Note: Cover -- BUOYANCY-DRIVEN FLOWS -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- References -- 1: Gravity Currents - Theory and Laboratory Experiments -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Reduced Gravity -- 1.3 Frontogenesis -- 1.4 Nondimensional Parameters -- 1.5 Scaling Analysis -- 1.6 Theories for the Froude Number -- 1.6.1 Yih's Theory -- 1.6.2 Von Kármán's Theory -- 1.6.3 Benjamin's Theory -- 1.6.3.1 Mass and Momentum Conservation -- 1.6.3.2 Energy Conservation -- 1.6.3.3 Comparison with Experiment -- 1.6.4 Energy-Conserving Theory -- 1.6.4.1 Partial-Depth Lock Releases -- 1.6.4.2 Mass and Momentum conservation -- 1.6.4.3 Energy Conservation -- 1.6.4.4 Comparison with Experiments -- 1.6.4.5 Energy Transfers -- 1.7 Shallow Water Theory -- 1.7.1 Similarity Solution -- 1.7.1.1 Comparison with Experiment -- 1.8 Stratified Ambient Fluid -- 1.8.1 Criticality -- 1.8.2 Comparison with Data for Stratified Ambient Fluids -- 1.8.2.1 Current Speed -- 1.8.3 Current Depth -- 1.9 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2: Theory of Oceanic Buoyancy-Driven Flows -- 2.1 General Considerations and a Laboratory Example -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 A Laboratory Example: Formulation -- 2.1.3 The Linear Problem -- 2.1.4 The Interior -- 2.1.5 Sidewall Boundary Layers σS < -- < -- 1 -- 2.1.6 The Hydrostatic Layer -- 2.1.7 The Buoyancy Layer -- 2.1.8 Matching the boundary conditions at r = ro -- 2.1.9 The Purely Mechanically Driven Flow -- 2.1.10 The Buoyancy Driven Flow in the Cylinder -- 2.1.11 A Laboratory Example -- 2.2 Buoyancy-Driven Flows in Beta-Plane Basins:The Relation Between Buoyancy Forcing and the Location of Vertical Motion -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 The Model Formulation -- 2.2.3 Interior Solution -- 2.2.4 Boundary Layer Structure -- 2.2.4.1 The diffusion layer -- 2.2.4.2 The Hydrostatic Layer -- 2.2.5 Matching. , 2.2.6 An Example -- 2.2.7 Nonlinear Theory -- 2.3 Buoyancy Forced Flows with Weak Stratification: Downstream Variation Effects -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 The Model -- 2.3.3 The Interior -- 2.3.4 The Sidewall Boundary Layer for σH S < -- < -- EH 2/3(D/L)2/3 -- 2.3.5 An Example -- 2.3.6 Discussion -- References -- 3: Buoyancy-Forced Circulation and Downwelling in Marginal Seas -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Buoyancy-Forced Circulation and Exchange -- 3.2.1 Influence of a Boundary -- 3.2.2 Influence of Sloping Topography -- 3.2.3 Moving Further Toward a More Realistic Configuration -- 3.2.4 Influence of Wind Forcing -- 3.3 Dynamics of Downwelling -- 3.3.1 Dissipative, Stratified Flows -- 3.3.2 Weak Dissipation, Stratified Flows -- 3.3.3 Weakly Stratified Flows -- 3.3.3.1 Along-Channel Evolution -- 3.3.3.2 The Nonhydrostatic Layer -- 3.3.3.3 Cooling Distribution -- 3.3.3.4 Parameter Dependencies -- 3.4 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4: Buoyant Coastal Currents -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 A Simple Model for Buoyant Coastal Currents over a Sloping Bottom -- 4.3 Evaluating the Buoyant Coastal Current Model -- 4.3.1 Laboratory model -- 4.3.2 Numerical Model -- 4.3.3 Ocean Observations - The Chesapeake Bay Buoyant Coastal Current -- 4.4 Response of Buoyant Coastal Currents to Wind Forcing -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5: Overflows and Convectively Driven Flows -- 5.1 Introduction to Overflows -- 5.1.1 What Are Dense Overflows? -- 5.1.2 Denmark Straits Overflow -- 5.1.3 Faroe Bank Channel Overflow -- 5.1.4 Red Sea Overflow -- 5.1.5 Mediterranean Overflow -- 5.1.6 Antarctic Overflows -- 5.1.7 Midocean Ridge Overflows -- 5.1.8 Common Features of Overflows -- 5.2 Overflow Processes: Focus on Entrainment -- 5.2.1 The Entrainment Concept -- 5.2.2 Causes of Entrainment -- 5.2.3 Parameterizing Entrainment -- 5.2.4 Detrainment. , 5.2.5 The Frictional Bottom Boundary Layer -- 5.2.6 Inhomogeneities Across the Overflow Plume -- 5.2.7 Summary -- 5.3 Convectively Driven Ocean Flows -- 5.3.1 Convective Plumes -- 5.3.2 Horizontal Inhomogeneities in Convective Flows -- 5.3.2.1 Localized Buoyancy Forcing -- 5.3.2.2 Convection in the Presence of Lateral Buoyancy Gradients -- 5.3.3 Summary: Contrasting Convection and Overflows -- References -- Appendix: Notation -- 6: An Ocean Climate Modeling Perspective on Buoyancy-Driven Flows -- 6.1 Buoyancy in Ocean Climate Models -- 6.1.1 Reduced Complexity (Box) Models -- 6.1.2 Ocean General Circulation Models for Climate -- 6.1.3 Numerical Constraints and Artifacts -- 6.1.4 Surface Forcing -- 6.1.5 Coupling -- 6.1.6 Concluding remarks on Section 6.1 -- 6.2 Convective Boundary Layers -- 6.2.1 The Ocean Boundary Layer -- 6.2.2 Similarity Theory -- 6.2.3 Penetrative Convection and Spice Injection -- 6.2.4 Concluding Remarks on Section 6.2 -- 6.3 Ventilation in Ocean Models -- 6.3.1 Ideal Age -- 6.3.2 Transit Time Distributions -- 6.3.3 Shallow Ventilation -- 6.3.4 NADW and the AMOC -- 6.3.5 Concluding Remarks on Section 6.3 -- 6.4 Parameterized Overflows -- 6.4.1 Characteristics of Buoyancy-Driven Overflows -- 6.4.2 A Parameterized Mediterranean Overflow -- 6.4.3 Nordic Sea Overflows (Denmark Strait -- Faroe Bank Channel) -- 6.4.4 Comparison with Observations of Ventilation -- 6.4.5 Concluding Remarks on Section 6.4 -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 7: Buoyancy-Driven Currents in Eddying Ocean Models -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Dynamics of Water Mass Formation and Spreading -- 7.1.2 Representing Eddies in Numerical Models: A Historical Perspective -- 7.2 Characteristics of Numerical Models of the Ocean -- 7.3 Interplay of Numerics and Parameterizations -- 7.4 Modeling Deep Flow Through the Romanche Fracture Zone. , 7.5 Modeling the Spreading of Mediterranean Water in the Atlantic -- 7.5.1 The initial descent -- 7.5.2 The Mediterranean undercurrent -- 7.5.3 The Mediterranean Salt Tongue -- 7.6 Conclusion -- List of Acronyms -- References -- 8: Atmospheric Buoyancy-Driven Flows -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 The Atmosphere -- 8.1.2 The Weather and the Climate -- 8.1.3 Buoyancy in a Perfect Gas -- 8.2 Circulations -- 8.2.1 Atmospheric Frontal Systems -- 8.2.1.1 The Baroclinic Zone -- 8.2.1.2 Baroclinic Development -- 8.2.1.3 Frontogenesis -- 8.2.2 Atmospheric Convection -- 8.2.2.1 Convective Inhibition and Convective Available Potential Energy -- 8.2.2.2 Downdrafts and Cold Density Currents -- 8.2.2.3 Organization of Convection -- 8.2.3 Direct Cells -- 8.2.3.1 Land/Sea Breeze -- 8.2.3.2 Mountain Breeze -- 8.3 Simulations -- 8.3.1 Overview of Atmospheric Simulations -- 8.3.2 Modeling Buoyancy-Driven Flows -- References -- 9: Volcanic Flows -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Magma Injection and Eruption Triggering -- 9.3 Second Boiling and Eruption Triggers -- 9.4 Magma Mixing -- 9.4.1 Mixing Prior to Eruption -- 9.4.2 Mixing During Eruption -- 9.5 Eruption Dynamics -- 9.5.1 Eruption Columns -- 9.5.2 Ash Flows -- 9.6 Related Volcanic Processes -- 9.6.1 Submarine Eruptions -- 9.6.2 Hydrothermal Eruptions -- 9.6.3 Lake Nyos Explosion -- 9.7 Summary -- References -- 10: Gravity Flow on Steep Slope -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 A Physical Picture of Gravity Flows -- 10.2.1 Debris Flows -- 10.2.2 Snow Avalanches -- 10.3 Anatomy of Gravity Currents on Slope -- 10.3.1 Anatomy of Debris Flows -- 10.3.2 Anatomy of Powder-Snow Avalanches -- 10.4 Fluid-Mechanics Approach to Gravity Currents -- 10.4.1 Scaling and Flow Regimes -- 10.4.2 Rheology -- 10.4.3 Segregation and Particle Migration -- 10.4.4 Sliding-Block and Box Models -- 10.4.5 Depth-Averaged Equations. , 10.4.6 Asymptotic Expansions -- 10.5 Dense Flows -- 10.5.1 Simple Models -- 10.5.2 Depth-Averaged Equations -- 10.5.3 Elongating Viscoplastic Flows -- 10.6 Dilute Inertia-Dominated Flows -- 10.6.1 Sliding Block Model -- 10.6.2 Depth-Averaged Equations -- 10.7 Comparison with Data -- 10.7.1 Comparison with Laboratory Data -- 10.7.2 Comparison with Field Data -- 10.8 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- Index.