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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Patient compliance ; Methods of measurement ; Determinants of compliance ; Compliance improving strategies ; Patientencompliance ; Bestimmungsmethoden ; compliancevermindernde Faktoren ; compliancefördernde Maßnahmen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Untersuchungen über die Compliance oder Therapiedisziplin von Patienten haben gezeigt, daß zwischen 20 bis 50% der Patienten vor allem in der Langzeittherapie die ärztlichen Verordnungen nicht oder nur ungenügend befolgen. Die Non-Compliance ist damit seit der Einführung wirksamer Medikamente insbesondere in der Behandlung der essentiellen Hypertonie, bei Fettstoffwechselstörungen, sowie bei Patienten unter tuberkulostatischer Therapie oder prophylaktischer Chemotherapie zu einem der wichtigsten therapielimitierenden Faktoren geworden. Die Einnahmedisziplin verschlechtert sich im Laufe der Behandlung zusehends. In den ersten vier Monaten ist mit einem Abfall der Compliancerate um 30% zu rechnen, nach 5 Jahren ist nur noch ein Fünftel bis ein Viertel der Patienten therapietreu. Die Zuverlässigkeit der Patienten läßt sich mit indirekten Bestimmungsmethoden wie Patientenbefragung, Pillenzählen oder aufgrund der Therapiewirkungen abschätzen. Eine genaue Ermittlung der Compliancerate erfordert die Bestimmung der Medikamente oder Markersubstanzen im Serum oder Urin. Die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen über compliancebestimmende Faktoren sind zum Teil widersprüchlich. Als gesichert kann hingegen gelten, daß psychische Erkrankungen insbesondere Schizophrenie, ein komplexes Therapieschema mit hoher täglicher Tablettenzahl, Therapien, welche eine Änderung von Lebensgewohnheiten erfordern, eine langdauernde Behandlung und ungenügende, schlecht organisierte Nachkontrollen mit langen Wartezeiten für den Patienten eine schlechte Therapiedisziplin zeigen. Im weiteren beeinflussen das Krankheitsbewußtsein sowie die Einstellung der Familie das Einnahmeverhalten der Patienten. Compliancefördernde Maßnahmen richten sich nach den Faktoren, welche die Therapietreue der Patienten negativ beeinflussen. Entsprechend sollte durch eine Verwendung von „Slow-Release“-Präparaten die tägliche Tablettenzahl möglichst klein gehalten werden. Bei mehreren Tabletteneinnahmen pro Tag ist ein schriftlicher Verordnungszettel („aide-memoire“) von Nutzen. Durch regelmäßige engmaschige Nachkontrollen mit festen Terminen und kurzen Wartezeiten sollte in der Langzeittherapie die „drop-out“-Rate reduziert werden. Eine zusätzliche Betreuung durch paramedizinisches Personal zeigt ebenso wie der Einsatz von Therapiegruppen vor allem in der Betreuung von übergewichtigen Patienten und Hypertonikern einen günstigen Effekt auf die Compliance. Die Beteiligung des Patienten an der Behandlung und Überwachung seiner Erkrankung z.B. durch Blutdruckselbstmessung bei den wenig symptomatischen Hypertonikern führt zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der Einnahmedisziplin. Bei Therapien, welche eine Änderung von Lebensgewohnheiten erfordern (Diät, Alkoholabstinenz, Nikotinabstinenz u.a.), sollte die Familie (Ehefrau) in den Therapieplan miteinbezogen werden. Die Patientencompliance verdient aufgrund ihrer praktischen Bedeutung (Nichterreichen des Therapieziels, Beeinflussung von Ergebnissen der Arzneimittelforschung, unnötige Kosten) eine vermehrte Beachtung im Rahmen der Patientenbetreuung. Compliancevermindernde Faktoren sollten möglichst eliminiert und Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Therapiedisziplin ergriffen werden.
    Notes: Summary Several studies concerning compliance or drug adherence of patients have shown, that between 20–50% of the patients in particular during long term therapy do not or only insufficiently follow doctor's advice. Thus, since the introduction of potent drugs, non-compliance has become one of the most important therapy limiting factors in particular in the management of essential hypertension, disorders of lipid metabolism, tuberculosis and chemo-prophylaxis. Compliance decreases during treatment. During the first four months a decline of compliance rate of 30% must be expected, after five years only 20–25% of the patients are still compliant. Patients' cooperation may be estimated by indirect methods such as patient interview, pill-counting or therapeutic outcome. An exact determination of compliance requires measurements of blood levels or urinary excretion of the medicaments or marker. The results of studies about the determinants of compliance are conflicting. However, it seems to be proved, that a psychiatric diagnosis in particular schizophrenia, a complex therapeutic regimen with a high number of daily tablets, therapies which include a behavioral change, longterm therapy and a inefficient follow-up system with long waiting time for the patient are associated with non-compliance. In addition, patients perception of the disease and family support are influencing drug adherence. Compliance improving strategies were derived from the determinants which diminish patients' drug adherence. By using slow release medicaments the number of daily tablets should be minimalized. If several tablets must be taken daily an “aide-memoire” may be useful. The drop-out rate should be reduced by regular scheduled follow-up visits with short waiting time. In addition, follow-up care by a nurse or a diet adviser as well as therapy groups show a compliance improving effect in particular in patients with overweight or hypertension. The participation of the patient in therapy and follow-up for instance by blood pressure selfmeasurement in the mostly symptomless hypertensives increases markedly drug adherence. In therapies which necessitate behavioral changes (diet, alcohol abstinence, stop of smoking) the family should be integrated in the therapeutical procedure. Because of its practical importance (unsatisfactory therapeutical outcome, influence on results of pharmacological studies, costs) compliance should be taken into account in patient's care. Compliance decreasing factors should be eliminated and strategies for improving drug adherence should be performed.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 62 (1984), S. 470-476 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Adrenal carcinomas ; Aldosterone secretion ; Hypokalemic alkalosis ; Operation ; Chemotherapy with o,p′-DDD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present study two patients with aldosterone-producing adrenal carcinomas are reported. The clinical features were characterized by hypertension and severe hypokalemia with muscular weakness, flaccid paralysis of arms and legs, diarrhea and polyuria. In both cases excessively high plasma aldosterone levels and suppressed plasma renin activity were found. In contrast to most other cases with aldosterone-secreting tumours plasma cortisol, urinary free cortisol excretion, 17-hydroxy- and 17-ketosteroids were in the normal range. There was no clinical evidence of oversecretion of sex hormones. After adrenalectomy blood pressure and serum potassium normalized and the clinical symptoms disappeared. Plasma aldosterone and urinary aldosterone secretion returned to normal, while plasma renin activity remained low. Three and a half and 6 months later primary aldosteronism and the associated clinical symptoms reappeared due to hormonally active metastases. After introducing the antitumour drug o,p′-DDD in patient 1 aldosterone secretion normalized and the clinical status of the patient markedly improved. However, 10 months after diagnosis the patient died due to a haemorrhage from a liver metastasis. In patient 2 tumour-invaded regional lymph nodes were surgically removed with only minor changes in the hormone pattern.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 803-805 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Obesity ; Hypertension ; Intracellular sodium ; Intracellular calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracellular activities of sodium and calcium were determined in red cells of patients with obesity. Compared to normal people mean intracellular sodium and calcium were higher in obese patients. However, increased intracellular sodium and calcium could only be observed in those patients with obesity suffering from hypertension or showing a familial disposition to hypertension. In contrast there was no difference in intracellular sodium and calcium between obese normotensives lacking a familial disposition to hypertension and normal people. Thus, our results suggest, that the observed variations in intracellular sodium and calcium in obesity are due to an enhanced blood pressure or a familial disposition to hypertension and not specific for obesity.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Renovascular hypertension ; Fibromuscular hyperplasia ; Coarctation of the aorta ; Renin angiotensin system ; Renovaskuläre Hypertonie ; Fibromuskuläre Dysplasie ; Coarctatio aortae ; Renin-Angiotensin-System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 10 Fälle mit fibromuskulär bedingter renovaskulärer Hypertonie und gleichzeitigem Befall extrarenaler Arterien untersucht. Das Patientenkollektiv zeigte eine deutliche Prävalenz des weiblichen Geschlechts (90%), das mittlere Alter betrug 31,4±12,0 Jahre und die Hypertoniedauer 3,2±4,0 Jahre. 4 der 10 Patienten wiesen Stenosen einer und 6 Stenosen bzw. Verschlüsse beider Nierenarterien auf. 2 (20%) Patientinnen zeigten neben fibromuskulären Umbauprozessen der Nierenarterien eine abdonale Coarctatio aortae. Andere Körperarterien waren mit abnehmender Häufigkeit wie folgt befallen: Arteria mesenterica superior (50%), Arteria subclavia und/oder Truncus brachiocephalicus (40%), Arteriae carotides und/oder deren Äste (30%), Truncus coeliacus (30%), Arterien der Beckenstrombahn (30%), Arteriae vertebrales (10%) und Arteria mesenterica inferior (10%). Im Vordergrund der klinischen Symptomatik stand bei 8 der 10 Patienten die Hypertonie. Beschwerden von seiten extrarenaler Gefäßveränderungen waren in diesen Fällen bei Diagnosestellung gering. In 2 Fällen mit Befall von 2 bzw. aller 3 Intestinalgefäße bestand eine Angina abdominalis. 2 Patientinnen mit Stenosen der Beckengefäße zeigten eine Claudicatio intermittens, während Stenosen bzw. Verschlüsse im Subclaviabereich nur bei starker Belastung zu Claudicationsbeschwerden führten und deshalb über einen längeren Zeitpunkt unerkannt blieben. Eine Patientin mit Verschlüssen der Arteriae carotides internae hatte zweimal einen cerebralen Insult durchgemacht. Eine seitengetrennte Bestimmung der Plasma-Renin-Aktivität im Nierenvenenblut wurde bei 7 der 10 Patienten durchgeführt. Dabei zeigten 4 dieser 7 Fälle entweder unter Ausgangsbedingungen oder 15 bzw. 30 min nach intravenöser Stimulation mit 40 mg Furosemid einen signifikanten Seitenunterschied (≧ 1,5). Bei 5 der 10 Patienten wurde eine rekonstruktive Gefäßoperation an den Nierenarterien und bei einem Patienten ein solcher nur an den Intestinalarterien vorgenommen; dabei zeigte nur einer der 5 an den Nierenarterien operierten Fälle eine Heilung. Bei 3 der 5 medikamentös behandelten Patienten ließ sich eine Blutdrucknormalisierung durch Antihypertensiva erzielen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß bei Patienten mit fibromuskulär bedingter Nierenarterienstenose verschiedenste Körperarterien mitbeteiligt sein können, am häufigsten jedoch die Arteria mesenterica superior. Bei 2 der 10 Patienten fand sich neben der renovaskulären Hypertonie eine Coarctatio aortae. Wegen des schlechten Operationserfolges sollte zunächst der Versuch einer medikamentösen Blutdruckeinstellung unternommen werden. Wegen des hohen Anteils doppelseitiger Nierenarterienstenosen hat die seitengetrennte Bestimmung der Plasma-Renin-Aktivität im Nierenvenenblut nur eine beschränkte Aussagekraft.
    Notes: Summary In the present study 10 patients with renovascular hypertension due to fibromuscular hyperplasia and fibromuscular lesions of extrarenal arteries were investigated. The 10 patients were predominantly female (90%), showed a mean age of 31.4±12.0 years and a mean duration of hypertension of 3.2±4.0 years. Four of the 10 patients (40%) showed unilateral and six (60%) bilateral stenosis or occlusions of the renal arteries. In two (20%) cases a combination of renal artery stenosis and coarctation of the abdominal aorta was observed. Other extrarenal arteries were affected as follows: mesenteric superior artery (50%), subclavian artery and/or arteria anonyma (40%), carotid arteries and/ or their branches (30%), vertebral arteries (10%), and mesenteric inferior artery (10%). In eight of the 10 patients the most prominent clinical symptom was hypertension. Clinical symptoms from extrarenal artery stenoses or occlusions were mild. Two patients with fibromuscular lesions of two and three intestinal arteries, respectively, suffered from angina abdominalis. In two cases with stenoses of the iliacal arteries intermittent claudicatio was observed, whereas involvement of the subclavian artery was associated with only mild symptoms. One patient with occlusions of both internal carotid arteries had two episodes of cerebrovascular ischemia. Plasma renin activity was determined in both renal veins in seven of the 10 patients (70%). Four of the seven patients (57%) showed a PRA-ratio of ≧1.5 either under basal conditions or 15 and/or 30 min after i.v. stimulation with 40 mg furosemide. Only one of the five patients with revascularization operations was cured postoperatively. In one patient only the intestinal arteries were operated. Three of five cases treated with various antihypertensive drugs were normotensive. Our results show that in patients with renovascular hypertension due to fibromuscular hyperplasia extrarenal arteries may be frequently affected. The most frequent site of extrarenal lesions was the mesenteric superior artery. In two of the 10 patients renovascular hypertension was combined with a coarctation of the abdominal aorta. In this study the effect of reconstructive renovascular surgery was insufficient. Thus, these cases should first be treated with antihypertensive drugs. The diagnostic validity of renal venous renin activity was limited because of the high percentage of bilateral renovascular lesions.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Primärer Aldosteronismus ; Aldosteron ; Nebenniere ; Primary aldosteronism ; Aldosterone ; Adrenal gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The diagnostic validity of adrenal isotopic scanning, adrenal venous aldosterone, adrenal phlebography and computed abdominal tomography (CT) was studied in 44 patients with primary aldosteronism. In all patients the diagnosis was confirmed by surgery (unilateral adrenal adenoman=32, bilateral adrenal hyperplasian=12). Both adrenal scintiscan, adrenal venous aldosterone and CT allowed in a comparable high percentage of patients (71%) the exact classification of the adrenal lesion(s), whereas adrenal phlebography could distinguish adenoma from hyperplasia in 57%. Marked differences between the lateralization procedures, however, were observed in predicting incorrect preoperative identification: adrenal scintiscan 29%, adrenal venous aldosterone 3%, adrenal venography 6% and CT 0%. Finally, the percentage of patients in whom no differentation between the two main subgroups of primary aldosteronism could be obtained varied between 0% with adrenal isotopic scanning and 37% with adrenal phlebography (CT 29% and adrenal venous aldosterone 26%). Both scientiscan and adrenal venous aldosterone were not improved by the administration of dexamethasone. Our findings document that adrenal venous aldosterone determinations, adrenal isotopic scanning and computed tomography are equally valid in differentiating unilateral adenoma from bilateral adrenal hyperplasia in primary aldosteronism. However, adrenal scientiscan is hampered by a relative high percentage of incorrect results independant whether dexamethasone was used or not. Contrary, adrenal venous aldosterone and computed tomography seemed to have no or only a minor risk in assuming an incorrect classification of the adrenal lesion(s).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 44 Patienten mit primärem Aldosteronismus wurde die diagnostische Wertigkeit der seitengetrennten Aldosteronbestimmung im Nebennierenvenenblut, der Nebennierenphlebographie, der Nebennierenszintigraphie sowie der Computer-Tomographie untersucht. Bei allen Patienten wurde die Diagnose chirurgisch gesichert bzw. bestätigt (unilaterales Nebennierenrindenadenomn=32, bilaterale Nebennierenrindenhyperplasien=12). Sowohl die seitengetrennte Aldosteronbestimmung im Nebennierenvenenblut als auch die Nebennierenszintigraphie und die Computer-Tomographie erlaubten in einem vergleichbar hohen Prozentsatz (71%) die exakte Klassifizierung der Nebennierenrindenläsion(en), während die Nebennierenphlebographie in etwa 57% zwischen unilateralem Adenom und bilateraler Hyperplasie unterscheiden konnte. Deutliche Unterschiede ergaben sich jedoch in bezug auf eine inkorrekte präoperative Differenzierung: Nebennierenszintigraphie 29%, Nebennierenvenenaldosteron 3%, Nebennierenphlebographie 6% und Computer-Tomographie 0%. Der Prozentsatz der Patienten, bei denen aufgrund der Untersuchung keine Differenzierung zwischen den beiden Hauptgruppen des primären Aldosteronismus getroffen werden konnte, schwankte zwischen 0% bei Szintigraphie und 37% bei der Phlebographie (Nebennierenvenenaldosteron 26% und Computer-Tomographie 29%). Die Aussagefähigkeit sowohl der Szintigraphie als auch der Aldosteronbestimmung im Nebennierenvenenblut konnte durch die zusätzliche Gabe von Dexamethason nicht verbessert werden. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß beim primären Aldosteronismus die Aldosteronbestimmung im Nebennierenvenenblut, die Nebennierenszintigraphie sowie die Computer-Tomographie in ihrer diagnostischen Wertigkeit zur Differenzierung zwischen unilateralem Adenom und bilateraler Hyperplasie vergleichbar gut sind. Die Nebennierenszintigraphie ist jedoch durch einen relativ hohen Prozentsatz an falscher Klassifizierung der Nebennierenrindenläsion(en) belastet. Demgegenüber scheint sowohl die Aldosteronbestimmung im Nebennierenvenenblut als auch die Computer-Tomographie nur ein geringes Risiko an inkorrekter Differenzierung zwischen Adenom und Hyperplasie zu besitzen.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In primary aldosteronism the type of adrenal lesion was correctly identified in 28 of 40 patients (70%) by standard adrenal scintigraphy. Suppression scintigraphy did not improve the validity of the method. In all patients the diagnosis was confirmed by surgery (unilateral adenoma n=32; bilateral adrenal hyperplasia n=11). False classification of the adrenal lesion(s) by standard scintigraphy was mostly due to a bilateral adrenal isotopic uptake in patients with an unilateral aldosteronoma. However, a substantial number of these patients (6 of 11 patients) received long-term spironolactone treatment prior to the examination. Thus, in primary aldosteronism adrenal changes induced by chronic spironolactone administration are probably a major cause for incorrect differentiation between adenoma and hyperplasia by adrenal scintigraphy.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 51 (1947), S. 262-277 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 93 (1990), S. 434-444 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Cs(7P)+H2→CsH (X 1Σ+) (v‘=0,J‘)+H reaction has been studied in a crossed-beam experiment, with electronic excitation of Cs atoms and laser-induced fluorescence detection of CsH products. The Doppler technique has been applied to determine the center of mass angular scattering probability of CsH products, for all rotational levels between 1 and 14 (in v‘=0) and for various values of the collision energy between 0.03 and 0.13 eV. We have used two complementary arrangements of the analysis laser beam: With a "parallel'' arrangement (the laser beam is along the collision axis), the shape analysis of fluorescence profiles leads directly to the angular scattering probability but experimental constraints limit the range of measurements; with a "perpendicular'' arrangement (the laser beam is perpendicular to the collision plane), fluorescence profiles are symmetrical and "forward'' contributions cannot be separated from "backward'' ones. However, extensive shape analyses have been performed with this perpendicular arrangement, since the direction of scattering was determined earlier by recording several profiles with the parallel arrangement. For the title reaction, it is shown unambiguously that, in the center of mass, CsH products scatter preferentially at small angle, in the forward direction with respect to the Cs initial velocity. The angular scattering probability varies with the collision energy but is independent of the rotational level of the product molecule (thus of its recoil velocity). These results are compatible with the harpooning mechanism which was suggested for the reaction.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 95 (1991), S. 3347-3360 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Cs(7P)+H2→CsH(X 1Σ+)(v‘=0,J‘)+H harpooning reaction has been studied in a crossed-beam experiment, with electronic excitation of Cs atoms and laser-induced fluorescence detection of CsH products performed in a coherent saturation regime. Measurements of reactive cross sections have been achieved as a function of two parameters: The collision energy Ec (0.015≤Ec≤0.15 eV) and the rotational quantum number J‘ of CsH products (0≤J‘≤16, in v‘=0). For Ec=0.09 eV, the total reactive cross sections corresponding to the two 7P fine structure levels of Cs are σ(Cs(7P1/2)+H2)=4.2×10−16 cm2 and σ(Cs(7P3/2)+H2)=10−16 cm2. These cross sections are much smaller than expected for a harpooning reaction. This is interpreted from ab initio potential energy and quantal dynamics calculations which show that the efficiency of the photochemical reaction (Cs atoms in the 7P state) is limited by the quenching processes associated with the underlying potential energy surfaces connected with Cs atoms in the 6S, 6P, 5D, and 7S states. From the present measurements, one deduces that the rate of these quenching processes is larger than 90%. The rotational distributions of products in v‘=0 measured at two collision energies (Ec=0.045 and 0.09 eV) are close to "prior'' statistical distributions, with the same "surprisal.'' The energy dependence of rotationally resolved cross sections (J‘ fixed, Ec variable) confirms the reaction thresholds and shows that there is no potential barrier higher than 0.015 eV on the entrance valley and the exit valley of the reactive system; it is in agreement with the dependence predicted by hemiquantal dynamical calculations performed in the frame of a harpooning model. The uncertainty on the measurement of absolute cross sections is larger than 70%, but of the order of 20% for relative cross sections.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology 3 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1542-474X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study was designed to evaluate several alternative ECG measurements and provocative tests in order to identify markers for children with suspect congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS).〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉BackgroundA single QTc measurement on a resting ECG does not identify all children with LQTS. Alternative ECG measurements have been established for identification of LQTS patients, with varied degrees of accuracy. Additionally, findings of QT prolongation during exercise or catecholaminergic stimulation have been suggested as indicators for the presence of LQTS and associated arrhythmias.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsThe ECGs from 40 children with suspect congenital LQTS were compared with 1000 gender and age matched control patients. Complete exercise ECG studies were performed on 32 of the 40 suspect LQTS patients and compared with 29 controls. ECGs recorded during isoproterenol infusion were obtained in 9 suspect LQTS patients and compared with 44 matched control subjects.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsDuring exercise, the QTc was mildly prolonged in both groups, without a similar increase in JTc, suggesting prolongation of depolarization time. QT and JT dispersion shortened with exercise in control subjects, but not in the suspect LQTS patients. During isoproterenol infusion, the QTc and JTc are prolonged in the suspect LQTS group, without an increase in the control patients.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionsWe describe the ECG findings with provocative testing in patients in whom there is a clinical suspicion of LQTS, yet have a normal or borderline QTc. Exercise or isoproterenol may aid in identification of patients with congenital long QT syndrome.
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