymers are promising for field effect transistor (FET) -- 6.5 It can be used in display technology due to their electroluminescent property -- 7. Types of conductive polymer -- 7.1 Electrically conducting polymer -- 7.2 Doping in conductive polymer -- 7.3 Polyacetylene and polyphenylene as electrode material for the SIBs -- 7.4 Conjugated conductive polymer and charge storage mechanism -- 7.5 Non-conjugated conductive radical polymer -- 7.6 Inorganic nanoparticles-conducting polymer composite based battery electrodes -- 8. Why conducting polymer? -- 9. Functions of CPs -- 9.1 Merits and demerits of the conducting polymer -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8 -- Recent Progress in Electrode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History and working principal of SIB -- 3. Anode Materials for SIB -- 3.1 Metal Oxide Anode Materials -- 3.2 Alloy Anode Materials -- 4. Cathode Materials for SIBs -- 4.1 Layered Oxide Cathode Materials -- 4.2 Polyanionic Cathode Materials -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Electrolytes for Na-O2 Batteries: Towards a Rational Design -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Na-O2 Batteries -- 3. Instability of electrolyte -- 4. The use of additives -- 5. Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 -- State-of-the-Art, Future Prospects and Challenges in Sodium-Ion Battery Technology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. State-of-the-art or current status of SIBs -- 4. Hurdles in SIBs -- 5. Next-generation battery research -- 5.1 SexSy-based negative electrode materials (NEMs) -- 5.2 Na3M2(PO4)2F3 [M¼Ti, Fe, V] based NEMs. , 5.3 Inclusion of fluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC) in the electrolyte -- 5.4 Efficient cycling process by Sb in SIBs -- 5.5 SnSb as NEMs -- 6. Economic perspective of SIBs -- 6.1 Battery Performance and Cost model (BatPaC model) -- 6.2 Cost of cathode -- 6.3 Cost of anode -- 6.4 Cost of electrolyte -- 6.5 Fluctuations or variation in price -- 6.6 Limitation of BatPaC model -- 7. A materialistic outlook of SIBs -- 8. Challenges of SIBs -- 8.1 Limitations and materialistic barriers -- 8.2 Challenges of NEMs -- 9. Future opportunities -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 -- Conducting Polymers for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications on cathode materials -- 2.1 Doped and pure conducting polymer cathodes -- 2.2 Conducting polymer-based composite cathode -- 3. Applications on anode materials -- 3.1 Doped and pure conducting polymer anodes -- 3.2 Conducting polymer-based composite anode -- Conclusions & -- Outlooks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND ALLIED APPLICATIONS. VOLUME 1 -- ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND ALLIED APPLICATIONS. VOLUME 1 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- About the Editor -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Advances in Membranes for High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCS) -- 2.1. Role of Proton Conducting Membrane in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 2.2. Requirement for Proton Conducting Membrane for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 2.3. Current Status of Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid and Alternative Proton Conducting Membranes -- 2.4. Proton Transport in Sulfonic Acid Membranes -- 2.5. Challenges Facing Sulfonic Acid Membranes in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 3. High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte -- Membrane Fuel Cell -- 3.1. Proton Exchange Membranes for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 3.2. Membranes Obtained by Modification with Hygroscopic Inorganic Fillers -- 3.3. Membranes Obtained by Modification with Solid Proton Conductors -- 3.4. Membranes Obtained by Modification with Less Volatile Proton Assisting Solvent -- 3.4.1. Doping with Heterocyclic Solvents -- 3.4.2. Doping with Phosphoric Acid -- 3.4.3. Radiation Grafted and Acid Doped Membranes -- 3.5. Disadvantages of Using Phosphoric Acid Composite Membranes for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications -- 3.6. Alternative Membranes Based on Benzimidazole Derivatives -- 3.7. Alternative Benzimidazole Polymers Doped with Heteropoly Acids -- 3.8. Membrane Impregnated with Ionic Liquids -- 3.9. Summary of Membranes Obtained by Modification of Sulfonic. , Acid Ionomers -- 4. Proton Conduction Mechanism in High Temperature Proton Conducting Membrane -- Conclusion and Prospectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Surface-Confined Ruthenium and Osmium Polypyridyl Complexes as Electrochromic Materials -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Electrochromic Windows, Displays and Mirrors -- 1.2. Classes of Electrochromic Materials -- 1.3. Metal Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- 1.3.1. Ruthenium (II) Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- (I). Optical Behavior of Ruthenium Complexes -- (II). Redox Behavior of Ruthenium Complexes -- (III). Role of Spacers in Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes -- 1.3.2. Osmium (II) Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- 1.3.3. Other Metal Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- 1.4. Substrates Used for Electrochromic Material -- 1.5. Modification of Substrates -- 2. Surface-Confined Ruthenium Complexes -- As Electrochromic Materials -- 2.1. Chemically Adsorbed Ruthenium Complexes -- 2.2. Physically Adsorbed Ruthenium Complexes -- 3. Surface-Confined Osmium Complexes -- As Electrochromic Materials -- 3.1. Osmium Complex-Based Monolayer -- 3.2. Osmium Complex-Based Multilayer -- 4. Surface-Confined Hetero-Metallic -- Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- 4.1. Coordinative Supramolecular Assembly As Thin Films -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Magnetic Polymeric Nanocomposite Materials: Basic Principles Preparations and Microwave Absorption Application -- 1Department of Materials Science, School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science -- and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia -- 2Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, -- Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Background. , 3. Interaction Mechanisms of Electromagnetic Wave -- with Materials -- 3.1. Interaction Mechanism with Conductor Materials -- 3.2. Interaction Mechanism with Dielectric Materials -- 3.3. Interaction Mechanism with Magnetic Materials -- 4. The Reason of Using Microwave Absorbing Materials -- 5. The Criteria for Choosing the Filler and the -- Importance of Matching Conditions for Ideal -- Microwave Absorbing Materials -- 5.1. Metal-Backed Single Layer Absorber Mode -- 5.2. Stand-Alone Absorbing Material Model -- 6. Types and Properties of Polymers -- 7. Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites -- 7.1. Nanomaterials -- 7.2. Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites' Properties -- 7.3. Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites' Applications -- 7.4. The Importance of Dispersion in Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites -- 8. Preparation and Processing of -- Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites -- 8.1. In-Situ Oxidative Polymerization Method (with Sonication) -- 8.2. One-Step Chemical Method -- 8.3. Surface-Initiated Polymerization Method -- 8.4. Microemulsion Chemical Oxidative Polymerization Method -- 8.5. Reverse Micelle Microemulsion Method -- 8.6. In-Situ Inverse Microemulsion Polymerization -- 8.7. Irradiation Induced Inverse Emulsion Polymerization -- 8.8. Miniemulsion Polymerization -- 8.9. Mechanical Melt Blending Method -- 8.10. Melt Processing Method Using Ultrasonic Bath -- 8.11. Template Free Method -- 8.12. Solution Casting Method -- 8.13. Sonochemical Method -- 8.14. Electrochemical Synthesis -- 9. Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Application of Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites -- 9.1. The Crucial Role of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Sample Thickness in the Determination of the Microwave Absorption Application -- 9.2. Effect of Magnetic Filler Size on the Microwave Absorption and/or Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Application. , 9.3. Broadening the Microwave Absorption Range for Low and High Frequency Applications Using Binary Magnetic Nanofillers -- 9.4. The Enhancement of the Microwave Absorption for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Application Using Magnetic and Dielectric Nanofillers -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Polyetheramide-Birth of a New Coating Material -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Raw Materials and Test Methods -- 3. Linseed Oil Based Polyetheramides[LPEtA] -- 4. Soybean Oil Based Polyetheramides (SPEtA) -- 5. Albizia Lebbek Benth Oil Based PEtA (ABOPEtA) -- 6. Jatropha Seed Oil Based PEtA(JPEtA) -- 6. Olive Oil Based PEtA (OPEtA) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- [1] Sørensen, P. A., Kiil,S., Dam-Johansen, K. & -- Weinell, C. E. (2009). Anticorrosive coatings: a review, J. Coat. Technol. Res., 6(2), 135-176. -- Chapter 5: Advanced Functional Polymers and Composite Materials and Their Role in Electroluminescent Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction & -- Scope of the Work -- 1. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Characteristics and Categories -- (a) LED- Device Configuration -- (b) Recent Developments in The LED's Technology -- In-organic Light Emitting Diode -- Materials & -- Characteristics -- 3-I. Luminescence and Scintillation from the Inorganic Phosphor Materials -- An Ideal Luminescencent Material's Characteristics -- 3-II. Scintillation -- 3-III. Inorganic Electroluminescent Materials & -- Devices -- Organic Light Emitting Diodes Devices (OELDs) -- 4- (i). OLED Characteristics -- 4-(ii). OLED- Device Configuration & -- Working Principle -- 4-(iii). General Electroluminescent Materials Used for OLED Devices -- 4-(iv). OLED Device Fabrication -- 4-(v). OLED- Electro-Optical (EO) Properties -- 4-(vi). Quantum Efficiency of OLED Devices -- The Classifications of OLED types. , 4-I. An Overview of Historical Background about Polymeric OLEDs -- (P-OLEDs) -- 4-II. Polymeric OLEDs (P-OLEDs) as Electroluminescent Devices -- 4- III. Polymeric OLEDs (P-OLEDs) Employed in Various Device's Applications -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- [1] Akcelrud, L. Prog. Polym. Sci. 28 (2003). 875-962. -- Chapter 6: Poly(Methacrylic Acid) and Poly (Itaconic Acid) Applications as pH-Sensitive Actuators -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methacrylic Acid and Itaconic Acid -Basic Properties -- 2. Poly(methacrylic acid) and Poly(Itaconic Acid) pH-sensitive Polymers -- 2.1. Linear Systems -- 2.2. Hydrogels -- 2.3. Amphiphillic Block and Graft Copolymers (Micelles) -- 2.4. Modified Surfaces and Membranes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: Cell Scaffolds and Fabrication Technologies for Tissue Engineering -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cell Based-Therapies for Tissue Engineering -- 3. Scaffolds Preparation Technologies -- 3.1. Nanofibrous -- 3.2. Freeze-Drying -- 3.3. Fiber Bonding -- 3.4. Phase Separation -- 3.5. Gas Foaming -- 3.6. Rapid Prototyping -- 4. Special Applications in Tissue Ingineering -- 4.1. Injectable Matrices for Cell Therapy -- 4.2. Bioceramic Matrices for Cell Therapy -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Immobilization of Lipase by Physical Adsorption on Selective Polymers -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Mechanism of Action of Lipases -- 3. Properties of Enzymes Influenced by Immobilization -- 4. Properties of Matrices for Immobilization -- 5. Methods for Enzyme Immobilization -- 5.1. Physical Adsorption -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzymes Immobilization Using the Adsorption Technique -- 5.2. Ionic Binding -- 5.3. Covalent Binding. , Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzymes Immobilization Using the Covalent Technique.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Transition Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen-Evolution Reaction beyond Ni, Co, Fe -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Towards transition metal alloys beyond Ni, Co and Fe applied for OER -- 3. Metal oxides for OER beyond Ni, Co, and Fe -- 3.1 Transition metal binary oxide-based electrocatalyst -- 3.2 Perovskites oxides electrocatalysts -- 4. Transition-metals carbides, nitrides, and phosphides applied for OER -- 4.1 Carbides -- 4.2 Nitrides -- 4.3 Phosphides -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 -- Fe-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen-Evolution Reaction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanism of oxygen evolution reaction -- 3. Fe-based catalysts for OER -- 3.1 Fe-based oxides catalysts -- 3.2 Fe-based (oxy)hydroxides catalysts -- 3.3 Fe-based lamellar layered double hydroxide catalysts -- 3.4 Other Fe-based composites -- Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 3 -- Co-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen-Evolution Reaction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Various Co-based electrocatalysts -- 2.1 Co metal, alloy, and their composites -- 2.2 Co nitrides -- 2.3 Co phosphides -- 2.4 Co oxide -- 2.5 Cobalt (Co) sulfides -- 2.6 Cobal selenides -- 2.7 Binary nonmetal cobalt compounds -- Conclusions and outlook -- References -- 4 -- Metal Free Catalysts for Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) -- 1.2 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 2. Factors affecting the efficiency of electrochemical water splitting -- 3. Electrochemical matrices used for determining talent of the catalyst -- 4. Electrocatalysts for overall water splitting -- 5. Carbon based metal free catalyst -- 5.1 Graphene based electrocatalysts for water splitting -- 5.2 Carbon nanotube based electrocatalysts for water splitting. , 5.3 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) based electrocatalysts for overall water splitting -- 6. Future aspects and outlook -- Reference -- 5 -- Ni-Based Electrocatalyst for Full Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water splitting -- 2.1 Brief history and basics of water splitting -- 2.2 Few parameters related to t oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction and catalytic activity -- 2.3 Mechanism of electrochemical water splitting -- 2.3.1 Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) -- 2.3.2 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 2.4 Recent advances on materials and performance of Ni based materials for overall water splitting -- 2.4.1 Ni- based oxides and hydroxides -- 2.4.2 Ni-based phosphides -- 2.4.3 Ni-based nitrides -- 2.4.4 Ni-based sulfides -- 2.4.4 Ni-based selenides -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 6 -- Transition-Metal Chalcogenides for Oxygen-Evolution Reaction -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Mechanism of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 1.2 Kinetic parameters used to find the suitable catalysts for OER -- 1.2.1 Overpotential -- 1.2.2. Exchange current density -- 1.2.3 Tafel equation and Tafel plot -- 1.2.4 Electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) -- 1.2.5 Faraday efficiency (FE) -- 1.3 Experimental methods used to study the OER behavior and stability of catalysts -- 2. Transition metal chalcogenides as replacement of state-of-art catalyst for OER -- 2.1 Transition metal sulphide for oxygen evolution reaction -- 2.2 Transition metal selenide for oxygen evolution reaction -- 2.3 Transition metal telluride for oxygen evolution reaction -- Conclusion and Future prospective -- References -- 7 -- Interface-Engineered Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting -- 1. The surface/interface mechanism in photoelectrochemical water splitting. , 2. Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance by interface-engineered electrocatalysts -- 2.1 Impurity doping -- 2.2 Surface plasmon resonance effect -- 2.3 Z-scheme system -- References -- 8 -- Application of Prussian Blue Analogues and Related Compounds for Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The coordination chemistry of Prussian blue analogues and other metal cyanides -- 3. Crystal structure of Prussian blue analogues and related coordination polymers -- 4. Photo-induced charge transfer in Prussian blue analogues and related solids -- 5. Electrochemical behavior of PBAs in aqueous solutions -- 6. The water splitting reaction using transition metal cyanides -- 6.1 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 6.2 Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) -- 6.3 Use as co-catalyst in photoelectrochemical cells -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 -- Ni-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The mechanism involved in oxygen evolution reaction and judging parameters -- 3. Nickel based OER catalysts -- 3.1 Ni-hydroxide based OER catalysts -- 3.2 Ni-oxide based OER catalysts -- 3.3 Ni-sulphides and selenides for OER -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Transition Metal Chalcogenides for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Typical structures of transition metal chalcogenides -- 3. Binary chalcogenides applied to photoelectrochemical water splitting -- 4. Transition metal-based ternary and multinary chalcogenides for photoelectrochemical water splitting -- 4.1 P-type copper-based chalcogenides -- 4.2. Silver-based chalcogenides for water splitting -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 -- Selection of Materials and Cell Design for Photoelectrochemical Decomposition of Water -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principle and theory of water decomposition -- 3. Challenges in designing of a photoelectrochemical cell -- 4. Design configurations of PEC -- 4.1 Type 1 photo anodes -- 4.2 Type II heterojunction photomaterials -- 4.3 Type III wired type PEC tandem cells -- 4.4 Type IV wireless type PEC -- 4.5 Type V PV−EC systems -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 -- Interfacial Layer/Overlayer Effects in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. PEC cell photoelectrode: Required characteristics and recent trends -- 3. Interface layering/over-layering: An effective strategy -- 4. Interface layering/over-layering of metal oxide semiconductors -- 4.1 Interface layering with BiVO4 -- 4.2 Interface layering with CuO/Cu2O -- 4.3 Interface layering with hematite (α-Fe2O3) -- 4.4 Interface layering with WO3 -- 4.5 Interface layering with TiO2 -- 5. Interface layering with carbon materials -- 6. Interface layering with low-cost non-metallic semiconductors -- 7. Interface layering/integration with metal nanoparticles -- Conclusion and future directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 -- Narrow Bandgap Semiconductors for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Narrow band gap materials as a strategy to improve photoresponse of the material -- 2.1 Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) -- 2.2 CuO -- 2.3 Fe2O3 -- 2.4 BiOI -- Spray Pyrolysis -- BiOI/BiOBr -- BiOI/TiO2 -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Ti-based Materials for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic principle of PEC water splitting -- 3. Material selection for PEC water splitting -- 4. TiO2 photocatalyst for PEC water splitting -- 5. Tuning the photocatalytic of TiO2 into the visible light region -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 -- BiVO4 Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Crystal and electronic band structure of BiVO4 -- 3. The band gap of monoclinic BiVO4 -- 3.1 BiVO4 photoanode band alignment at a liquid interface -- 4. Influence of crystal facet -- 5. Carrier dynamics in BiVO4 -- 6. Intrinsic defects/Oxygen vacancies in BiVO4 -- 7. Polarons in BiVO4 -- 8. Doping BiVO4 -- 8.1 W doping into BiVO4 -- 8.2 Mo doping into BiVO4 -- 8.3 Other dopants in BiVO4 -- 8.4 Lanthanide ion doping into BiVO4 -- 8.5 Codoping in BiVO4 (multiple ion doping) -- 9. The side of illumination on BiVO4 photoanode -- 10. Photo-charged BiVO4 -- 11. Hole blocking layer for BiVO4 -- 12. Catalyst coatings on BiVO4 photoanode -- 13. Plasmon-induced resonant energy transfer -- Conclusions and future perspective -- References -- 7 -- Noble Materials for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental properties of noble metals for photocatalytic activity -- 2.1 Fundamentals of the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) -- 2.2 Schottky junction -- 3. Photoelectrodes materials -- 3.1 Titania (TiO2) -- 3.2 Haematite (Fe2O3) -- 3.3 Zinc oxide (ZnO) -- 4. Fundamental role of noble materials in PEC water splitting -- 4.1 Platinum (Pt) -- 4.2 Gold (Au) -- 4.3 Silver (Ag). , 4.4 Palladium (Pd) -- 4.5 Copper (Cu) -- 5. Noble bimetallic nanocomposites for PEC water splitting -- 5.1 Au-Pt bimetallic nanocomposites -- 5.2 Au-Pd bimetallic nanocomposites -- 5.3 Au-Ag bimetallic nanocomposites -- 5.4 Ag-Cu bimetallic nanocomposites -- 6. A brief note on bimetallic non-noble NPs for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Theoretical Insights in Green Corrosion Inhibitors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical methods used in green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1 Quantum chemistry methods -- 2.2 Quantitative structure-activity relationships -- 2.3 Molecular dynamics simulation -- 3. The progress of theoretical study in green corrosion inhibitors -- 3.1 The behavior of green corrosion inhibitor studied by combination of quantum chemistry and QSAR -- 3.1.1 Carbon steel inhibitors -- 3.1.2 Copper inhibitors -- 3.2 The performance of green corrosion inhibitor studied by combination of molecular simulation and quantum chemistry -- 3.2.1 Carbon steel inhibitor -- 3.2.2 Aluminum inhibitors -- 3.2.3 Copper inhibitors -- 3.3 The behavior of green corrosion inhibitor studied by combination of molecular simulation, quantum chemistry and QSAR -- 3.3.1 Carbon steel inhibitors -- 3.3.2 Copper inhibitors -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 -- Effect of Natural Sources on the Corrosion Inhibition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1 Protection of iron based surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1.1 Protection of iron surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1.2 Protection of mild steel surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1.3 Protection of steel surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1.4 Protection of carbon steel surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1.5 Protection of steel rebar surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.2 Protection of aluminum surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.3 Protection of copper surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.4 Protection of tin surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.5 Green corrosion inhibitors resources -- 3. Anti-corrosion mechanism (for natural inhibitors). , 3.1 Anodic, cathodic and mixed type inhibition -- 4. Corrosion inhibitors testing -- 5. Economic and industrial opportunities -- References -- 3 -- Green Inhibitors for Biocorrosion and Prevention -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The portability of the metal to the corrosion -- 1.2 The factors affecting the speed of corrosion -- 1.3 Types of corrosions -- 1.3.1 Pure chemical corrosion -- 1.3.2 Electrochemical corrosion -- 1.3.3 Homogeneous (general) corrosion -- 1.3.4 Local corrosion -- 1.3.5 Stress - corrosion cracking -- 1.3.6 Galvanic corrosion -- 1.3.7 Erosion corrosion (EC) -- 1.3.8 Crevice corrosion -- 1.3.9 Pitting corrosion (PC) -- 1.3.10 Exfoliation corrosion -- 1.3.11 Selective leaching -- 1.3.12 Nonmetallic corrosion -- 1.3 Corrosion of cement -- 1.5 Corrosion of organic materials -- 1.6 Environment factors -- 1.6.1 Effect of oxygen and oxidants -- 1.6.2 Effect of pH -- 1.6.2 Effect of anions and cations -- 1.7 Anti-corrosion methods -- 1.7.1 The green impediments for corrosion -- 1.7.2 Determination of green corrosion inhibitors based on ionic fluids -- 1.7.3 Corrosion suppressions from the biological waste -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 -- Electrochemical Studies of Green Corrosion Inhibitors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1 Green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1.1 Natural products -- 2.1.2 Amino acids -- 2.1.3 Rare earth metal compounds -- 2.1.4 Recently used green inhibitors -- 3. Characterization techniques -- 3.1 Polarization methods -- 3.1.1 Linear polarization resistance method -- 3.1.2 Potentiodynamic-galvanodynamic polarization -- 3.1.3 Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization -- 3.1.4 Cyclic galvano-staircase polarization -- 3.1.5 Conversion of Icorr (from polarization methods) to corrosion rates -- 3.1.6 Limitations associated with polarization methods -- 3.2 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). , 3.2.1 Interpretation of results (Nyquist & -- Bode plots) -- 3.2.2 Equivalent circuits -- 3.3 Electrochemical Noise (EN) measurements -- 3.4 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) -- Concluding remark -- References -- 5 -- Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Technological Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Green corrosion inhibitors -- 3. Technological applications of green corrosion inhibitors -- 3.1 Oil and gas sector -- 3.2 Reinforced concrete -- 3.3 Acid pickling industry -- 3.4 Coatings -- 3.5 Aircraft industry -- 3.6 Water industry -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 -- Pyrazine Derivatives as Green Corrosion Inhibitors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pyrazine and its derivative as prominent corrosion inhibitor for metals and alloys in corrosive media -- 3. Adsorption mechanism -- Further aspects -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 7 -- Biological Corrosion Inhibitors for Concrete -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biological Corrosion Inhibitors -- 2.1 Microbial -- 2.1.1 Bacterial -- 2.1.1.1 Ureolytic -- 2.1.1.2 Non-ureolytic -- 2.1.2 Nitrate reducing bacteria -- 2.1.3 Biomolecules -- 2.1.4 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) -- 2.1.5 Mussel adhesive proteins -- 2.1.6 Fungus -- 2.2 Botanical -- 2.2.1 Extract of tree/plant leaves -- 2.2.2 Bark extract of trees/plants -- 2.2.3 Seeds or grains -- 2.2.4 Plant roots extracts -- 2.2.5 Plants mucilage -- 2.2.6 Algae -- 3. Comparison -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Electronics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Causes and factors for corrosion in electronics -- 2.1 Contaminant gases affect the manufacturing areas -- 2.2 Other problems faced in manufacturing process -- 2.3 Effects of ammonia -- 2.4 Effects of ozone, boron and other volatile organic compounds -- 2.5 Airborne contamination in various sector -- 2.5.1 Telecom industry. , 2.5.2 Distributed control system (DCS) -- 2.5.3 Data centers -- 3. Metals or specific alloys component for electronics -- 4. Electronic component susceptibility towards corrosion and failure analysis -- 4.1 Printed circuit board -- 4.2 Contact and connector -- 4.2.1 Pore corrosion in electrical contacts -- 4.2.2 Fretting corrosion of electronic connectors -- 4.3 Integrated circuits -- 4.4 Solder corrosion: the corrosive effect of soldering flux -- 4.5 Hermetic packages -- 5. Reliability and cleanliness -- 6. Electronics corrosion protection -- 7. Vapor phase corrosion inhibitor (VPCI) technology -- 8. Vapor pressure measurement by various methods -- 8.1 Regnault dynamic method -- 8.2 Boiling point determination method -- 8.3 Knudsen effusion method -- 8.4 Microbalance method -- 8.5 Torsion effusion method -- 9. Effect of temperature on the vapor pressure -- 10. Effect of pH -- 11. Types of vapor phase corrosion inhibitors (VPCI) -- 12. Analysis of corrosion by different method -- 12.1 Vapor pressure determination -- 12.2 Weight loss method -- 12.3 Esckhe method -- 12.4 Salt spray method -- 13. Advantages of VPCI -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Nanocellulose Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Production processes of nanocellulose aerogels -- 3. Properties of nanocellulose aerogels -- 4. Applications of nanocellulose aerogels -- 4.1 Materials absorbents -- 4.2 Gas filters and membranes -- 4.3 Packaging materials -- 4.4 Energy storage systems and electrical devices -- 4.5 Thermal insulation and fire-retardant materials -- 4.6 Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications -- 5. Final considerations -- References -- 2 -- Porous Aerogels -- 1. Porous aerogel history -- 2. Aerogel pore classification -- 3. Inorganic-silica based aerogels -- 3.1 Properties of silica-based aerogel -- 3.1.1 Texture -- 3.1.2 Thermal properties -- 3.1.3 Optical properties -- 3.1.4 Entrapment, release, sorption, and storage properties -- 4. Inorganic-nonsilicate aerogels -- 4.1 ZrO2 aerogels -- 4.1.1 ZrO2 aerogels in catalysis -- 4.1.2 ZrO2 aerogels in ceramics -- 4.1.3 ZrO2 aerogels in solid oxide fuel cells -- 4.2 TiO2 aerogels -- 5. Organic-natural/biogels -- 5.1 Polysaccharides aerogels -- 5.2 Chitosan aerogel -- 5.3 Pectin aerogel -- 5.4 Alginate aerogel -- 5.5 κ -Carrageenan aerogel -- 5.6 Starch aerogel -- 5.7 Curdlan aerogel -- 5.8 Cellulose aerogels -- 5.8.1 Cellulose aerogel monoliths -- 5.8.2 Nanostructured cellulose filaments in textile -- 6. Resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels -- 7. Composite aerogels -- 7.1 Polymer-crosslinked aerogels -- 7.2 Effect of polymer addition on aerogel fragility -- 8. Exotic aerogels -- 8.1 Chalcogenide aerogels -- 8.1.1 Chalcogenide aerogels formation by thiolysis: GeS2 -- 8.1.2 Chalcogenide aerogels formation by cluster-linking -- 8.1.3 Chalcogenide aerogels formation by nanoparticle assembly -- 9. Conducting polymer aerogel -- 9.1 Conducting polymer aerogels- A property prospective -- 9.1.1 PEDOT aerogels. , 9.1.2 Polypyrrole (Ppy) aerogels -- 9.1.3 Polyaniline (PANi) aerogels -- 10. Sonogels -- 11. Graphene aerogel -- 11.1 Preparation of reduced graphene oxide aerogels -- 12. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) aerogel -- 13. Hybrid aerogel -- 13.1 Class-I hybrid composites -- 13.2 Class-II hybrid composite -- 14. Application of porous aerogel -- 14.1 Thermal insulation -- 14.2 Removal of pollutants -- 14.3 Elimination of solid particle from gases -- 14.4 CO2 capture -- 14.5 Volatile organic compounds/catalysis -- 14.6 Water treatment -- 14.6.1 Oils in water -- 14.6.2 Wastewater and brackish water treatment -- 14.7 Biomedical applications -- 14.7.1 Aerogels for the administration of medicines -- 14.7.2 Tissue engineering -- 14.7.3 Biosensing -- References -- 3 -- Hybrid Silica Aerogel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hybrid silica aerogel -- 2.1 Polymer-silica aerogel -- 2.2 Biomolecules-silica aerogel -- 2.3 Graphene-silica aerogel -- 3. Final remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 -- Silica Aerogel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis methodology -- 2.1 Bare silica aerogels -- 2.2 Modified silica aerogels -- 3. Physico-chemical properties and applications -- 3.1 Thermal insulating application -- 3.2 Optical property application -- 3.3 Electronic application -- 3.4 Acoustic insulation applications -- 3.5 Biomedical applications -- 3.6 Environmental applications -- 3.7 Others applications -- 3.7.1 Space and detector -- 3.7.2 Oil spill clean-up -- 3.7.3 Aerospace -- Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- 5 -- Carbon Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of carbon aerogels -- 2.1 Low flexible-carbon aerogel -- 2.2 Super flexible-carbon aerogel -- 2.3 Carbon nano tube aerogels -- 2.4 Graphene nano aerogel -- 2.5 Nano-diamond aerogel -- 2.6 Ni-doped carbon aerogel -- 2.7 Pt, Pd, Ag and Ru-doped carbon aerogel -- 2.8 Ce, Zr-based carbon aerogel. , 3. General characteristics and properties -- 3.1 Bulk density and porosity -- 3.2 Backbone density -- 3.3 Backbone connectivity -- 3.4 Pore connectivity -- 3.5 Pore size -- 3.6 Thermal properties -- 3.7 Electrical properties -- 3.8 Electrochemical properties -- 3.9 Mechanical properties -- 3.10 Gas-transport properties -- 3.11 Optical properties -- 4. Applications -- 4.1 Electrochemical field -- 4.2 Hydrogen storage -- 4.3 Catalyst support -- 4.4 Thermal insulation -- 4.5 Adsorbent for waste water treatment -- 4.6 Photocatalyst for waste water treatment -- 4.7 Sensor application -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- Magnetic Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cellulose magnetic aerogels -- 3. Magnetic graphene aerogel -- 4. Carbon magnetic aerogel -- 5. Magnetic silica aerogels -- 6. Magnetic pectin aerogel -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 -- Properties of Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure -- 3. Thermal properties -- 3.1 Silica aerogels -- 3.2 Organic and polymeric aerogels -- 3.3 Carbon aerogels -- 4. Electrical properties -- 4.1 Aerogels with low conductivity -- 4.2 Low dielectric constant materials -- 4.3 Aerogels with high conductivity -- 5. Optical properties -- 5.1 Radiators in Cherenkov counters -- 5.2 Fiber optics -- 5.3 Non reflective materials -- 6. Mechanical properties -- 7. Acoustic properties -- 8. Biocompatibility -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 -- Tailor-Made Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Existing and potential applications of aerogels -- 2.1 Pore engineering -- 2.2 Customizable surface and coating -- 2.3 Hybrid aerogels (HAgs): Influence of the sol-gel process on final properties -- 3. Applications of Tailor-made aerogels -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 -- Aerogels Envisioning Future Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Future applications of bioaerogels. , 2.1 Bioaerogels applied as functional foods -- 2.2 Bioaerogels applied as thickeners and stabilizers -- 2.3 Bioaerogels applied as medicines and scaffolding in tissue repair -- 3. Future applications of polymeric aerogel -- 3.1 Polymeric aerogel as impact absorbing materials -- 3.2 Polymeric aerogels used as catalyst supports -- 3.3 Polymeric aerogels can be used as aerospace components -- 4. Future applications of carbon aerogel -- 4.1 Future applications of carbon aerogels as photocatalytic components, electrodes and supercapacitor -- 4.2 Materials against electromagnetic interference, lipid adsorbents and scaffolds for polymers -- 5. Future applications of inorganic aerogels -- 5.1 Inorganic aerogels used as fuel cells -- 5.2 Inorganic aerogels used as catalysts -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- The authors thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for funding this research. -- References -- 10 -- Recent Patents on Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications -- 2.1 Patents on aerogel generators(WO 2004/022242 Al) -- 2.2 Aerogel blanket and its production (PCT/US2014/022919) -- 2.3 Cellulose aerogels PCT/GB2010/051542 -- 2.4 Some miscellaneous patents -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 -- State-of-the-Art and Prospective of Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2.1 Synthesis of aerogels -- 3. State-of-the-art of aerogel -- 3.1 State-of-the-art properties of aerogel -- 3.2 State-of-the-art of preparation of aerogel -- 4. Future prospective of aerogel -- 4.1 Thermal insulation -- 4.2 Drug delivery -- 4.3 Energy storage device -- Acknowledgments -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- frontpages -- 1 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The preparation of graphene -- 3. Graphene-metal compound composites -- 3.1 Graphene-MnO2 composites -- 3.2 Graphene-Mn3O4 composites -- 3.3 Graphene-ZnO composites -- 3.4 Graphene-CeO2 composites -- 3.5 Graphene-Co3O4 composites -- 3.6 Graphene-NiO composites -- 4. Graphene-polymer composites -- 4.1 Graphene-PPY based composites -- 4.2 Graphene-PAN based composites -- 4.3 Graphene-biopolymer composite materials -- 5. 3D graphene-based composites -- 6. Multifunctional graphene-based electrode materials -- 6.1 Ternary graphene-polymer-nanocarbon composites -- 6.2 Ternary graphene-polymer-metal oxide composites -- 6.3 Ternary graphene-polymer-polymer composites -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 -- 1. Biomass-derived carbon -- 2. Use of biomass based activated carbon in electrochemical capacitor -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Materials and instrumentation -- 2.2 Preparation of electrode and electrochemical characterization -- 2.3 Sonochemical synthesis of RuO2 nanogranules -- 2.4 Sonochemical synthesis of conducting polymer/RuO2 composite -- 3. Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamentals of supercapacitors -- 2.1 Types of supercapacitors -- 2.2 Parameters for supercapacitors -- 3. Synthesis methods -- 4. Electrode materials of transition metal oxides/hydroxides -- 4.1 Ruthenium oxide -- 4.2 Manganese oxide -- 4.3 Nickel oxide/Nickel hydroxide (NiO/Ni(OH)2) -- 4.4 Cobalt oxide/hydroxide (Co3O4/Co(OH)2) -- 4.5 Iron oxides (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) -- 4.6 Molybdenum oxides -- 4.7 Vanadium pentoxide -- 4.8 Tin oxide -- 4.9 Indium oxide (In2O3) -- 4.10 Bismuth oxide -- 4.11 Binary metal oxides -- 5. Application of supercapacitors -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Experimental -- 2.1 Materials and instrumentation -- 2.2 Preparation PANI-ZrO2 composite (PZA) by aqueous polymerization pathway -- 2.3 Preparation of PANI-ZrO2 composite (PZE) by emulsion polymerization pathway -- 2.4 Preparation of PANI-ZrO2 composite (PZI) by interfacial polymerization pathway -- 2.5 Ion exchange capacity (IEC) of PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3. Results and discussion -- 3.1 Synthesis and physical properties of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3.2 Spectral properties of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3.3 Thermal behavior of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3.4 Electrochemical performances of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbonaceous-CQDs composites -- 3. Inorganic-CQDs composites -- 4. Conducting polymer-CQDs composites -- 5. Summary and outlook -- References -- 7 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Supercapacitors -- 3.1 Classification of supercapacitors -- 3.1 Electrostatic capacitors -- 3.2 Pseudocapacitors -- 3.3 Hybrid electrochemical capacitors -- 4. Charge storage mechanism -- 5. Electrode materials -- 6. Transition metal oxides as pseudocapacitor electrodes -- 7. Synthesis of transition metal oxides based electrode material -- 8 Sol-Gel synthesis -- 9. Sol-gel synthesis of transition metal oxides based electrode materials -- 10. Metal oxide /carbon composites as pseudocapacitors electrode material -- 11. Binary metal oxide as electrode material -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1 Sample preparation -- 2.2 Characterization techniques -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- keywords_editors.