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  • 1
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    Challenges and Prospects for Reducing Coupled Climate Model SST Biases in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: The U.S. CLIVAR Eastern Tropical Oceans Synthesis Working Group (2016)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97 (12). pp. 2305-2327.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Well-known problems trouble coupled general circulation models of the eastern Atlantic and Pacific Ocean basins. Model climates are significantly more symmetric about the equator than is observed. Model sea surface temperatures are biased warm south and southeast of the equator, and the atmosphere is too rainy within a band south of the equator. Near-coastal eastern equatorial SSTs are too warm, producing a zonal SST gradient in the Atlantic opposite in sign to that observed. The U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability Program (CLIVAR) Eastern Tropical Ocean Synthesis Working Group (WG) has pursued an updated assessment of coupled model SST biases, focusing on the surface energy balance components, on regional error sources from clouds, deep convection, winds, and ocean eddies; on the sensitivity to model resolution; and on remote impacts. Motivated by the assessment, the WG makes the following recommendations: 1) encourage identification of the specific parameterizations contributing to the biases in individual models, as these can be model dependent; 2) restrict multimodel intercomparisons to specific processes; 3) encourage development of high-resolution coupled models with a concurrent emphasis on parameterization development of finer-scale ocean and atmosphere features, including low clouds; 4) encourage further availability of all surface flux components from buoys, for longer continuous time periods, in persistently cloudy regions; and 5) focus on the eastern basin coastal oceanic upwelling regions, where further opportunities for observational–modeling synergism exist.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00274.1
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Accuracy of wind observations from open-ocean buoys: Correction for flow distortion (2020)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: The comparison of equivalent neutral winds obtained from (a) four WHOI buoys in the subtropics and (b) scatterometer estimates at those locations reveals a root-mean-square (RMS) difference of 0.56-0.76 m/s. To investigate this RMS difference, different buoy wind error sources were examined. These buoys are particularly well suited to examine two important sources of buoy wind errors because: (1) redundant anemometers and a comparison with numerical flow simulations allow us to quantitatively assess flow distortion errors, and (2) one-minute sampling at the buoys allows us to examine the sensitivity of buoy temporal sampling/averaging in the buoy-scatterometer comparisons. The inter-anemometer difference varies as a function of wind direction relative to the buoy wind vane and is consistent with the effects of flow distortion expected based on numerical flow simulations. Comparison between the anemometers and scatterometer winds supports the interpretation that the inter-anemometer disagreement, which can be up to 5% of the wind speed, is due to flow distortion. These insights motivate an empirical correction to the individual anemometer records and subsequent comparison with scatterometer estimates show good agreement.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Autonomous multi-platform observations during the Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study (2017)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 30, no. 2 (2017): 38–48, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2017.218.
    Description: The Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study (SPURS) aims to understand the patterns and variability of sea surface salinity. In order to capture the wide range of spatial and temporal scales associated with processes controlling salinity in the upper ocean, research vessels delivered autonomous instruments to remote sites, one in the North Atlantic and one in the Eastern Pacific. Instruments sampled for one complete annual cycle at each of these two sites, which are subject to contrasting atmospheric forcing. The SPURS field programs coordinated sampling from many different platforms, using a mix of Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches. This article discusses the motivations, implementation, and first results of the SPURS-1 and SPURS-2 programs.
    Description: SPURS is supported by multiple NASA grants, with important additional contributions from the US National Science Foundation, NOAA, and the Office of Naval Research, as well as international agencies. SVP drifters are deployed with support from NASA and the NOAA funded Global Drifter Program at the Lagrangian Drifter Laboratory of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. SVP-S2 drifters are provided by NOAA-AOML and NASA. PRAWLER mooring development is supported by NOAA’s Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division, and by NOAA/PMEL.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 4
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    Novel and flexible approach to access the open ocean: Uses of sailing research vessel Lady Amber during SPURS-2. (2019)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Rainville, L., Centurioni, L. R., Asher, W. E., Clayson, C. A., Drushka, K., Edson, J. B., Hodges, B. A., Hermann, V., Farrar, J. T., Schanze, J. J., & Shcherbina, A. Y. Novel and flexible approach to access the open ocean: Uses of sailing research vessel Lady Amber during SPURS-2. Oceanography, 32(2), (2019): 116-121, doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2019.219.
    Description: SPURS-2 (Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study 2) used the schooner Lady Amber, a small sailing research vessel, to deploy, service, maintain, and recover a variety of oceanographic and meteorological instruments in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Low operational costs allowed us to frequently deploy floats and drifters to collect data necessary for resolving the regional circulation of the eastern tropical Pacific. The small charter gave us the opportunity to deploy drifters in locations chosen according to current conditions, to recover and deploy various autonomous instruments in a targeted and adaptive manner, and to collect additional near-surface and atmospheric measurements in the remote SPURS-2 region.
    Description: Tragically, Lady Amber Captain Peter Flanagan passed away on March 15, 2016, after the initial transit. This was a big loss for his friends and crew—his enthusiasm will be sorely missed. We acknowledge the owner and crew of Lady Amber for remaining committed to the SPURS-2 work. This work would not have been possible without Captain Arran Flanagan and Captain Ryan Struthers and the capable crew of Lady Amber. This project was supported by NASA grant NNX15AT40G. We also acknowledge the contribution of Justin Burnett, Jesse Dosher, and Aaron Paget to the design and installation of the LAPS, and the support and cooperation from all the SPURS-2 PIs.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Comparing air-sea flux measurements from a new unmanned surface vehicle and proven platforms during the SPURS-2 field campaign. (2019)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zhang, D., Cronin, M. F., Meinig, C., Farrar, J. T., Jenkins, R., Peacock, D., Keene, J., Sutton, A., & Yang, Q. Comparing air-sea flux measurements from a new unmanned surface vehicle and proven platforms during the SPURS-2 field campaign. Oceanography, 32(2), (2019): 122-133, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019.220.
    Description: Two saildrones participated in the Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study 2 (SPURS-2) field campaign at 10°N, 125°W, as part of their more than six-month Tropical Pacific Observing System (TPOS)-2020 pilot study in the eastern tropical Pacific. The two saildrones were launched from San Francisco, California, on September 1, 2017, and arrived at the SPURS-2 region on October 15, one week before R/V Revelle. Upon arrival at the SPURS-2 site, they each began a two-week repeat pattern, sailing around the program’s central moored surface buoy. The heavily instrumented Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) SPURS-2 buoy serves as a benchmark for validating the saildrone measurements for air-sea fluxes. The data collected by the WHOI buoy and the saildrones were found to be in reasonably good agreement. Although of short duration, these ship-saildrone-buoy comparisons are encouraging as they provide enhanced understanding of measurements by various platforms in a rapidly changing subsynoptic weather system. The saildrones were generally able to navigate the challenging Intertropical Convergence Zone, where winds are low and currents can be strong, demonstrating that the saildrone is an effective platform for observing a wide range of oceanographic variables important to air-sea interaction studies.
    Description: The TPOS-2020 saildrone pilot study was funded by the NOAA Ocean Observations and Monitoring Division of the Climate Programs Office. The WHOI flux mooring was funded by NASA as part of the SPURS-2 program. This work is partially funded by the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) under NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA15OAR4320063. We thank SPURS-2 cruise Chief Scientist Kyla Drushka of APL/University of Washington, Fred Bingham of the University of North Carolina, and Dave Rivera of PMEL onboard R/V Revelle for close coordination between ship operation and saildrone piloting. High-quality shipboard air-sea flux measurements by Carol Anne Clayson and James Edson of WHOI are greatly appreciated. We also thank the editors and two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful suggestions that helped to improve this manuscript. This is PMEL contribution #4899.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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