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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of ultrathin ring and band microelectrodes as amperometric sensors in electrochemical flow cells (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 1 (1989), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Gold and platinum ultrathin ring microelectrodes (0.1-0.5 mm thick, 1.5-4 mm diameter) were made by sputtering, from fired metalloorganic paint, and from foil for use as sensors in a thick-layer wall-jet flow cell. An end-on array of three 0.1 μm × 0.5 mm gold band electrodes were mounted parallel to the flow direction in a thin-layer channel cell. These ultrathin sensors, along with a jet-centered carbon microdisk, were evaluated in the amperometric flow-injection mode for temporal stability, calibration sensitivity, detectivity, background signal, and flow rate dependence of the analytical signal using ferrocene samples in acetonitrile containing 10-4-10-2 M TEAP. The detectivity of gold paint ring electrodes made on borosilicate glass was 3-6 nM, an order of magnitude lower than any of the other electrodes tested. Analytical signals from gold paint and foil rings and the carbon microdisk had the best temporal stability. The current for the ultrathin band array in a channel cell was flow rate-independent, and the exponential dependence of cell current on flow rate was 0.11-0.14 for ultrathin rings in the thick-layer wall-jet mode.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140010105
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    The United States' next generation of atmospheric composition and coastal ecosystem measurements : NASA's Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) Mission (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93 (2012): 1547–1566, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00201.1.
    Description: The Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) mission was recommended by the National Research Council's (NRC's) Earth Science Decadal Survey to measure tropospheric trace gases and aerosols and coastal ocean phytoplankton, water quality, and biogeochemistry from geostationary orbit, providing continuous observations within the field of view. To fulfill the mandate and address the challenge put forth by the NRC, two GEO-CAPE Science Working Groups (SWGs), representing the atmospheric composition and ocean color disciplines, have developed realistic science objectives using input drawn from several community workshops. The GEO-CAPE mission will take advantage of this revolutionary advance in temporal frequency for both of these disciplines. Multiple observations per day are required to explore the physical, chemical, and dynamical processes that determine tropospheric composition and air quality over spatial scales ranging from urban to continental, and over temporal scales ranging from diurnal to seasonal. Likewise, high-frequency satellite observations are critical to studying and quantifying biological, chemical, and physical processes within the coastal ocean. These observations are to be achieved from a vantage point near 95°–100°W, providing a complete view of North America as well as the adjacent oceans. The SWGs have also endorsed the concept of phased implementation using commercial satellites to reduce mission risk and cost. GEO-CAPE will join the global constellation of geostationary atmospheric chemistry and coastal ocean color sensors planned to be in orbit in the 2020 time frame.
    Description: Funding for GEO-CAPE definition activities is provided by the Earth Science Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
    Description: 2013-04-01
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 3
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    The formation of molecular hydrogen from water ice 1 in the lunar regolith by energetic charged particles (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Description: [1]  On 9 October 2009, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission impacted a spent Centaur rocket into the permanently shadowed region (PSR) within Cabeus crater and detected water vapor and ice, as well as other volatiles, in the ejecta plume. The Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP), a far ultraviolet (FUV) imaging spectrograph onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), observed this plume as FUV emissions from the fluorescence of sunlight by molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) and other constituents. Energetic charged particles, such as galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs), can dissociate the molecules in water ice to form H 2 . We examine how much H 2 can be formed by these types of particle radiation interacting with water ice sequestered in the regolith within PSRs, and we assess whether it can account for the H 2 observed by LAMP. To estimate H 2 formation, we use the GCR and SEP radiation dose rates measured by the LRO Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER). The exposure time of the ice is calculated by considering meteoritic gardening and the penetration depth of the energetic particles. We find that GCRs and SEPs could convert at least 1-7% of the original water molecules into H 2 . Therefore, given the amount of water detected by LCROSS, such particle radiation-induced dissociation of water ice likely could likely account for a significant percentage (10-100%) of the H 2 measured by LAMP.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Lunar radiation environment and space weathering from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-13
    Description: The Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) measures linear energy transfer by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Mission in a circular, polar lunar orbit. GCR fluxes remain at the highest levels ever observed during the space age. One of the largest SEP events observed by CRaTER during the LRO mission occurred on June 7, 2011. We compare model predictions by the Earth-Moon-Mars Radiation Environment Module (EMMREM) for both dose rates from GCRs and SEPs during this event with results from CRaTER. We find agreement between these models and the CRaTER dose rates, which together demonstrate the accuracy of EMMREM, and its suitability for a real-time space weather system. We utilize CRaTER to test forecasts made by the Relativistic Electron Alert System for Exploration (REleASE), which successfully predicts the June 7th event. At the maximum CRaTER-observed GCR dose rate (∼11.7 cGy/yr where Gy is a unit indicating energy deposition per unit mass, 1 Gy = 1 J/kg), GCRs deposit ∼88 eV/molecule in water over 4 billion years, causing significant change in molecular composition and physical structure (e.g., density, color, crystallinity) of water ice, loss of molecular hydrogen, and production of more complex molecules linking carbon and other elements in the irradiated ice. This shows that space weathering by GCRs may be extremely important for chemical evolution of ice on the Moon. Thus, we show comprehensive observations from the CRaTER instrument on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter that characterizes the radiation environment and space weathering on the Moon.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    An “Anomalous” Triggered Lightning Flash in Florida (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-24
    Description: [1]  An “anomalous” rocket-and-wire triggered lightning flash, a flash whose leaders do not follow the triggering wire remnants to ground, is characterized via high-speed video images at 10 and 300 kilo-frames per second (kfps), still camera images, 66-72 MHz source locations from a Lightning Mapping Array (LMA), channel-base current, and electric fieldand electric field derivative(dE/dt) measurements. This is the first anomalous flash of about 410 classically triggered flashes in north-central Florida. The flashbegan with an upward positively-charged leader (UPL) initiating from the tip of the upward-moving triggering wire about 280 m above ground level. All but the bottom 17 m of wire exploded(became luminous) 37.6 ms after UPL initiation. A stepped leader initiated, likely from the top of the wire remnants, 282 m above ground level about 1.3 ms after the wire explosion and propagated downward for 2.1 ms, attaching to the top of a grounded utility pole 117 m southwest of the launching facility. The line charge density on the stepped leader is estimated to be of the order of 10 -3 C m -1 . Contrary to previously-reported “anomalous” flashes in France and New Mexico (roughly 16% and 31%, respectively, of their triggered flashes), in our event there wasnot a tens of milliseconds current-zero period preceding the stepped leader, there was noobserved downward dart leader in the UPL channel prior to the stepped leader to ground, and there was a failed attempt to reestablish current in the exploded-wire channel between the UPL and ground.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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