Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Nanophotocatalysts for Fuel Production -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Quantum Dot Semiconductors -- 1.3 Synthesis of Quantum Dots -- 1.4 Application of Quantum Dots for Fuel Production -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Highly Stable Metal Oxide-Based Heterostructured Photocatalysts for an Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production -- 2.1 Photocatalysis -- 2.1.1 Photocatalytic Mechanism -- 2.1.2 Band Edge Positions -- 2.2 Semiconducting Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic Water Splitting -- 2.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Heterostructured Photocatalysts -- 2.2.1.1 Energy Structure of TiO2 -- 2.2.1.2 Lattice Structure of TiO2 -- 2.3 The Challenges in Photocatalytic H2 Production Using TiO2 Particulate Systems -- 2.4 Strategies for Improving TiO2 Photocatalytic Activity -- 2.4.1 Addition of Sacrificial Reagents -- 2.4.2 TiO2-Based Semiconductors Under UV Light Irradiation -- 2.4.3 Photocatalytic Performance of TiO2 Under Visible Irradiation -- 2.4.4 Functionalization of TiO2 with Carbon Nanomaterials -- 2.4.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 2.4.4.2 Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) -- 2.5 Future Scope/Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Novelty in Designing of Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.1 Principles of CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.2 By-Products of CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.2.3.1 Doping of Photocatalyst -- 3.2.4 Commercial Challenges of CO2 Reduction -- 3.3 Water Splitting -- 3.3.1 The Basic Principle of Water Splitting -- 3.3.2 Photocatalyst for Water Splitting -- 3.3.2.1 Oxide-Based Photocatalyst -- 3.3.2.2 Nitride-Based Photocatalyst -- 3.3.3 Commercial Challenges of Water Splitting -- 3.4 Conclusion and Way Forward -- References. , Chapter 4: Z-Scheme Photocatalysts for the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide: Recent Advances and Perspectives -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Basic Principles of the Z-Scheme Reduction of CO2 -- 4.3 Advances in Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 -- 4.3.1 Z-Scheme Systems with Aqueous Shuttle Redox Mediator -- 4.3.2 All-Solid-State Z-Scheme Systems -- 4.3.3 Semiconductor/Metal-Complex Hybrid Z-Scheme Systems -- 4.3.4 Light Harvesting of Photocatalysts Utilized for the Z-Scheme CO2 Reduction -- 4.3.5 Cocatalyst Strategies for Z-Scheme CO2 Reduction -- 4.4 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5: Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 General Photosynthesis Mechanism -- 5.3 Covalently Linked Molecular Systems for Artificial Photosynthesis -- 5.3.1 Porphyrin-Based Donor-Acceptor Molecular Systems -- 5.3.2 Subphthalocyanine-Based Light-Harvesting Complexes -- 5.3.3 BODIPY-Based Light-Harvesting Systems -- 5.4 Supramolecular Artificial Photosynthetic Systems -- 5.4.1 Metal-Ligand Interactions of Porphyrins/Naphthalocyanines with Electron Acceptors -- 5.4.2 Supramolecular Photosynthetic Complexes Via Crown Ether-Ammonium Cation Interactions -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Polymeric Semiconductors as Efficient Photocatalysts for Water Purification and Solar Hydrogen Production -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Photocatalysis -- 6.2.1 Basic Principles of Photocatalytic Reaction -- 6.2.2 Photocatalytic Properties -- 6.2.3 Photocatalytic Mechanism -- 6.3 Photocatalytic Functional Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications -- 6.3.1 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) -- 6.3.1.1 Synthesis of Polymeric g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.2 Photocatalytic Mechanism of g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.3 Photodegradation of Chemical Pollutants Using g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.4 Graphene Oxide-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts. , 6.3.2 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.3.2.1 Principles -- 6.3.2.2 Photocatalytic Applications of MOFs -- 6.3.3 TiO2-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.1 Principles -- 6.3.3.2 Different Forms of TiO2 and Its Physicochemical Properties -- 6.3.3.3 Structure of TiO2 -- 6.3.3.4 Photocatalytic Mechanism of TiO2 -- 6.3.3.5 Hybrid Photocatalysts Based on TiO2 and Organic Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3.3.5.1 Properties of Polythiophene -- 6.3.3.5.2 Properties of Polyaniline -- 6.3.3.5.3 Properties of Polypyrrole -- 6.3.3.5.4 Synthesis of TiO2-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts with Different Organic Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3.3.5.5 Characterization of TiO2/Conjugated Polymer-Based Hybrid Catalysts -- 6.3.3.5.6 Antibacterial Activity of Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.6 Environmental Application of Different Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.6.1 Water Purification -- 6.3.4 Graphene Oxide (GO)-Based Photocatalyst for Dye Degradation and H2 Evolution -- 6.3.4.1 Photodegradation of Chemical Pollutants -- 6.3.4.2 Hydrogen (H2) Evolution Reaction by g-C3N4-Based Functional Photocatalysts -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Advances and Innovations in Photocatalysis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production -- 7.2.1 Nature of Different Sacrificial Agents and Typical Mechanism of Photoreforming -- 7.2.1.1 Methanol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.2 Ethanol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.3 Glycerol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.4 Glucose as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.2 Hydrogen Production from Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment -- 7.3 Photocatalysts Developed for the Synthesis of Organic Compounds in Mild Conditions -- 7.3.1 The Starting Point -- 7.3.2 The Effect of Supporting Metal Oxides on Titania on Selectivity -- 7.3.3 The Effect of Titania Dopant -- 7.3.4 The Effect of Titania Surface Area. , 7.3.5 The Effect of Substituting Titania -- 7.3.6 The Effect of Reactor and Illumination -- 7.3.7 Cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone by Gas-Phase Photocatalytic Oxidation? -- 7.4 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 7.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: Solar Light Active Nano-photocatalysts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mechanism of Semiconductor-Mediated Photocatalysis -- 8.2.1 Nano-TiO2 as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.2 Nano-ZnO as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.3 Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.4 Titanates as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.5 Nano-metal Sulphides as Photocatalysts -- 8.3 Strategies for Making Solar/Visible Light Active Photocatalysts -- 8.3.1 Metal/Non-metal Doping -- 8.3.2 Addition of Photosensitive Materials -- 8.3.3 Construction of Heterojunctions/Composites -- 8.3.4 Construction of Nanohybrid Materials -- 8.3.5 Surface Modification -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: High-Performance Photocatalysts for Organic Reactions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols -- 9.3 Selective Oxidation and Oxidative Coupling of Amines -- 9.4 Photocatalytic Cyanation -- 9.5 Photocatalytic Cycloaddition and C-C Bond Formation Reactions -- 9.6 Miscellaneous Reactions -- 9.7 Outlook -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Applications of Ion Exchange Resins in Protein Separation and Purification -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of ion exchange resins -- 3. Functionalization of ion exchange resin -- 4. Characterization of ion exchange resin -- 4.1 Elemental analysis -- 4.2 FT-IR spectra -- 4.3 Thermogravimetric analysis -- 5. Analysis of variables for protein IEC -- 5.1 Stability and pI of proteins -- 5.2 Effect of the support on the chromatographic separation of proteins -- 5.3 Effect of buffer and mobile phase -- 6. Steps of protein separation by IEC -- 7. Types of protein purified by IEC -- 8. Future prospects of IEC -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 -- Applications of Ion Exchange Resins in Vitamins Separation and Purification -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Importance of vitamins -- 3. Categorisation of vitamins -- 3.1 Water soluble vitamins -- 3.2 Fat soluble vitamins -- 4. Origin of vitamins -- 5. Isolation and purgation of vitamin -- 6. Ion-exchange chromatography -- 7. Ion exchange chromatographic isolation and purgation of vitamin K1 -- 8. Ion exchange chromatographic isolation and purgation of vitamin C -- 9. Ion exchange chromatographic isolation and purgation of vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and vitamin B6 -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Application of Ion Exchange Resins in Protein Separation and Purification -- 1. Basic principle of protein separation and purification by chromatographic method -- 2. Chromatographic methods of protein purification -- 2.1 Gel filtration or permeation chromatography -- 2.2 Affinity chromatography -- 2.3 Immuno affinity chromatography -- 2.4 Metal chelate chromatography -- 2.5 Other Chromatographic techniques -- 3. Principle of separation of proteins by ion exchange chromatography -- 4. Strong and weak ion exchange resin -- 5. Choice of buffer. , 6. Experimental procedure of ion exchange resin -- 6.1 Equilibration -- 6.2 Sample Application and Wash -- 6.3 Elution -- 6.4 Regeneration -- 7. Morphology of ion exchange resin -- 7.1 Capacity of ion exchange resin -- 7.2 Stability -- 7.3 Cross linking of resins -- 7.4 Donnan equilibrium -- 8. Parameters for optimisation of ion exchange methods -- 8.1 Resolution -- 8.2 Efficiency -- 8.3 Selectivity -- Summary -- References -- 4 -- Ion Exchange Resins for Selective Separation of Toxic Metals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ion exchange resins (IERs) -- 3. Type of IERs -- 4. Synthesis of IERs -- 5. Uses of IERs -- 6. Activity of IERs -- 7. Properties of IERs -- 7.1 IE capacity of resin -- 7.2 Water retention capacity of ion exchange resin -- 7.3 Density of ion exchange resin -- 7.4 Surface area of ion exchange resin -- 7.5 Regeneration of ion exchange resin -- 8. Selectivity of IERs -- 9. Toxic metals -- 10. Selective separation of toxic metals -- 11. Modern ion exchange separation method in industry and its future prospects -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Separation and Purification of Bioactive Molecules by Ion Exchange -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Reversed phase chromatography -- 2. Polymeric sorbents for preparative chromatography of biologically active compounds -- 2.1 Designing a biochemical purification -- 3. Ion-exchange separation and purification of polyphenols -- 3.1 Separation of bioactive catechin derivatives by AEC -- 4. Ion-exchange separation and purification of protein -- 5. Use of ion-exchange chromatography for the separation of peptide -- 5.1 Separation of human C-peptide by ion exchange -- 6. Separation of Alkaloids from Chinese Medicines by ion-exchange -- 7. Separation of plasmid DNA using ion-exchange chromatography -- 8. Separation of carbohydrates from seaweed using ion-exchange chromatography -- 9. Future Prospects -- References. , 6 -- Ion Exchange Resins as Carriers for Sustained Drug Release -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principles of sustained drug release -- 2.1 Evolution of sustained drug delivery systems -- 2.2.1 First-generation delivery systems -- 2.2.2 Second-generation delivery systems -- 2.2.3 Third/ Next generation delivery systems -- 3. Types of sustained drug delivery systems -- 3.1 Diffusion-controlled system -- 3.1.1 Reservoir system -- 3.1.2 Matrix system -- 3.2 Osmotic system -- 3.3 Floating system -- 3.4 Bioadhesive system -- 3.5 Liposome system -- 4. IERs as drug delivery systems -- 4.1 Chemistry of IERs -- 4.2. Complexation of IER and the drug -- 4.2.1 Selection of the drug -- 4.2.2 Purification of resins -- 4.2.3 Drug loading -- 4.2.3.1 Batch method -- 4.2.3.2 Column method -- 4.2.4 Factors affecting drug loading -- 4.2.4.1 Particle size -- 4.2.4.2 Porosity and swelling -- 4.2.4.3 Available capacity -- 4.2.4.4 Acid-base strength -- 4.2.5 Evaluation of drug resinates -- 5. Modified resinates -- 6. Release kinetics of drugs complexed with IERs -- 7. Efficiency of IERs as the delivery mechanism -- 7.1 Oral drugs -- 7.2 Nasal drugs -- 7.3 Ophthalmic drugs -- 7.4 Oro-dispersible films (ODF) -- 7.5 Oral liquid suspensions -- 8. Commercial IERs used in sustained drug delivery -- 8.1 Dowex 50W -- 8.2 Indion 244 -- 8.3 Amberlite IRP-69 -- 9. Future perspectives -- References -- 7 -- Ion Exchange Resins for Clinical Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Application of resins in formulation-related issues -- 2.1 Taste development -- 2.2 Aiding in dissolution -- 2.3 Role as disintegrating agents -- 2.4 Drug stabilization -- 2.5 Water purification for the production of pharmaceuticals -- 2.6 Anti-deliquescence -- 3. Applications in drug release systems -- 3.1 Simple resinates -- 3.2 Microencapsulated resinates -- 3.3 Hollow fiber system -- 3.4 Gastric retentive system. , 3.5 Sigmoidal release system -- 4. Applications in targeted drug delivery -- 4.1 Oral drug delivery -- 4.2 Nasal drug delivery -- 4.3 Transdermal drug delivery -- 4.4 Ophthalmic drug delivery -- 4.5 Application in cancer treatment -- 5. Applications in therapeutics -- 5.1 High cholesterol treatment -- 5.2 Application in treatment of pruritus -- 5.3 Applications in treating of oedema -- 5.4 Application in the treatment of cardiac oedema -- 5.5 Applications as antacids -- 5.6 Treating uremia -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Applications of Ion Exchange Resins in Water Softening -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water hardness -- 2.1 Salts providing hardness -- 2.2 Negative effect of water hardness -- 3. Ion exchange resins for water softening -- 3.1 Strongly acidic resins -- 3.2 Weakly acidic resins -- 3.3 Polymer-inorganic resins -- 4. Regeneration of ion exchange resins and their fouling -- 5. Ion exchange in a combination with other processes -- 5.1 Ion exchange and ultrasound -- 5.2 Ion exchange and electrodialysis -- Conclusions -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Analytical Methods for the Determination of Heavy Metals in Water -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Total Concentration and Speciation Analysis -- 1.3 Health and Legislation -- 1.4 Sample Preparation for Elemental Analysis of Heavy Metals -- 1.4.1 Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.1 Classic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.1.1 Modern Sorbents for Classic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.1.2 Micro Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.2 Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.2.1 Dispersion Techniques -- 1.4.1.2.2 Modern Sorbents for Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction and Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction -- Nanostructured Materials -- Hybrid Materials -- 1.4.1.3 Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.3.1 Advanced Magnetic Sorbents -- 1.4.2 Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 1.4.2.1 Modern Solvents Used in Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 1.4.2.1.1 Non-ionic or Zwitterionic Surfactants -- 1.4.2.1.2 Ionic Liquids -- 1.4.2.1.3 Deep Eutectic Solvents -- 1.4.2.2 Novel Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Techniques -- 1.4.2.2.1 Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Techniques -- 1.4.2.2.2 In-Situ Phase Separation Techniques -- 1.4.2.2.3 Cloud Point Extraction -- 1.4.2.2.4 Non-dispersive Microextraction Techniques -- 1.4.2.3 Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Flow Analysis -- 1.5 Analytical Techniques for Heavy Metal Detection -- 1.5.1 Spectroscopic Techniques -- 1.5.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy -- 1.5.1.2 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.4.1 Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.5 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy -- 1.5.1.6 X-Ray Fluorescence -- 1.5.1.7 UV-Vis Spectrophotometry -- 1.5.2 Electrochemical Techniques -- 1.5.2.1 Potentiostatic Techniques. , 1.5.2.1.1 Amperometry -- 1.5.2.1.2 Chronocoulometry -- 1.5.2.1.3 Voltammetric Techniques -- 1.5.2.2 Galvanostatic Stripping Chronopotentiometry -- 1.5.2.3 Electrochemiluminescence -- 1.5.3 Other Methods -- 1.5.3.1 Ion Chromatography -- 1.5.3.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy -- 1.5.3.3 Bio Methods -- 1.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2: Olive-Oil Waste for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Olive Tree Pruning as Biosorbent of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions -- 2.2.1 Characterization -- 2.2.2 Biosorption Tests -- 2.3 Olive Stone as Biosorbent of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions -- 2.3.1 Characterization -- 2.3.2 Biosorption Tests -- 2.4 Olive Pomace and Olive-Cake as Biosorbents of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions -- 2.4.1 Characterization -- 2.4.2 Biosorption Tests -- 2.5 Other Valorization Opportunities for Olive-Oil Waste -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Metal Oxide Composites for Heavy Metal Ions Removal -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Issues in Environmental Remediation -- 3.3 Different Types of Magnetic Sorbents -- 3.3.1 Iron Oxide Modified Nanoparticle -- 3.3.2 Zeolite -- 3.3.3 Silica -- 3.3.4 Polymer Functionalization -- 3.3.5 Chitosan and Alginate -- 3.3.6 Activated Carbon -- 3.3.7 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene -- 3.3.8 Agricultural Wastes -- 3.4 Case Studies -- 3.4.1 Characterization -- 3.4.2 Factors Affecting Sorption Processes -- 3.4.3 Agro-Based Magnetic Biosorbents Recovery and Reusability -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Materials for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Heavy Metal Ions Removal Mechanism -- 4.2.1 Surface Complexation -- 4.2.2 Van der Waals Interaction -- 4.2.3 Ion Exchange -- 4.3 Different Types of Two-Dimensional Material for Heavy Metal Removal. , 4.3.1 Graphene-Based Two-Dimensional Materials -- 4.3.1.1 Structure -- 4.3.1.2 Graphene-Based Materials for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.2 Dichalcogenides -- 4.3.2.1 Structure -- 4.3.2.2 Molybdenum Disulfide for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.3 MXenes -- 4.3.3.1 Structure -- 4.3.3.2 MXenes for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.4 Clay Minerals -- 4.3.4.1 Structure -- 4.3.4.2 Clay Mineral for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.5 Layered Double Hydroxides -- 4.3.5.1 Structure -- 4.3.5.2 Layered Double Hydroxides for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.6 Layered Zeolites -- 4.3.6.1 Structure -- 4.3.6.2 Layered Zeolites for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.7 Other Two-Dimensional Materials -- 4.4 Heavy Metal Removal Other than Adsorption -- 4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Appendix: List of Two-Dimensional Materials that Mentioned in this Chapter for Heavy Metal Removal and their Removal Capacities -- References -- Chapter 5: Membranes for Heavy Metals Removal -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electrodialysis -- 5.2.1 Electrodialysis Applied to Metal Removal -- 5.2.2 Principle -- 5.2.3 Evaluation and Control Parameters -- 5.2.4 Use in Electroplating Industry -- 5.2.4.1 Zinc -- 5.2.4.2 Chromium -- 5.2.4.3 Copper -- 5.2.4.4 Nickel -- 5.2.5 Use in Mining and Mineral Processing Industry -- 5.2.6 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 6: Metal Oxides for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Adsorption Methods -- 6.3 Metal Oxides for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water -- 6.3.1 Titanium Dioxide -- 6.3.2 Manganese Dioxide -- 6.3.3 Iron Oxide -- 6.3.4 Aluminum Oxide -- 6.3.5 Binary Metal Oxides -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchange Materials for Heavy Metal Removal from Water -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ion Exchange Process -- 7.3 Ion Exchange Materials -- 7.3.1 Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.3.2 Organic Ion Exchangers. , 7.4 Heavy Metal Removal with Ion Exchange Materials -- 7.4.1 Lead (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.2 Mercury (II) Removal from Waste Water with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.3 Cadmium (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.4 Nickel (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.5 Chromium (III, VI) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.6 Copper (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.7 Zinc (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Low-Cost Technology for Heavy Metal Cleaning from Water -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sources and Impact -- 8.3 Different Routes of Contamination -- 8.4 Conventional Water Treatment Methods -- 8.4.1 Preliminary Treatment -- 8.4.2 Secondary Water Treatment -- 8.4.3 Tertiary Water Treatment -- 8.4.4 Membrane Filtration -- 8.5 Advanced Technology for Heavy Metal Ion Removal -- 8.5.1 Nano-Adsorption -- 8.5.2 Molecularly-Imprinted Polymers -- 8.5.3 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) and Covalent-Organic Framework (COF) -- 8.5.4 Emerging Membrane Technologies -- 8.6 Low-Cost and Biotechnological Approaches -- 8.6.1 Biosorption -- 8.6.2 Microbial Remediation -- 8.6.3 Biotechnological Strategies -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Use of Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Remediation -- 9.1 General Introduction -- 9.2 Heavy Metals in the Environment -- 9.2.1 Characteristics of Selected Heavy Metals -- 9.3 Wastewater Treatment -- 9.4 Nanomaterials -- 9.4.1 Clay Minerals -- 9.4.2 Layered Double Hydroxide and Their Mixed-Oxides Counterparts -- 9.4.3 Zeolites -- 9.4.4 Two-dimensional Early Transition Metal Carbides and Carbonitrides -- 9.4.5 Metal Based Nanoparticles. , 9.4.5.1 Zero-valent Metals -- 9.4.5.2 Metal Oxides -- 9.4.6 Carbon-based Materials -- 9.4.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 9.4.6.2 Fullerenes -- 9.4.6.3 Graphene -- 9.4.6.4 Graphene Oxide -- 9.4.6.5 Reduced Graphene Oxide -- 9.4.6.6 Graphitic Carbon Nitride -- 9.4.7 Metal Organic Frameworks -- 9.5 Disadvantages of Using Nanomaterials -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Ecoengineered Approaches for the Remediation of Polluted River Ecosystems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Occurrence of Pollutants, Emerging Contaminants and Their Riverine Fates -- 10.3 Hazardous Effects of Water Contaminants on Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota -- 10.4 Historic Concepts of River Bioremediation -- 10.5 Physico-chemical River Remediation Methods -- 10.6 Eco-engineered River Water Remediation Technologies -- 10.6.1 Plant Based River Remediation Systems -- 10.6.1.1 Constructed Wetlands -- 10.6.1.2 Ecological Floating Wetlands, Beds and Islands -- 10.6.1.3 Eco-tanks -- 10.6.1.4 Bio-racks -- 10.6.2 Microorganisms Based River Remediation Systems -- 10.6.2.1 Biofilm Based Eco-engineered Treatment Systems -- 10.6.2.1.1 Bio-filters in River Bioremediation -- 10.6.2.2 Periphyton Based Technologies -- 10.7 In Situ Emerging Integrated Systems for the River Bioremediation -- 10.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 11: Ballast Water Definition, Components, Aquatic Invasive Species, Control and Management and Treatment Technologies -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Component of Ballast Water -- 11.3 Aquatic Invasive Species -- 11.4 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments -- 11.5 IMO Standards for Ballast Water Quality -- 11.6 Management Options of Ballast Water -- 11.7 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies -- 11.7.1 Mechanical Treatment -- 11.7.2 Physical Treatment -- 11.7.2.1 Ultrasound and Cavitation. , 11.7.3 Chemical Treatment.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Organic-Inorganic Membranes Impregnated with Ionic Liquid -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ionic Liquids: General Properties and Applications -- 3 Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes in Fuel Cells -- 4 Ionic Liquid Polymer Membranes for Fuel Cells -- 4.1 Ionic Liquid/Polymer Membranes -- 4.2 Polymerized Ionic Liquid Membranes -- 4.3 IL Gel and Composite Polymer Membranes -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Organic/TiO2 Nanocomposite Membranes: Recent Developments -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 TiO2-Polymer Electrolyte Membranes (PEMs) -- 2.1 Perfluorinated Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes (PEMs) -- 2.2 Acid-Base Polymer Complex-Based Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite PEMs -- 2.3 TiO2-Modified Polytetrafluoroethylene Membranes -- 2.4 Poly(ether ether ketone)-Based Nanocomposite PEMs -- 2.5 PANI Based Membranes -- 2.6 PES Based Membranes -- 2.7 Polysulfone-Based Membranes -- 2.8 TiO2 Solar Cells -- 2.9 Carbon Materials and Metal-Carbon Nanotube (CNTs)-TiO2 Composites -- 2.9.1 Carbon-TiO2 Composites -- 2.9.2 Graphene (GN)-TiO2 Composites -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Organic/Silica Nanocomposite Membranes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Silica Nanoparticle-Based Membranes -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Organic/Zeolites Nanocomposite Membranes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Concepts About Zeolites -- 3 Polymer-Zeolite Composite Membranes: The Role of the Zeolite -- 3.1 Influence of Si/Al Ratio -- 3.2 Proton Mobility in Zeolites -- 3.3 Internal and External Surface Area -- 3.4 Configurational Diffusion -- 3.5 Crystallite Size [17, 18] -- 3.6 Functionalization of Zeolite Surface -- 3.7 Selectivity, Proton Conductivity, and Permeability. , 4 Techniques for Producing Organic/Zeolite Nanocomposite Membranes -- 5 Synthetic Polymers/Zeolite Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFCs -- 5.1 Route 1: Zeolite + Organic Monomers -- 5.2 Route 3: Inorganic Precursor + Organic Polymer -- 5.3 Route 4: Zeolite + Organic Polymer -- 6 Natural Polymers/Zeolite Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFCs -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Composite Membranes Based on Heteropolyacids and Their Applications in Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Heteropolyacids Types and Structures -- 3 HPAs and Proton Transport in Fuel Cells -- 4 HPAs in PEM Fuel Cell -- 5 HPAs in High-Temperature and Low-Humidity PEMFC -- 6 HPAs in DMFC -- 7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Organic/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Membranes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Membrane Fabrication Methods -- 2.1 Phase Inversion -- 2.2 Immersion Precipitation -- 2.3 Evaporation-Induced Phase Separation -- 3 Montmorillonite-Based Nanocomposites Membranes -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Electrospun Nanocomposite Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Methanol Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methanol Crossover and Low Proton Conductivity -- 3 Composite SPEEK -- 4 SPEEK-Clay Nanocomposite as PEM for DMFC -- 5 Morphology Types and the Importance of Exfoliated Surface Structure on DMFC Performance -- 6 Preparation of Exfoliated Nanocomposite Membranes -- 7 Electrospinning as a Membrane Morphological Modification Technique -- 8 Electrospun Polymer-Based Nanofiber Membranes for DMFC Application -- 9 Electrospinning Parameters -- 10 Future Directions and Conclusion -- References -- 8 A Basic Overview of Fuel Cells: Thermodynamics and Cell Efficiency -- Abstract -- 1 What Is a Fuel Cell? -- 2 Fuel Cell Structure and Classification -- 3 Fuel Cell Construction. , 4 PEMFC Types, Electrode Reactions, and Cell Potential -- 4.1 H2/O2 PEMFC -- 4.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) -- 4.3 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells (DEFC) -- 4.4 Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells (DFAFC) -- 4.5 Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells (DBFCs) -- 5 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics -- 5.1 Effect of Temperature -- 5.2 Effect of Pressure -- 5.3 Effect of Concentration of Reactant -- 6 Fuel Cell Efficiency -- 6.1 Losses in Actual System -- 6.2 Activation Overpotential -- 6.3 Ohmic Polarization Losses -- 6.4 Mass Transport Overpotential -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Organic/Inorganic and Sulfated Zirconia Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Proton-Exchange Membranes (PEMs) -- 2 Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Membranes -- 3 Organic-Sulfated Metal Oxide Hybrid Membrane -- 4 Sulfated Zirconia Nanocomposite Membranes -- 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Electrochemical Promotional Role of Under-Rib Convection-Based Flow-Field in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Description of Performance Improvements in PEMFCs -- 2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane -- 2.2 Electrode and Catalyst -- 2.3 Gas Diffusion Layer -- 2.4 Membrane Electrode Assembly -- 2.5 Bipolar Plate -- 2.6 Single Cell and Stack -- 2.6.1 Water and Heat Management -- 2.6.2 Fuel Crossover, Oxidation, and CO Poisoning -- 2.6.3 Scale-up and Long-Term Experiments -- 3 Structured Techniques for Flow-Field Optimization -- 3.1 Experimental Approaches to Flow-Field Optimization -- 3.1.1 Current Density Measurement -- 3.1.2 Flow Visualization -- 3.1.3 Polarization Curve Evaluation -- 3.2 Modeling Approaches to Flow Optimization -- 3.2.1 Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling -- 3.2.2 Two-Phase Modeling for Water Management -- 3.2.3 Complex Flow-field Interaction Modeling. , 3.3 Validation of Experimental and Numerical Results -- 4 New Flow-field Optimization Approaches Utilizing Under-Rib Convection -- 4.1 Homogeneous Distribution of the Reactants -- 4.2 Uniformity of Temperature and Current Density Distributions -- 4.3 Facilitation of Liquid Water Discharge -- 4.4 Reduction in Pressure Drop -- 4.5 Improvement in Output Power -- 5 Summary -- References -- 11 Methods for the Preparation of Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods for Preparation of Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes -- 2.1 Blending of Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrix -- 2.1.1 Phase Inversion Method for Preparation of PEMs -- 2.1.2 Solution Casting Method -- 2.1.3 Hot Press -- 2.2 Doping or Infiltration and Precipitation of Nanoparticles and Precursors -- 2.3 Self-assembly of Nanoparticles -- 2.4 Non-hydrolytic Sol-Gel (NHSG) Method -- 2.5 Layer-by-Layer Fabrication Method -- 2.6 Nonequilibrium Impregnation Reduction -- 2.7 Surface Patterning Method -- 3 Future Directions and Conclusion -- References -- 12 An Overview of Chemical and Mechanical Stabilities of Polymer Electrolytes Membrane -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) -- 3 Proton Conductivity of PEM -- 4 Chemical Stabilities and Degradation of PEM -- 5 Mechanical Stability and Degradation of PEM -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Electrospun Nanocomposite Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrospinning Process -- 2.1 Electrospun Fibers -- 2.1.1 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) -- 2.1.2 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) -- 2.1.3 Poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) -- 2.1.4 Poly(arylene ether)s -- 2.1.5 Poly(imide)s -- 2.1.6 Poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) -- 2.2 Crosslinking of Electrospun Fibers. , 2.3 Interface Bonding -- 3 Reducing Methanol Crossover -- 4 Improving Proton Conductivity -- 4.1 Electrospinning of Nafion -- 4.2 Aligned Nanofibers -- 5 Other Applications of Electrospinning in Fuel Cells -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Fabrication Techniques for the Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recent Developments of PEM-Based on Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites -- 3 Fabrication Techniques for the Preparation of PEM -- 3.1 Different Polymerization Routes -- 3.2 Plasma Methods -- 3.3 Sol-Gel Method -- 3.4 Ultrasonic Coating Technique -- 3.5 Phase Inversion Method -- 3.6 In Situ Reduction -- 3.7 Catalyst-Coated Membrane by Screen Printing Method -- 3.8 Solution Casting Method -- 3.9 Other Methods -- 4 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Chitosan-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chitosan: An Overview -- 3 Characterization of the Polymer Membrane and Their Desired Properties -- 4 Chitosan Based Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte -- 4.1 Chitosan Blend Polymer Electrolyte -- 4.2 Chitosan Cross-Linked Polymer Electrolyte -- 4.3 Chitosan Polymer Composite Based Polymer Electrode -- 5 Chitosan for Fuel Cell -- 6 Chitosan for Biofuel Cell -- 6.1 Microbial Biofuel Cell -- 6.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cell -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Fuel Cells: Construction, Design, and Materials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Different Types of Fuel Cells -- 3 Construction and Design of Different FC -- 3.1 PEMFC -- 3.2 DMFC -- 3.3 AEMFC -- 3.4 PAFC -- 3.5 SOFC -- 3.6 MCFC -- 4 Catalysts for Different FCs -- 5 Materials and Methods for Preparation of PEM for Fuel Cells -- 6 Characterizations and Characteristic Properties of PEM for Different FC -- 7 Summary -- References. , 17 Proton Conducting Polymer Electrolytes for Fuel Cells via Electrospinning Technique.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Based Solar Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Silicon Solar Cells (SSCs) -- 3. Perovskites-Based Solar Cells (PSCs) -- 3.1 Structure of PSCs -- 3.2 Optoelectronic Properties Of PSCs -- 3.3 Influence of A, B, and X site -- 3.3.1 A-Site -- 3.3.2 B-Site -- 3.3.3 X-Site -- 4. Mixed Concentration of Perovskite Absorbing Layer -- 4.1 A-site -- 4.4 Mixed B-Sites Cations -- 4.5 X-Site -- 5. Requirements for Each Layer -- 5.1 Electron Transport Layer -- 5.1.1 Different ETL Material Used In Perovskite Cells -- 5.2 Hole Transporting Layer -- 5.2.1 Hole Transporting Material (HTM) -- 5.2.2 Inorganic P-type semiconductors as HTMs -- 5.2.3 Organometallic HTMs -- 5.3 Absorbing Layer -- 5.3.1 Preparation Method of The Perovskite Light Absorbing Layer -- 6. Fabrication Techniques -- 6.1 One-Step Deposition -- 6.2 Two-Step Deposition -- 6.3 Vapor Deposition Method -- 6.4 Spin Coating -- 6.4.1 One-Step Spin Coating -- 6.4.2 Two-Step Spin Coating -- 6.5 Thermal Vapor Deposition -- 7. Challenges in Perovskite-Based Solar Cells -- 7.1 Stability Challenges -- 7.2 Thermal Effect -- 7.3 Toxicity -- 7.4 J-V Hysteresis -- 8. Efficiency of Perovskite -- 9. Future Perspectives -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 -- Organometallic Halides-Based Perovskite Solar Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Carbon-based energy sources -- 1.2 The global trend toward renewable energy resources -- 1.3 Era of Solar Cell (SCs) technology -- 1.4 Green energy (Carbon free) -- 2. Photovoltaic effect -- 2.1 Discovery of Sir Alexander Edmond Becquerel -- 2.2 Development of solar cells -- 2.3 Generations -- 2.4 Types of 3rd generation of SCs -- 3. Perovskite-based solar cells -- 3.1 Introduction to perovskite compounds -- 3.2 Classification of perovskite -- 3.3 Organometallic halide-based perovskite (OMHP) solar cells. , 3.4 Evolutionary history of perovskite solar cells with their efficiency -- 3.4.1 Open-circuit voltage (OCV) -- 3.4.2 Short-circuit voltage (Jsc) -- 3.4.3 Fill factor (FF) -- 3.5 Crystal structure of organometallic halides-based perovskite solar cells -- 3.6 Behavior of OMHP with different combinations of A, B, and X -- 3.6.1 A-site cations -- 3.6.2 B-site cations -- 3.6.3 X-site anions -- 3.6.3.1 Iodide (I) anion -- 3.6.3.2 Chloride (Cl) anion -- 3.6.3.3 Bromide (Br) anion -- 3.7 Goldschmidt tolerance factor ( ) -- 3.8 Octahedral factor (OF) -- 4. Important Parameters of Organometallic Halide-Based Perovskite (OMHP) -- 4.1 Charge transport (CT) -- 4.2 Diffusion length and mobility of charge carriers -- 4.3 Electronic structure (ES) -- 4.4 Effect of effective masses of holes and electron carriers -- 5. Environmental instability of organometallic halides-based perovskites (OMHPs) solar cells -- 5.1 Degradation and stability issue -- 5.2 Effect of moisture -- 5.3 Effect of temperature -- 5.4 Effect of oxygen and light -- 6. Recent development in the OMHP solar cells -- 6.1 Ion migration and the suppression of ions -- 6.2 Solvent engineering -- 6.3 Annealing -- 6.4 2D/3D technology -- 6.5 Organometallic halides-based perovskite quantum dot solar cells -- 6.6 Solid-state hole conductor-free (HCF) OMHP-SCs -- 6.7 Tandem perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) -- 6.8 Passivation of OMHP-SCs -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Perovskite Based Ferroelectric Materials for Energy Storage Devices -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ferroelectricity -- 3. Ferroelectric Perovskites -- 4. Lead-Based Perovskite Ferroelectrics -- 4.1 Niobate-Based Ferroelectrics -- 4.2 Lanthanum Based Ferroelectrics -- 4.3 Lead-Free Perovskite Ferroelectrics -- 4.3.1 Barium Titanate Based Ferroelectric -- 4.3.2 Alkaline Niobate Based Ferroelectric -- 4.3.3 Bismuth Based Ferroelectrics. , 5. Energy Storage Devices -- 5.1 Types of Energy Storage Devices -- 5.1.1 Battery Energy Storage -- 5.1.2 Thermal Energy Storage -- 5.1.3 Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage -- 5.1.4 Mechanical Energy Storage -- 5.1.5 Hydrogen Energy Storage -- 6. Transport Properties -- 7. Energy Density of Ferroelectrics -- 7.1 Ways to Improve Energy Density -- 7.1.1 Chemical Substitution -- 8. High Energy Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells -- 9. Ferroelectrics for Energy Storage Devices -- 9.1 Fuel Cells -- 9.2 Photocatalysts -- 9.2.1 Characterization and Preparation of Photo Catalysts -- 9.3 Capacitive Energy Storage Devices -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 -- Techniques for Recycling and Recovery of Perovskites Solar Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Recycling Roadmap -- 1.2 Delamination of perovskite solar cell modules -- 3. Need of recycling -- 3.1 Degradation of perovskite solar cells -- 3.2 Use of expensive raw materials -- 3.3 Toxicity behavior of lead -- 4. Recycling of several parts of perovskite solar cells -- 4.1 Recycling of transparent conducting oxide (TCO) -- 4.2 Recycling of Electron Transport Layer (ETL) -- 4.3 Recycling of toxic lead component -- 4.4 Recycling of metal electrodes -- 4.5 Recycling of monolithic structure -- 5. Future challenges -- 6. Analysis of cost -- Conclusion and future perspective -- Conflict of interest -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5 -- Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Categories of Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) -- 2.1 Tin-Based PSCs -- 2.2 Germanium-Based PSCs -- 2.3 Antimony and bismuth-based PSCs -- 2.4 Halide double perovskites (HDPs) -- 3. Improvement Scopes in Lead-Free PSCs -- 3.1 Photovoltaic Efficiency -- 3.2 Stability -- 3.3 Defect Parameter Characterization and Defect Tolerance -- 3.4 Charge Transport Characterization -- 3.5 Electronic Dimensionality. , 4. Processing of High-Quality Lead-Free Perovskite Films -- 4.1 Vapour deposition method -- 4.2 Anti-Solvent Technique -- 4.3 Solution Processing -- 4.4 Two-Step Deposition -- 4.5 Low Pressure Assisted Solution Processing -- 4.6 Spin Coating -- 4.7 Inter-diffusion Method -- 4.8 Doctor Blade Coating -- 4.9 Vacuum Flash-Assisted Solution Process (VASP) -- 4.10 Complex Assisted Gas Quenching (CAGQ) method -- 4.11 Soft Cover Deposition (SCD) -- Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 6 -- Technical Potential Evaluation of Inorganic Tin Perovskite Solar Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Inorganic tin perovskite solar cells parameters used in AHP analysis -- 3. AHP Methodology -- 4. Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Fundamental Concepts of Topological Insulators -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic concepts -- 2.1 Quantum Hall to Quantum Spin Hall -- 2.2 Time-reversal symmetry (TRS) -- 2.3 Topological surface-states -- 2.4 Spin orbital coupling -- 2.5 Bulk insulating states -- 2.6 Topological invariants -- 3. Fundamental properties of TIs -- 3.1 Photon-Like Electron -- 3.2 Low-Power Dissipation -- 3.3 Spin-Polarized Electrons -- 3.4 Quantum Spin Hall (QSH) -- 3.5 Mechanical strength -- 3.6 Thermal Expansion and Mechanical Stability -- 3.7 Band inversion and Dirac-like surface-states -- 4. Development of TIs -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 -- One-Dimensional Topological Insulators -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Overview of TIs -- 2. History -- 3. Properties -- 3.1 Photon-like electron -- 3.2 Low power dissipation -- 3.3 Spin-polarized electrons -- 3.4 Quantum spin hall effect (QSH) -- 4. Class distribution of TIs -- 4.1 Distribution by dimension -- 4.2 Distribution by parity of Dirac points -- 4.3 Distribution by symmetry -- 5. Synthesis of TIs -- 5.1 Mechanical exfoliation -- 5.2 MBE growth of TIs -- 5.3 Chemical vapor deposition -- 5.4 Physical vapor deposition (PVD) -- 6. Generations of TIs -- 6.1 First-generation TIs -- 6.2 Second-generation TIs -- 6.3 Higher -order TIs -- 6.4 Experimental realization of 2D and 3D TIs -- 7. Photonic TIs -- 7.1 Floquet topological insulators -- 8. Bismuth-based topological insulators -- 9. Extensions of one-dimensional topological insulator models -- 9.1 SSH model -- 9.2 Jackiw-Rebbi Model -- 10. Reversed conductance decay of 1D topological insulators -- 11. Topological Insulators in a ten-fold way -- 11.1 T-symmetry -- 11.2 Particle-hole symmetry -- 11.3 Chiral symmetry -- 12. Future evolution of 1D topological insulators -- Conclusion -- References -- 3. , The Origin of Topological Insulators -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Topological insulator's primer -- 2.1 Knowledge acquire from past -- 2.2 Going 3D -- 3. Experimental realizations -- 3.1 A graphene lookalike -- 3.2 Concerned matter -- 4. A novel field -- 4.1 Superfluidity and particle physics -- 4.2 Emergent particles and quantum computing -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 -- Magnetic Topological Insulator -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Origin of magnetization in magnetic topological insulators -- 3. Intrinsic magnetic TIs -- 3.1 Anti-ferromagnetic phase -- 3.2 Ferromagnetic phase -- 4. Experimental observation of an intrinsic magnetic TI -- 5. Quantum anomalous hall effect in magnetic TIs -- 5.1 Quantum spin hall effect in 2D system -- 5.2 QHE, QSHE, and QAHE -- 6. Experimental observation of the AQHE in a MTIs -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Topological Superconductor -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theory of topological superconductors -- 3. Majorana fermions -- 4. Possible candidate of superconductivity in TSCs -- 4.1 Unconventional superconductors (SCs) -- 4.2 Iron based superconductors -- 4.3 Tin based superconductors -- 5. Properties of topological superconductors -- 5.1 Spin current and thermal conductivity -- 5.2 Anomalous Josephson effect -- 5.3 Majorana fermions in hybrid systems -- 5.4 Nematicity -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- Manganese Doped Topological Insulators -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure -- 2.1 Layered structure of MnBi2Se4 -- 2.2 Vapor transport growth of MnBi2Te4 -- 3. Extrinsic magnetic moments -- 4. Intrinsic magnetic properties -- 5. Heterostructure comprising MBT and magnetic monolayer materials -- 6. MBT Family -- 6.1 Chemically substituted MBT -- 6.2 Puzzle surface state of MBT -- 7. Effect of magnetic moment on Mn atoms -- 8. Temperature evaluation of the electronic structure of MnBi4Te7. , 9. Thermoelectricity in Mn doped topological insulator Bi2Se3 -- 9.1 Experimental setup -- 9.2 Result and discussion -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 7 -- Topological Insulators in Optical Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Light trapping in thin film -- 2.1 Solar cell embedded with photonic topological insulator -- 3. Ultra wide dual bandwidth -- 4. Topological beam splitter -- 4.1 Implementation of topological beam splitter -- 5. Corner states in 2D photonic topological insulators -- 6. Bi2Te3 topological insulators -- 6.1 Photo-induced structured waves -- 6.2 Dynamic optical study -- 7. Bi2Se3 topological insulator -- 7.1 Saturabe absorber -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 -- Topological Insulators for Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Topological insulator saturable absorber based fiber lasers -- 2.1 TISA in Erbium-doped fiber laser -- 2.2 TISA in Ytterbium-doped fiber laser -- 3. Result and discussion -- 3.1 Fundamental mode-locking and optical characterization -- 3.1.1 Erbium-doped fiber laser -- 3.1.2 Ytterbium-doped fiber laser -- 3.2 Mode-locked and Q-switched fiber lasers -- 3.2.1 Mode-locked fiber lasers -- 3.3 Q-switched fiber lasers -- 3.4 Challenges and future perspective -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Fundamentals Concepts of Topological Insulators: Historical Overview and Single Crystal Growth Techniques -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Knowledge and learning from the past - A historical perspective -- 3. Synthesis routes for fabrication of topological insulators -- 3.1 Optical floating zone -- 3.2 Metal flux route -- 3.3 Czochralski method -- 3.4 Chemical vapour deposition -- 3.5 Bridgman principle -- 4. Outlook and future perspectives -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Artificial Intelligence Nano-Robots -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Composites -- 2.1 Liquid crystal elastomers -- 2.2 Shape memory polymers -- 2.3 Hydrogels -- 2.4 CNT actuators -- 2.5 Conducting polymers -- 3. Components and materials -- 4. Movement in nanorobots -- 5. Mechanism and stimulation -- 6. Trust dimensions -- 6.1 Reliability and safety -- 6.2 Explainability and interpretability -- 6.3 Privacy and security -- 6.4 Performance and robustness -- 7. Actuators -- 7.1 Thermally responsive actuators -- 7.2 Photo-responsive actuators -- 7.3 Magnetically responsive actuators -- 7.4 Electrically responsive actuators -- 8. Applications -- 8.1 Cancer detection and its treatment -- 8.2 Nanorobots in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes -- 8.3 Artificial oxygen carrier nanorobot -- 9. Future challenges -- Conclusion and future scope -- Conflict of interest -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 2 -- Data Mining in Material Science -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Machine learning and materials science -- 3. ML algorithms in materials science -- 4. Steps in machine learning for materials science -- 4.1 Experience -- 4.2 Task -- 4.3 Classification -- 4.4 Regression -- 4.5 Clustering -- 4.6 Dimension reduction and conception -- 4.7 Efficient searching -- 4.8 Performance measure -- 4.9 Model particulars -- 4.10 Supervised model -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Artificial Intelligence Applications in Solar Photovoltaic Renewable Energy Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Overview of Solar PV Renewable Energy System and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology -- 1.2 Solar energy generation -- 1.3 Classification of solar energy technologies (SET) -- 1.3.1 Concentrated solar-thermal power (CSP) -- 1.3.2 Solar photovoltaic energy -- 2. Artificial intelligence (AI) -- 2.1 Machine learning -- 2.2 Deep learning. , 2.2.1 Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) -- 2.2.2 Long short-term memory (LSTM) -- 2.2.3 Generative adversarial network (GAN) -- 3. Application of AI in solar PV system -- 3.1 Monitoring of PV systems -- 3.2 PV fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) methods -- 3.3 Employment of AI technologies for sizing PV systems -- 3.4 Modelling of a solar PV generator -- 3.5 Solar water heating systems (SWHs) -- 4. Challenges of effective AI application in solar PV system -- 4.1 Solar energy optimization -- 4.2 PV-dependent hybrid facility optimization -- 4.3 External factors of solar energy generation -- 4.4 Challenges in the development of solar energy systems -- 4.5 Solar energy transformation -- 5. Prospects and future work consideration -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 -- Artificial Intelligence in Material Genomics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Material genomics -- 3. Strength of artificial intelligence -- 4. Artificial intelligence in material genomics -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Polymer Manufacturing -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence in polymer manufacturing -- 2. Classification of artificial intelligence -- 2.1 Classification of AI based on capabilities -- 3. Key Developments and commercialization in the polymer industry -- 4. Application of artificial intelligence in polymer manufacturing -- 4.1 Artificial intelligence and polymer manufacturing -- 4.2 Biodegradable polymers and artificial intelligence -- 4.3 Artificial intelligence and packaging industries -- 4.4 Agriculture and artificial intelligence -- 4.5 Healthcare and artificial intelligence -- 4.6 Artificial intelligence and dentistry -- 4.7 Food industry and artificial intelligence -- 4.8 Cosmetic artificial intelligence -- 5. Future prospects and conventional challenges. , 6. Guidelines, rules, and regulations for polymeric manufacturing -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Conflict of Interest -- Reference -- 6 -- Artificial Intelligence for Energy Conversion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Alternative sources of energy and artificial intelligence -- 3. Machine learning and its application in material sciences -- 4. Limitation of principled method and how ML can intervene -- 5. Applications of AI in the domain of energy conversions -- 5.1 AI in photonics -- 5.2 AI in electrochemical catalyst -- 5.3 AI in electrolysis -- 5.4 AI in fuel cell technology -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Basic Concepts and Properties of Superconductors -- 1. Introduction and background -- 2. History of superconductors -- 3. Superconductors vs perfect conductors -- 4. Phenomenon of superconductivity -- 4.1 Zero resistance -- 4.2 Super-electron -- 4.3 Critical temperature for superconductors -- 5. Classification of superconductors -- 6. Properties of superconductor -- 6.1 Evanesce of electrical resistance -- 6.2 Flux lines and diamagnetism -- 6.3 Flux quantization in superconductors -- 6.4 Quantum interference -- 6.5 Josephson current -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 -- Properties and Types of Superconductors -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The Meissner effect and superconductors -- 2. History of superconductors -- 3. Types of superconductors -- 3.1 Type I superconductors -- 3.1.1 Examples -- 3.2 Type II superconductors -- 3.2.1 Examples -- 4. Comparisons between type I and type II superconductors -- 4.1 Meissner effect -- 4.2 Conduction of electrons -- 4.3 Surface energy -- 5. Superconducting materials -- 5.1 Metal based system superconductors -- 5.2 Copper oxides (Cuprates) -- 5.3 Iron based superconductors -- 6. Properties of superconductors -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Fundamentals and Properties of Superconductors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of superconductors -- 2.1 Type I and II superconductors -- 2.2 Organic superconductors -- 2.3 Magnetic superconductors -- 2.4 High temperature superconductors (HTS) -- 3. Properties of superconductors -- 3.1 Zero electric resistance -- 3.2 Meissner effect -- 3.3 Transition temperature -- 3.4 Critical current -- 3.5 Persistent currents -- 3.6 Idealized diamagnetisms, flux lines, with its quantization -- 3.7 Flux quantization -- 3.8 Josephson current -- 3.9 Josephson current in a magnetic field. , 3.10 Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) -- 3.11 Superconductivity: A macroscopic quantum phenomenon -- 3.12 Critical magnetic field -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 -- Superconductors for Large-Scale Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Meissner effect: Attribute to superconductors -- 3. Advanced power transmission system -- 4. Super conducting electrical power devices -- 5. Advanced power storage system -- 6. Modern transportation -- 7. Advanced accelerators -- 8. Magnetic resonance devices -- 8.1 Magnetic resonance imaging for medical diagnostics -- 8.2 NMR spectroscopy -- 8.3 Fast field cycle relaxometer -- 9. SQUID -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Lanthanide-based Superconductor and its Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lanthanide-based superconductors -- 2.1 Preparation methods -- 2.1.1 Solid state reaction processes -- 2.1.2 Laser heating -- 2.1.3 High-pressure synthesis -- 2.2 Characterization of lanthanide-based superconductors -- 2.3 Superconducting properties of the LBSC -- 2.4 Applications of LBSC -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- Type I Superconductors: Materials and Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Type-I superconductors -- 3. History of superconductivity -- 3.1. Quest for low temperature -- 3.2 Discovery of Helium -- 3.3 Curiosity to know the resistance of metals at absolute zero? -- 3.4 Why mercury used to measure low-temperature resistance? -- 4. Attributes of superconductors -- 4.1 Current in a superconductor coil -- 4.2 How superconductors behave in an external magnetic field? -- 4.3 Unification of electric and magnetic behaviour -- 5. Characteristics of type-I superconductors -- 5.1 Critical Temperature (TC) -- 5.2 Meissner effect or perfect diamagnetism -- 5.3 Critical magnetic field (HC) -- 5.4 Critical current (IC) -- 5.5 Isotope effect -- 5.6 Development of theories of superconductivity. , 5.6.1 London equations and penetration depth -- 5.6.2 Ginzburg and Landau theory -- 5.6.3 BCS theory -- 5.7 Breakthroughs and outcomes of theoretical research -- 6. Applications -- 7. Issues with type-I superconductors -- References -- 7 -- Bulk Superconductors: Materials and Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. New era of high temperature superconductor -- 3. Type-II superconductors -- 4. Characteristics of type-II superconductors -- 4.1 Critical temperature (TC) -- 4.2 Critical magnetic field (HC) -- 4.3 Meissner effect or perfect diamagnetism -- 5. Different types of bulk superconductors -- 5.1 Alloys -- 5.2 Niobium alloys -- 5.3 Oxides, cuprates and ceramics -- 5.4 Fullerenes -- 6. Applications -- 6.1 Superconductor magnets and ordinary electromagnets -- 6.2 High field magnets -- 6.3 Magnetic levitation -- 6.4 Medical applications -- 6.5 Detectors -- 6.6 Josephson junctions -- Conclusion and future outlook -- Reference -- 8 -- Soft Superconductors: Materials and Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Type 1 Superconductors -- 3. Structural properties of superconductors -- 4. A3B structure superconductors -- 5. MMo6X8& -- M2A3X3 structures superconductors -- 6. Cuprate superconductors structures -- 7. Production of superconductors -- 8. Wire production -- 9. Thin films production -- 10. Superconductor applications -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Oxide Superconductors -- 1. Background -- 2. Unusual properties super conducting materials and proposed theories and hypothesis -- 3. Cooper pair model -- 4. Crystal structure analysis of superconducting materials -- 5. Applications of oxide superconductor -- Conclusions -- References -- 10 -- High Temperature Superconductors: Materials and Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Science of HTSC -- 3. Nickel based HTSC -- 4. HTSC for fusion reactors. , 5. HTSC magnetic energy storage for power applications -- 6. HTSC materials based on bismuth -- 7. HTSC in co-axial magnetic gear -- Conclusions -- References -- 11 -- Superconducting Metamaterials and their Applications -- 1. Superconducting materials -- 2. Metamaterials -- 2.1 Low loss metamaterials -- 2.2 Scaling of SRR properties -- 2.3 Scaling of wire array properties -- 3. Novel superconducting metamaterial implementations -- 3.1 Ferromagnet- superconductor composites -- 3.2 DC magnetic superconducting metamaterials -- 3.3 SQUID metamaterials -- 4. Superconducting photonic crystal -- 5. Thin film superconducting metamaterial -- 6. Advantages of metamaterials -- 6.1 Compact superconducting materials -- 6.2 Tuneability and nonlinearity -- 6.3 Implementations of superconducting metamaterials -- 7. Novel applications -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 -- Superconductors for Medical Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Medical applications -- 2.1 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -- 2.1.1 Quench protection design of MRI superconducting magnet -- 2.1.2 Open MRI superconducting magnet -- 2.1.3 MRI food inspection system -- 2.2 Magnetic gene transfer -- 2.3 Magnetic drug delivery system -- 2.4 Cancer and internal hemorrhage detection -- Conclusions -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors -- Superconductors for Magnetic Imaging Resonance Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of superconductor materials for MRI -- 2.1 Liquid helium free SN2 high-temperature fuperconductor magnet -- 2.2 Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (Bi2223): First SN2-HTS magnet -- 2.3 Magnesium diboride superconductors -- 2.3.1 Challenges and prospects for MgB2 MRI magnets -- 3. Potential superconductors for MRIs -- 3.1 Nb-Ti and Nb3Sn superconductors -- 3.2 Copper based superconductors. , 3.3 Rare - earth barium copper oxide superconductors (REBCO) -- 3.4 MgB2 superconductors -- 3.5 Iron-based superconductors (IBS) -- 4. Materials' and their applications' prospects in the future -- Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Applications of MXenes in Supercapacitors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Brief idea of MAX phase and MXene -- 3. MXene and MXene-based composites as supercapacitor electrode materials -- 4. Parameters that affect the electrochemical behaviors of MXene -- 4.1 Etchant -- 4.2 Etchant concentration -- 4.3 Surface termination group -- 4.4 Partial etching of 'A' group from the MAX phase -- 4.5 Etching time and etching temperature -- 5. Different types of supercapacitors with MXene -- 5.1 MXene-based symmetric supercapacitor -- 5.1.1 One-dimensional (1D) supercapacitor -- 5.1.2 Two-dimensional (2D) supercapacitor -- 5.1.3 Three-dimensional (3D) supercapacitor -- 5.2 MXene-based asymmetric supercapacitor -- 5.3 Current MXene based micro-supercapacitor -- 5.4 MXene-based transparent supercapacitor -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 -- Applications of MXenes in EMI shielding -- 2. Electromagnetic interference shielding mechanism -- 3. MXene for EMI shielding -- 3.1 Recent progress in EMI shielding performance of different MXenes composites -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 -- MXenes for Nanophotonics -- 1. MXenes -An introduction and as a 2D Material -- 2. Types of MXene -- 3. Non-linear optical behavior of MXene -- 3.1 , - ., - ., - . MXene -- 3.2 , - ., - . MXene -- 3.2.1 Synthesis of , - ., - . MXene -- 3.2.2 Characterization Results -- 4. Optical and Electronic Trends -- 4.1 Optical Properties -- 4.2 Electronic properties -- 5. Theoretical outcomes -- 6. Experimental outcomes -- 7. Device implementation -- 7.1 Saturable absorber -- 7.2 Photodetectors based on MXene -- 7.3 Light emitting diodes -- 7.4 Photovoltaic devices -- 8. Future perspectives and challenges -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 -- Application of MXenes in Photodetectors -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Preparation techniques of MXenes -- 2.1 Etching (HF etching) method -- 2.2 Non-HF etching methods -- 2.3 Hydrothermal method -- 3. Properties of MXenes -- 3.1 Mechanical properties -- 3.2 Structural properties -- 3.3 Electronic properties -- 3.4 Optical properties -- 4. Application of MXenes in the field of photodetectors -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 -- Applications of MXenes in Electrocatalysis -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Features of MXene as an Electrocatalyst -- 1.2 Mechanical properties of MXENE -- 1.3 Electrical structures of MXenes -- 2. Synthesis of MXenes -- 3. Applications of MXene as electrocatalyst -- 3.1 MXene for hydrogen evolution reaction -- 3.2 MXene for nitrogen reduction reaction -- 3.2 MXene for carbon dioxide reduction reaction -- 3.4 MXene for environmental remediation -- 3.5 MXene-based electrocatalysts for ORR -- 3.6 MXene for batteries storage and supercapacitors -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Separation and Purification of Amino Acids -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Ion Exchange Chromatography in the Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.3 Ion Exchange Chromatography of Amino Acids -- 1.4 Ion Exchange Resins -- 1.5 Buffer Systems in IEC for Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.5.1 Sodium Citrate Buffer System -- 1.5.2 Lithium Citrate Buffer System -- 1.6 The Relation Between the Concentration of Eluent and Retention Time of Amino Acids -- 1.7 Effect of Temperature on Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.8 Effect of pH on Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.9 Effect of the Flow Rate of the Eluting Buffer on the IEC of Amino Acids -- 1.10 Regeneration of the Ion Exchange Column -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Ion Exchange Chromatography for Enzyme Immobilization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Enzyme Immobilization -- 2.2.1 Immobilization Approaches -- 2.3 Ion-Exchange as an Immobilization Tool -- 2.4 Enzyme Immobilization Research and Application by Ion-Exchange in the Laboratory and Industry -- 2.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 3 Determination of Morphine in Urine -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Structural Features of Morphine -- 3.1.2 Physical Properties -- 3.1.3 Various Routes of Morphine Administration -- 3.1.4 Stay Period of Morphine in the Body -- 3.2 What Is Drug Abuse? -- 3.2.1 Fatal Dose of Morphine -- 3.2.2 Statistics Towards Morphine Addiction -- 3.2.3 Adverse Effect of Morphine -- 3.3 Samples Used for Detection of Morphine -- 3.3.1 Sample Collection/Preparation Prior to Detection -- 3.3.2 Extraction and Derivatization -- 3.4 Detection of Morphine in Urine -- 3.4.1 Chromatographic Methods -- 3.4.2 Liquid Chromatography (LC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 3.4.3 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) -- 3.4.4 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) -- 3.4.5 Electrochemical Detection. , 3.4.6 Combination of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer with Chromatography -- 3.4.7 Some Miscellaneous Detection Techniques -- 3.5 Conclusion and Future Scope -- References -- 4 Chromatographic Separation of Amino Acids -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 History -- 4.1.2 Classification of Amino Acids -- 4.2 Separation -- 4.2.1 What is Separation? -- 4.2.2 Why Need to Do Separation of Amino Acids? -- 4.2.3 What is Chromatography? -- 4.2.4 Classification of Chromatographic Methods -- 4.2.5 Advantages of Chromatographic Methods Over Other Methods -- 4.3 Separation of Amino Acids by Gas Chromatography (GC) -- 4.4 Liquid Chromatography (LC) -- 4.4.1 Separation of Amino Acids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 4.4.2 Advantages of Liquid Chromatography Over the Gas Chromatography -- 4.5 Amino Acid Separation by Countercurrent Chromatography (CCC) -- 4.6 Separation of Amino Acids by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) -- 4.6.1 Preparation of Thin Plates -- 4.6.2 Sample Spotting on the Thin-Layer Plate -- 4.6.3 Detection of Amino Acids on the Thin-Layer Plate -- 4.7 Separation of Amino Acids by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) -- 4.7.1 Various Modes for Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) -- 4.8 Separation of Amino Acids by the Hyphenated Technique -- 4.8.1 List of Hyphenated Techniques -- 4.8.2 Separation of Amino Acids Using GC-MS -- 4.8.3 Separation of Amino Acids by LC-MS -- 4.8.4 Separation of Amino Acids by LC-MS-MS -- 4.8.5 Separation of Amino Acids by CE-MS -- 4.9 Conclusion and Future Scope -- References -- 5 Applications of Ion-Exchange Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Application of Ion-Exchange Chromatography in Quantitative Analysis -- 5.2.1 Single-Mode Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 5.2.2 Analysis of Small Molecules (Organic and Inorganic Ions) -- 5.2.3 Mixed-Mode Chromatography. , 5.3 Pretreatment and Separation Prior to Analysis -- 5.3.1 Ionic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 5.3.2 Mixed-Mode Ion-Exchange Solid-Phase Extraction -- 5.3.3 Flow Injection Ion-Exchange Preconcentration -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- 6 Thermodynamic Kinetics and Sorption of Bovine Serum Albumin with Different Clay Materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Experimental -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 The Effect of Some Specific Physicochemical Properties BSA onto Adsorption -- 6.3.2 Analyses of FTIR, TGA, and SEM Images -- 6.3.3 Kinetic Analysis -- 6.3.4 Thermodynamic Parameters -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Sorbitol Demineralization by Ion Exchange -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Industrial Application of Sorbitol -- 7.3 Importance of Demineralization/Deashing of Sorbitol -- 7.4 Role of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.5 Different Types of Ion Exchangers for Sorbitol Demineralization -- 7.5.1 Cation-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.5.2 Anion-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Separation and Purification of Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Purine and Pyrimidine Bases by Ion Exchange -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.2.1 Mechanism of Ion Exchange -- 8.2.2 Components of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.3 Nucleotides -- 8.4 Nucleosides -- 8.5 Purines and Pyrimidines -- 8.6 Column Preparation and Operation -- 8.7 Operation -- 8.8 Impact of Separation Parameters -- 8.9 Separation of Nucleotides -- 8.9.1 Fractionation of Nucleotides -- 8.9.2 Cation-Exchange Resin -- 8.9.3 Anion-Exchange Materials -- 8.10 Separation of Nucleosides -- 8.10.1 Purification of Nucleosides -- 8.10.2 Cation-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.10.3 Anion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.11 Separation of Purines and Pyrimidines -- 8.11.1 Cation-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.11.2 Anion-Exchange Chromatography. , 8.12 Applications of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.13 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Separation and Purification of Vitamins: Vitamins B1, B2, B6, C and K1 -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Significance of Vitamins -- 9.3 Classification of Vitamins -- 9.3.1 Water-Soluble Vitamins -- 9.3.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins -- 9.4 Sources of Vitamins -- 9.4.1 B Vitamins -- 9.4.2 Vitamin C -- 9.4.3 Vitamin K -- 9.5 Vitamin Deficiency Disorders -- 9.6 B Vitamins -- 9.6.1 Vitamin B1 -- 9.6.2 Vitamin B2 -- 9.6.3 Vitamin B6 -- 9.7 Vitamin C -- 9.8 Vitamin K1 -- 9.9 Separation and Purification of Vitamin -- 9.10 Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 9.11 Mechanism of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 9.12 Separation and Purification of Vitamins B1, B2 and B6 -- 9.13 Separation and Purification of Vitamin C -- 9.14 Ion-Exchange Separation and Purification of Vitamin K1 -- 9.15 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Colour Removal from Sugar Syrups -- 10.1 Colourants in Sugar Solutions -- 10.1.1 Determination of Colour in Sugar and Sugar Juices -- 10.1.2 Colour Substances in Sugar and Sugar Solutions -- 10.1.3 Formation of Beet and Cane Colourants During the Technological Process -- 10.1.4 Removal of Colourants from Beet and Cane Sugar and Sugar Solution -- 10.2 Decolourisation with Ion-Exchange Resins -- 10.2.1 The Terminology Used in Ion-Exchange Technology -- 10.2.2 Types of Ion-Exchange Resins -- 10.2.3 Set-up of Industrial Chromatographic Systems for Colour Removal -- 10.2.4 Comparison of Ion-Exchange Technology with Other Decolourising Techniques -- References.