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  • Phytoplankton  (3)
  • Frontiers Media  (3)
  • Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
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  • 1
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    Rapid and gradual modes of aerosol trace metal dissolution in seawater (2015)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 5 (2015): 794, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00794.
    Description: Atmospheric deposition is a major source of trace metals in marine surface waters and supplies vital micronutrients to phytoplankton, yet measured aerosol trace metal solubility values are operationally defined, and there are relatively few multi-element studies on aerosol-metal solubility in seawater. Here we measure the solubility of aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) from natural aerosol samples in seawater over a 7 days period to (1) evaluate the role of extraction time in trace metal dissolution behavior and (2) explore how the individual dissolution patterns could influence biota. Dissolution behavior occurs over a continuum ranging from rapid dissolution, in which the majority of soluble metal dissolved immediately upon seawater exposure (Cd and Co in our samples), to gradual dissolution, where metals dissolved slowly over time (Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al in our samples). Additionally, dissolution affected by interactions with particles was observed in which a decline in soluble metal concentration over time occurred (Fe and Pb in our samples). Natural variability in aerosol chemistry between samples can cause metals to display different dissolution kinetics in different samples, and this was particularly evident for Ni, for which samples showed a broad range of dissolution rates. The elemental molar ratio of metals in the bulk aerosols was 23,189Fe: 22,651Al: 445Mn: 348Zn: 71Cu: 48Ni: 23Pb: 9Co: 1Cd, whereas the seawater soluble molar ratio after 7 days of leaching was 11Fe: 620Al: 205Mn: 240Zn: 20Cu: 14Ni: 9Pb: 2Co: 1Cd. The different kinetics and ratios of aerosol metal dissolution have implications for phytoplankton nutrition, and highlight the need for unified extraction protocols that simulate aerosol metal dissolution in the surface ocean.
    Description: This work was supported by NSF-OCE grant 0850467 to Adina Paytan, NSF-OCE grant 1233261 to Mak A. Saito, and NATO Science for Peace Grant to Adina Paytan and Anton F. Post (SfP 982161). Katherine R. M. Mackey was supported by a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Biology (Grant No. NSF 1103575) and Chia-Te Chien by an international graduate student fellowship from the ministry of education, Taiwan.
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Atmospheric deposition ; Phytoplankton ; Trace metals ; Ligands
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Identifying reference genes with stable expression from high throughput sequence data (2014)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 3 (2012): 385, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00385.
    Description: Genes that are constitutively expressed across multiple environmental stimuli are crucial to quantifying differentially expressed genes, particularly when employing quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. However, the identification of these potential reference genes in non-model organisms is challenging and is often guided by expression patterns in distantly related organisms. Here, transcriptome datasets from the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana grown under replete, phosphorus-limited, iron-limited, and phosphorus and iron co-limited nutrient regimes were analyzed through literature-based searches for homologous reference genes, k-means clustering, and analysis of sequence counts (ASC) to identify putative reference genes. A total of 9759 genes were identified and screened for stable expression. Literature-based searches surveyed 18 generally accepted reference genes, revealing 101 homologs in T. pseudonana with variable expression and a wide range of mean tags per million. k-means analysis parsed the whole transcriptome into 15 clusters. The two most stable clusters contained 709 genes, but still had distinct patterns in expression. ASC analyses identified 179 genes that were stably expressed (posterior probability 〈 0.1 for 1.25 fold change). Genes known to have a stable expression pattern across the test treatments, like actin, were identified in this pool of 179 candidate genes. ASC can be employed on data without biological replicates and was more robust than the k-means approach in isolating genes with stable expression. The intersection of the genes identified through ASC with commonly used reference genes from the literature suggests that actin and ubiquitin ligase may be useful reference genes for T. pseudonana and potentially other diatoms. With the wealth of transcriptome sequence data becoming available, ASC can be easily applied to transcriptome datasets from other phytoplankton to identify reference genes.
    Description: This research was funded by the National Science Foundation grant #OCE-0723667 (to Sonya T. Dyhrman, Mak A. Saito, Bethany D. Jenkins, and Tatiana A. Rynearson). Harriet Alexander is funded under a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship.
    Keywords: Thalassiosira pseudonana ; Diatom ; Phytoplankton ; Housekeeping genes ; RT-qPCR ; Transcriptome ; Relative gene expression ; Reference gene
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/vnd.ms-excel
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  • 3
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    Iron limitation of a springtime bacterial and phytoplankton community in the Ross Sea : implications for vitamin B12 nutrition (2014)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2011. This is an open-access article subject to a non-exclusive license between the authors and Frontiers Media SA, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 2 (2011): 160, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00160.
    Description: The Ross Sea is home to some of the largest phytoplankton blooms in the Southern Ocean. Primary production in this system has previously been shown to be iron limited in the summer and periodically iron and vitamin B12 colimited. In this study, we examined trace metal limitation of biological activity in the Ross Sea in the austral spring and considered possible implications for vitamin B12 nutrition. Bottle incubation experiments demonstrated that iron limited phytoplankton growth in the austral spring while B12, cobalt, and zinc did not. This is the first demonstration of iron limitation in a Phaeocystis antarctica-dominated, early season Ross Sea phytoplankton community. The lack of B12 limitation in this location is consistent with previous Ross Sea studies in the austral summer, wherein vitamin additions did not stimulate P. antarctica growth and B12 was limiting only when bacterial abundance was low. Bottle incubation experiments and a bacterial regrowth experiment also revealed that iron addition directly enhanced bacterial growth. B12 uptake measurements in natural water samples and in an iron fertilized bottle incubation demonstrated that bacteria serve not only as a source for vitamin B12, but also as a significant sink, and that iron additions enhanced B12 uptake rates in phytoplankton but not bacteria. Additionally, vitamin uptake rates did not become saturated upon the addition of up to 95 pM B12. A rapid B12 uptake rate was observed after 13 min, which then decreased to a slower constant uptake rate over the next 52 h. Results from this study highlight the importance of iron availability in limiting early season Ross Sea phytoplankton growth and suggest that rates of vitamin B12 production and consumption may be impacted by iron availability.
    Description: This research was supported by NSF grants OCE-0752291, OPP-0440840, OPP-0338097, OPP-0338164, ANT-0732665, OCE-0452883, and OCE-1031271, the Center for Microbial Oceanography Research and Education (CMORE) and a National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship (2007037200) and an Environmental Protection Agency STAR Fellowship to EMB (F6E20324).
    Keywords: Iron limitation ; Vitamin B12 ; Ross Sea ; Colimitation ; Bacteria ; Phytoplankton ; Iron fertilization
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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