Note: "A Bradford book." , Description based on print version record , Includes bibliographical references and index , Vision and mind

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyrights Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Ch. 1: Introduction -- Part I: Overview and Basic Concepts -- Ch. 2: Sampling Rare Populations -- Ch. 3: Separating Components of Detection Probablilit in Abundance Estimation -- Ch. 4: Indexes as Surrogates to Abundance for Low-Abundance Species -- Part II: Sampling Designs for Rare Species and Populations -- Ch. 5: Application of Adaptive Sampling to Biological Populations -- Ch. 6: Two-Phase Adaptive Stratified Sampling -- Ch. 7: Sequential Sampling for Rare or Geographically Clustered Populations -- Part III: Estimating Occupancy -- Ch. 8: Occupancy Estimation and Modeling for Rare and Elusive Populations -- Ch. 9: A Bayelisan Appraoch to Estimating Presence When a Species is Undetected -- Ch. 10: Searching for New Populations of Rare Plant Species in Remote Locations -- Part IV: Estimating Abundance, Density and other Parameters -- Ch. 11: Using Noninvasive Genetic Sampling to Detect and Estimate Abundance of Rare Wildlife Species -- Ch. 12: Photographic Sampling of Elusive Mammals in Tropical Forests -- Ch. 13: Using Probability Sampling of Animal Tracks in Snow to estimate Population Size -- Ch. 14: Sampling Rockfish Populations: Adaptive Sampling and Hydroacoustics -- Ch. 15: Survival Estimation in Bats: Historical Overview, Critical Appraisal, and Suggestions for New Approaches -- Ch. 16: Evaluating Methods for Monitoring Population of Mexican Spotted Owls: A Case Study -- Part V: The Future -- Ch. 17: Future Directions in Estimating Abundnace of Rare or Elusive Species -- Contributors -- Reviewers -- About the Editor.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: INTERFEROMETRY AND SYlNTHESIS IN RADIO ASTRONOMY -- CONTENT'S -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- 1 Introduction and Historical Review -- 1.1 Applications of Radio Interferometry -- 1.2 Basic Tenns and Definitions -- Cosmic Signals -- Source Positions and Nomenclature -- Receptiorl of Cosmic Signals -- 1.3 Development of Radio Interferometry -- Evolution of Synthesis Techniques -- Michelson Interferometer -- Early Two-Element Radio Interferometers -- Sea Interferometer -- Phase-Switching Interferometer -- Optical Identifications and Calibration Sources -- Early Measurements of Angular Width -- Survey Interferometers and the Mills Cross -- Centimeter-Wavelength Solar Mapping -- Measurements of Intensity Profiles -- Spectral Line Interferometry -- Earth-Rolation Synthesis Mapping -- Development of Synthesis Arrays -- Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry -- VLBI Using Orbiting Antennas -- 1.4 Quantum Effect -- 2 Introductory Theory of Interferometry and Synthesis Imaging -- 2.1 Planar Analysis -- 2.2 Effect of Bandwidth -- 2.3 One-Dimensional Source Synthesis -- Interferometer Response as a Convolution -- Convolution Theorem and Spatial Frequency -- Example of One-Dimensional Synthesis -- 2.4 Two-Dimensional Synthesis -- Projection-Slice Theorem -- 3 Analysis of the Interferometer Response -- 3.1 Fourier Transform Relationship between Intensity and Visibility -- 3.2 Cross-Correlation and the Wiener-Khinchin Relation -- 3.3 Basic Response of the Receiving System -- Antennas -- Filters -- Correlator -- Response to the Incident Radiation -- Appendix 3.1 Mathematical Representation of Noise-Like Signals -- Analytic Signal -- Truncated Function -- 4 Geometric Relationships and Polarimetry -- 4.1 Antenna Spacing Coordinates and (u, v) Loci -- 4.2 (u', v') Plane -- 4.3 Fringe Frequency -- 4.4 Visibility Frequencies. , 4.5 Calibration of the Baseline -- 4.6 Antenna Mounts -- 4.7 Beamwidth and Beam-Shape Effects -- 4.8 Polarimetry -- Parameters Defining Polarization -- Antenna Polarization Ellipse -- Stokes Visibilities -- Instrumental Polarization -- Matrix Formulation -- Calibration of Instrumental Polarization -- Appendix 4.1 Conversion Between Hour Angle-Declination and Azimuth-Elevation Coordinates -- Appendix 4.2 Leakage Parameters in Terms of the Polarization Ellipse -- Linear Polarization -- Circular Polarization -- 5 Antennas and Arrays -- 5. I Antennas -- 5.2 Sampling the Visibility Function -- Sampling Theorem -- Discrete Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform -- 5.3 Introductory Discussion of Arrays -- Phased Arrays and Correlator Arrays -- Spatial Sensitivity and the Spatial Transfer Function -- Meter-Wavelength Cross and T Arrays -- 5.4 Spatial Transfer Function of a Tracking Array -- Desirable Characteristics of the Spatial Transfer Function -- Holes in the Spatial Frequency Coverage -- 5.5 Linear Tracking Arrays -- 5.6 Two-Dimensional Tracking Arrays -- Open-Ended Configurations -- Closed Configurations -- VLBI Configurations -- Orbiting VLBI Antennas -- Planar Arrays -- 5.7 Conclusions on Antenna Configurations -- 5.8 Other Considerations -- Sensitivity -- Long Wavelengths -- Millimeter Wavelengths -- 6 Response of the Receiving System -- 6.1 Frequency Conversion, Fringe Rotation, and Complex Correlators -- Frequency Conversion -- Response of a Single-Sideband System -- Upper-Sideband Reception -- Lower-Sideband Reception -- Multiple Frequency Conversions -- Delay Tracking and Fringe Rotation -- Simple and Complex Correlators -- Response of a Double-Sideband System -- Double-Sideband System with Multiple Frequency Conversions -- Fringe Stopping in a Double-Sideband System -- Relative Advantages of Double- and Single-Sideband Systems. , Sideband Separation -- 6.2 Response to the Noise -- Signal and Noise Processing in the Correlator -- Noise in the Measurement of Complex Visibility -- Signal-to-Noise Ratio in a Synthesized Map -- Noise in Visibility Amplitude and Phase -- Relative Sensitivities of Different Interferometer Systems -- System Temperature Parameter α -- 6.3 Effect of Bandwidth -- Mapping in the Continuum Mode -- Wide-Field Mapping with a Multichannel System -- 6.4 Effect of Visibility Averaging -- Visibility Averaging Time -- Effect of Time Averaging -- Appendix 6.1 Partial Rejection of a Sideband -- 7 Design of the Analog Receiving System -- 7. I Principal Subsystems of the Receiving Electronics -- Low-Noise Input Stages -- Noise Temperature Measurement -- Local Oscillator -- IF and Signal Transmission Subsystems -- Optical Fiber Transmission -- Delay and Correlator Subsystems -- 7.2 Local Oscillator and General Considerations of Phase Stability -- Round-Trip Phase Measuring Schemes -- Swarup and Yang System -- Frequency-Offset Round-Trip System -- Automatically Correcting System -- Fiberoptic Transmission of LO Signals -- Phase-Locked Loops and Reference Frequencies -- Phase Stability of Filters -- Effect of Phase Errors -- 7.3 Frequency Responses of the Signal Channels -- Optimum Response -- Tolerances on Variation of the Frequency Response: Degradation of Sensitivity -- Tolerances on Variation of the Frequency Response: Gain Errors -- Delay-Setting Tolerances -- Implementation of Bandpass Tolerances -- 7.4 Polarization Mismatch Errors -- 7.5 Phase Switching -- Reduction of Response to Spurious Signals -- Implementation of Phase Switching -- Interaction of Phase Switching with Fringe Rotation and Delay Adjustment -- 7.6 Automatic Level Control and Gain Calibration -- Appendix 7.1 Sideband-Separating Mixer -- Appendix 7.2 Dispersion in Optical Fiber. , 8 Digital Signal Processing -- 8.1 Bivariate Gaussian Probability Distribution -- 8.2 Periodic Sampling -- Nyquist Rate -- Correlation of Sampled but Unquantized Waveforms -- 8.3 Sampling with Quantization -- Two-Level Quantization -- Four-Level Quantization -- Three-Level Quantization -- Quantization with Eight or More Levels -- Quantization Correction -- Comparison of Quantization Schemes -- System Sensitivity -- 8.4 Accuracy in Digital Sampling -- Principal Causes of Error -- Tolerances in Three-Level Sampling -- 8.5 Digital Delay Circuits -- 8.6 Quadrature Phase Shift of a Digital Signal -- 8.7 Digital Correlators -- Correlators for Continuum Observations -- Principles of Digital Spectral Measurements -- Lag (XF) Correlator -- FX Correlator -- Comparison of Lag and FX Correlators -- Hybrid Correlator -- Demultiplexing in Broadband Correlators -- Appendix 8.1 Evaluation of ∑ R² (qrs) -- Appendix 8.2 Probability Integral for Two-Level Quantization -- Appendix 8.3 Correction for Four-Level Quantization -- 9 Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry -- 9.1 Early Development -- 9.2 Differences Between VLBI and Conventional Interferometry -- 9.3 Basic Performance of a VLBI System -- Time and Frequency Errors -- Retarded Baselines -- Noise in VLBI Observations -- Probability of Error in the Signal Search -- Coherent and Incoherent Averaging -- 9.4 Fringe Fitting for a Multielement Array -- Global Fringe Fitting -- Relative Performance of Fringe Detection Methods -- Triple Product, or Bispectrum -- Fringe Searching with a Multielement Array -- Multielement Array with Incoherent Averaging -- 9.5 Phase Stability and Atomic Frequency Standards -- Analysis of Phase Fluctuations -- Oscillator Coherence Time -- Precise Frequency Standards -- Rubidium and Cesium Standards -- Hydrogen Maser Frequency Standard -- Local Oscillator Stability -- Phase Calibration System. , Time Synchronization -- 9.6 Recording Systems -- 9.7 Processing Systems and Algorithms -- Fringe Rotation Loss (ηR) -- Fringe Sideband Rejection Loss (ηs) -- Discrete Delay Step Loss (ηD) -- Summary of Processing Losses -- 9.8 Bandwidth Synthesis -- Burst Mode Observing -- 9.9 Phased arrays as VLBI Elements -- 9.10 Orbiting VLBI (OVLBI) -- 10 Calibration and Fourier Transformation of Visibility Data -- 10.1 Calibration of the Visibility -- Corrections for Calculable or Directly Monitored Effects -- Use of Calibration Sources -- 10.2 Derivation of Intensity from Visibility -- Mapping by Direct Fourier Transformation -- Weighting of the Visibility Data -- Mapping by Discrete Fourier Transformation -- Convolving Functions and Aliasing -- Aliasing and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio -- 10.3 Closure Relationships -- 10.4 Model Fitling -- Basic Considerations for Models -- Cosmic Background Anisotropy -- 10.5 Spectral Line Observations -- General Considerations -- VLBI Observations of Spectral Lines -- Variation of Spatial Frequency over the Bandwidth -- Accuracy of Spectral Line Measurements -- Presentation and Analysis of Spectral Line Observations -- 10.6 Miscellaneous Considerations -- Interpretation of Measured Intensity -- Errors in Maps -- Hints on Planning and Reduction of Observations -- Appendix 10.1 The Edge of the Moon as a Calibration Source -- Appendix 10.2 Doppler Shift of Spectral Lines -- Appendix 10.3 Historical Notes -- Maps from One-Dimensional Profiles -- Analog Fourier Transformation -- 11 Deconvolution, Aldaptive Calibration, and Applications -- 11.1 Limitation of Spatial Frequency Coverage -- 11.2 The Clean Deconvolution Algorithm -- CLEAN Algorithm -- Implementation and Performance of the CLEAN Algorithm -- 11.3 Maximum Entropy Method -- MEM Algorithm -- Comparison of CLEAN and MEM -- Other Deconvolution Procedures. , 11.4 Adaptive Calibration and Mapping With Amplitude Data Only.

Note: Lecture Notes in Computer Science -- Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware -- Copyright -- Preface -- Organization -- Table of Contents -- Automatic Synthesis, Placement, and Routing of an Amplifier Circuit by Means of Genetic Programming -- Immunotronics : Hardware Fault Tolerance Inspired by the Immune System -- Ant Colony System for the Design of Combinational Logic Circuits -- Evolving Cellular Automata for Self-Testing Hardware -- Dynamic Optimisation of Non-linear Feed-Forward Circuits -- From the Sea to the Sidewalk: The Evolution of Hexapod Walking Gaits by a Genetic Algorithm -- Experiments in Evolvable Filter Design using Pulse Based Programmable Analogue VLSI Models -- The Intrinsic Evolution of Virtex Devices Through Internet Reconfigurable Logic -- Evolution of Controllers from a High-Level Simulator to a High DOF Robot -- The Evolution of 3-d C.A. to Perform a Collective Behavior Task -- Initial Evaluation of an Evolvable Microwave Circuit -- Towards an Artificial Pinna for a Narrow-Band Biomimetic Sonarhead -- Towards a Silicon Primordial Soup: A Fast Approach to Hardware Evolution with a VLSI Transistor Array -- Understanding Inherent Qualities of Evolved Circuits: Evolutionary History as a Predictor of Fault Tolerance -- Comparison between Three Heuristic Algorithms to Repair a Large-Scale MIMD Computer -- A Hardware Implementation of an Embryonic Architecture Using Virtex® FPGAs -- Everything on the Chip: A Hardware-Based Self-Contained Spatially-Structured Genetic Algorithm for Signal Processing -- Evolutionary Techniques in Physical Robotics -- Biology Meets Electronics: the Path to a Bio-Inspired FPGA -- The Design and Implementation of Custom Architectures for Evolvable Hardware Using Off-the-Shelf Programmable Devices -- Mixtrinsic Evolution -- Evolution of Robustness in an Electronics Design. , Circuit Evolution and Visualisation -- Evolutionary Robots with Fast Adaptive Behavior in New Environments -- The Advantages of Landscape Neutrality in Digital Circuit Evolution -- Genetic Algorithm-Based Design Methodology for Pattern Recognition Hardware -- A Flexible Model of a CMOS Field Programmable Transistor Array Targeted for Hardware Evolution -- Author Index.

Note: Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 The risk assessor as the customer, K. Clive Thompson and C. Paul Nathanail -- 1.1 Analysis issues -- 1.2 Definition of analysis -- 1.3 Quality issues in contaminated land analysis -- 1.3.1 Background -- 1.3.2 ISO 17025 -- 1.3.3 The six valid analytical measurement (VAM) principles -- 1.3.4 MCERTS -- 1.4 Sampling point frequency considerations -- 1.5 Sample pre-treatment issues -- 1.6 Analysis method requirements -- 1.7 Measurement uncertainty -- 1.8 Proficiency schemes -- 1.9 New areas of analysis -- 1.9.1 Organic carbon -- 1.9.2 Partition coefficients (Kd values) -- 1.9.3 Bioavailability and bioaccessibility -- Note -- References -- Publications relevant to the CLR R& -- D programme -- 2 The requirements of the analytical method, David Westwood -- 2.1 Need for fully documented and properly validated methods -- 2.2 Current regimes -- 2.3 How to validate international, national and individual laboratory methods -- 2.4 Quality control - quality assurance -- 2.5 Prescribed method versus minimum performance characteristics approach -- 2.6 Proficiency testing for contaminated soil analysis -- 2.7 Reference materials -- References -- 3 Initial sample preparation, Mark Allen -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 An overview of initial sample preparation -- 3.2.1 Receipt of samples by the laboratory -- 3.2.2 Pre-preparation -- 3.2.3 Coarse comminution -- 3.2.4 Sieving for preparation purposes -- 3.2.5 Homogenisation -- 3.2.6 Sub-sampling -- 3.2.7 Fine comminution -- 3.2.8 Finishing -- 3.2.9 Comminution of vegetation -- 3.3 Processes and problems -- 3.3.1 Contamination from preparation equipment -- 3.3.2 Cross-contamination -- 3.3.3 Sub-sampling bias -- 3.3.4 Sub-sampling bias caused by sieving operations -- 3.3.5 Loss of fine particulates, volatile and labile components. , 3.4 Quality control -- 3.5 Good laboratory practice in initial sample preparation -- 3.5.1 Health and safety -- 3.5.2 Provisional protocols -- References -- 4 Metal analysis, Patrick Thomas -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General discussion -- 4.2.1 Overview of digestion methods -- 4.2.2 Dry ashing -- 4.2.3 Wet digestion -- 4.2.4 Heating devices -- 4.3 Overview of instrumental methods of analysis -- 4.3.1 What is atomic absorption? -- 4.3.2 Flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.3.3 Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.3.4 Hydride generation atomic absorption and fluorescence methods -- 4.3.5 Cold vapour atomic absorption and fluorescence methods for mercury -- 4.4 What is atomic emission spectrometry? -- 4.4.1 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry -- 4.5 What is inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry? -- 4.6 How to select the proper technique? -- 4.7 Overview of trace element speciation -- References -- 5 Analysis of inorganic parameters, George E. Rayment, Ross Sadler, Andrew Craig, Barry Noller and Barry Chiswell -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electrical conductivity -- 5.2.1 Soil:water extract -- 5.2.2 EC measurement and reporting -- 5.3 pH -- 5.3.1 pH of 1:5 soil/water suspension (pHw) -- 5.3.2 pH of 1:5 soil/0.01 M calcium chloride extract (pHc) -- 5.3.3 pH of 1:5 soil/1 M potassium chloride extract (pHK) -- 5.3.4 pH of sodium fluoride suspension (pHF) -- 5.3.5 pH of hydrogen peroxide extract (pHHO) -- 5.3.5.1 Procedure -- 5.3.6 d pH -- 5.4 Redox potential -- 5.4.1 Summary -- 5.4.2 Capacity factor (Poise) -- 5.4.3 Usefulness of pe -- 5.4.4 Measurement of soil redox and electrodes -- 5.5 Water soluble chloride -- 5.5.1 Chloride - 1:5 soil/water extract, ion chromatography (chemical suppression of eluent conductivity -- 5.6 Water soluble boron -- 5.6.1 Hot water extractable soil B -- 5.7 Sulfur. , 5.7.1 Total sulfur - X-ray fluorescence -- 5.7.1.1 Preparation of standard pellets -- 5.7.1.2 Preparation of soil pellets -- 5.7.1.3 Analysis -- 5.7.2 Pyrite and other iron disulfides and acid volatile sulfides (chromium reducible sulfur) -- 5.7.2.1 Procedure -- 5.7.2.2 Calculation of the chromium reducible sulfur content -- 5.7.3 Water extractable sulfur - ICPAES -- 5.7.4 Water extractable sulfate-sulfur - ion chromatography (chemical suppression of eluent condu... -- 5.8 Cyanides, thiocyanates and cyanates -- 5.8.1 Cyanides -- 5.8.2 Thiocyanates -- 5.8.3 Cyanates -- 5.8.4 Standard digestion procedures and free cyanide -- 5.8.5 Speciation techniques for metallo-cyanide complexes -- 5.8.5.1 Ion chromatography -- 5.8.5.2 Atomic absorption spectrometry -- 5.8.5.3 Capillary zone electrophoresis -- 5.8.6 Determination of other cyanide compounds in soil -- 5.9 Asbestos -- 5.9.1 Introduction - the asbestos minerals and their uses -- 5.9.2 The health effects of asbestos -- 5.9.3 Common building materials and products that contained asbestos -- 5.9.4 Common asbestos containing materials that may be found in contaminated land sites -- 5.9.5 Encountering asbestos containing materials during a site investigation or redevelopment -- 5.9.6 The packaging of suspected asbestos containing materials for transportation to a testing laboratory -- 5.9.7 Choosing a suitable testing laboratory -- 5.9.8 Analysis of suspect asbestos containing materials -- 5.9.9 Achievable laboratory detection limits and interpretation of results -- 5.9.9.1 Bulk materials -- 5.9.9.2 Soil materials -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- 6 Petroleum hydrocarbons and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, Jim Farrell-Jones -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Chemical characteristics -- 6.1.2 Architecture of organic molecules -- 6.1.3 Aromatics -- 6.1.4 Chemical composition of petroleum. , 6.1.4.1 Product characteristics -- 6.1.4.2 Gasoline (called petrol in the UK) -- 6.1.4.3 Aviation gasoline -- 6.1.4.4 Jet fuels -- 6.1.4.5 Kerosene - domestic heating fuel -- 6.1.4.6 Diesel fuel -- 6.1.4.7 Fuel oils -- 6.1.4.8 Lubricating oils -- 6.2 Environmental fate of petroleum products -- 6.3 Factors influencing the analytical process -- 6.3.1 Collection and preservation -- 6.3.2 Sample extraction -- 6.3.2.1 Soxhlet -- 6.3.2.2 Manual shake -- 6.3.2.3 Accelerated solvent extraction -- 6.3.2.4 Microwave -- 6.3.2.5 Thermal extraction and static headspace -- 6.3.2.6 Purge and trap (dynamic headspace) -- 6.3.3 Concentration of sample extract -- 6.3.3.1 Sorbant/cryogenic trapping -- 6.3.3.2 Snyder column -- 6.3.3.3 Kuderna-Danish concentrator (K-D concentrator) -- 6.3.3.4 Nitrogen evaporation -- 6.3.3.5 Vacuum -- 6.3.4 Clean-up of sample -- 6.3.4.1 Removal of non-petroleum species -- 6.3.4.2 Isolation of particular species -- 6.3.4.3 Concentration of particular analytes -- 6.3.5 Measurement -- 6.3.5.1 Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) -- 6.3.5.2 Petroleum group type analysis (not suitable for risk estimation) -- 6.3.5.3 Individual compound analysis -- 6.4 Total petroleum hydrocarbons: a detailed method review -- 6.4.1 Gas chromatography -- 6.4.1.1 Gasoline range organics (GRO) -- 6.4.1.2 Diesel range organics -- 6.4.1.3 Total petroleum hydrocarbons -- 6.4.2 Infrared spectroscopy (IR) TPH -- 6.4.3 Gravimetric TPH methods -- 6.4.4 Immunoassay TPH methods -- 6.5 Petroleum group type analysis (detailed review) -- 6.5.1 Thin layer chromatography (Iatroscan™ method) -- 6.5.2 Speciated group type TPH -- 6.6 Individual compound analysis -- 6.7 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- 6.7.1 Structure -- 6.7.2 Sources -- 6.7.3 Carcinogenic nature -- 6.7.4 Methods of analysis -- 6.7.4.1 Screening test kits -- 6.7.4.2 Gravimetric. , 6.7.4.3 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) -- 6.7.4.4 High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) -- 6.7.4.5 Gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) -- 6.7.4.6 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) -- Abbreviations -- Glossary of terms -- Bibliography -- Editors' note -- 7 Volatile organic compounds, Sue Owen and Peter Whittle -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Presence of VOCs in soil -- 7.3 Sampling and sub-sampling -- 7.3.1 Artefacts -- 7.4 Methods of analysis -- 7.4.1 Methanol extraction -- 7.4.2 Head-space -- 7.4.3 Purge and trap -- 7.4.4 Direct aqueous injection -- 7.5 Chromatography -- 7.5.1 Capillary columns -- 7.6 Detectors and quantitation -- 7.6.1 Mass spectrometric detection (MS) -- 7.6.2 Flame ionisation detector (FID) -- 7.6.3 Electron capture detector (ECD) -- 7.6.4 Electrolytic conductivity detector (ELCD) -- 7.6.5 Photo-ionisation detector (PID) -- 7.6.6 Standards and quantitation -- 7.7 Screening techniques -- 7.7.1 Qualitative analysis -- 7.7.2 Semi-quantitative analysis -- 7.8 Specific groupings -- References -- Commonly used groupings for analysing VOC samples -- 8 Non-halogenated organic compounds including semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), Joop Harmsen and Paul Frintrop -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Extraction -- 8.2.1 Presence of organic compounds in soil -- 8.2.1.1 Soxhlet -- 8.2.1.2 Shaking (agitation) procedure -- 8.2.1.3 Pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) -- 8.2.1.4 Super critical fluid extraction (SFE) -- 8.2.2 Pre-treatment in relation to extraction -- 8.3 Screening or quantitative determination -- 8.3.1 Group parameters -- 8.4 The bioavailable fraction -- 8.5 Detection, identification and quantification -- 8.5.1 Detection -- 8.5.2 Identification -- 8.5.3 Quantification -- 8.6 Examples -- 8.6.1 Group parameters for organo-halogens -- 8.6.2 Phthalates -- 8.6.3 Organotin compounds. , 8.6.4 More polar herbicides and pesticides.

Note: Cover -- Title -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Copyright -- Contents -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER ONE Arabian Origins -- CHAPTER TWO Building on the Shield -- CHAPTER THREE Collision with Asia -- CHAPTER FOUR Man upon the Scene -- CHAPTER FIVE From Stone to Bronze -- CHAPTER SIX Coast to Coast -- INDEX -- BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Notes on contributors -- INTRODUCTION: THE ROOTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSCIOUSNESS -- 1 THE ENGLISH, THE TREES, THE WILD AND THE GREEN -- 2 ANIMALS, CHILDREN AND PEASANTS IN TUSCANY -- 3 NARRATING NATURE -- 4 WHEN THE WATER COMES -- 5 'OUR LAND IS OUR ONLY WEALTH' -- 6 USING COMMUNITY MEMORY AGAINST THE ONSLAUGHT OF DEVELOPMENT -- 7 SIGNS OF THINGS TO COME -- 8 THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT IN KAZAKSTAN -- 9 PATHS TO ECOFEMINIST ACTIVISM -- 10 PATHWAYS TO THE AMAZON -- REVIEWS -- 'Not otherwise touchable somehow': ecocriticism and literature Jeff Wallace -- Archetypal history: Simon Schama's Landscape and Memory -- Name index -- Subject index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Laser snapshots of molecular motions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The interaction of intense femtosecond laser light with molecules -- 1.3 Femtosecond lasers -- 1.4 Femtosecond spectroscopy of molecular dynamics -- 1.4.1 Ultrafast molecular fragmentation -- 1.4.2 Ultrafast molecular collisions -- 1.4.3 Many-body effects on ultrafast dynamics -- 1.5 What else and what next? A speculative prognosis -- 1.5.1 Attosecond laser pulses -- 1.5.2 Coherent control of molecular dynamics -- 1.6 Further reading -- 2 Enzymology takes a quantum leap forward -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Enzyme catalysis in the classical world -- 2.3 A role for protein dynamics in classical transfers -- 2.4 Wave-particle duality and the concept of tunnelling -- 2.5 Electron tunnelling in proteins -- 2.6 Transition state theory and corrections for hydrogen tunnelling -- 2.7 Hydrogen tunnelling driven by protein dynamics -- 2.8 Experimental demonstration of vibration-driven tunnelling -- 2.9 Significance of hydrogen tunnelling in enzymes -- 2.10 Enzymology in the future -- 2.11 Further reading -- 3 World champion chemists: people versus computers -- 3.1 Further reading -- 4 Chemistry on the inside: green chemistry in mesoporous materials -- 4.1 Green chemistry -- 4.2 New mesoporous materials -- 4.3 Applications -- 4.4 Future prospects -- 4.5 Further reading -- 5 Diamond thin films: a twenty-first century material -- 5.1 The diamond in history -- 5.2 Chemical vapour deposition -- 5.3 Methods for production of CVD diamond -- 5.4 The chemistry of CVD diamond growth -- 5.5 The substrate material -- 5.6 Nucleation -- 5.7 The CVD diamond film -- 5.8 Applications -- 5.8.1 Cutting tools -- 5.8.2 Thermal management -- 5.8.3 Optics -- 5.8.4 Electronic devices -- 5.8.5 Field emission displays -- 5.8.6 Electrochemical sensors. , 5.8.7 Composite reinforcement -- 5.8.8 Particle detectors -- 5.9 Summary -- 5.10 Further reading -- 6 The secret of Nature's microscopic patterns -- 6.1 The biology of microarchitecture and self-assembly -- 6.1.1 Message and machinery -- 6.1.2 The inertia of natural patterns -- 6.1.3 Mimicking and modelling nature -- 6.2 Consideration of colloidal interactions and self-assembly -- 6.2.1 The unexpected behaviour of tiny objects -- 6.2.2 Creating pattern from instability -- 6.3 Synthetic self-assembled architecture and evolutionary implications -- 6.3.1 An experimental example -- 6.3.2 Of patterns and species -- 6.4 Future applications of biocolloid self-assembly -- 6.5 Further reading -- 7 Skeletal structure: synthesis of mechanics and cell biology -- 7.1 Introduction and historical background -- 7.2 Form and function in bone -- 7.2.1 Bone structure -- 7.2.2 Cells and matrix -- 7.2.3 Bone growth and maintenance -- 7.3 Mechanical regulation of bone structure -- 7.3.1 Adaptation experiments -- 7.3.2 Modelling -- 7.3.3 Imaging -- 7.4 Visions for the future -- 7.5 Further reading -- 8 The making of the virtual heart -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Martians and the Highway Code -- 8.2 The need for computational modelling in bio-medical research -- 8.2.1 What can we learn from Martians? -- 8.2.2 Combined opposites -- 8.3 The Physiome Project -- 8.3.1 The vision -- 8.3.2 The route -- 8.3.3 The tools -- 8.4 The virtual heart -- 8.4.1 Science or fiction? -- 8.4.2 Single cell models -- 8.4.3 Organ models -- 8.4.4 Simulating the ECG -- 8.4.5 Summary: The virtual heart -- 8.5 The utility of virtual organs -- 8.5.1 Added value for research -- 8.5.2 Added value for drug and device development -- 8.5.3 Added value for society -- 8.6 Further reading -- 9 Exploring human organs with computers -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Making cars -- 9.3 Designing drugs. , 9.4 Bone and skin -- 9.5 Cell interactions -- 9.6 The heart -- 9.7 An ear model -- 9.8 The next 10 years -- 9.9 The year 2020 -- 9.10 The year 2050 -- 9.11 Further reading -- 10 Reverse engineering the human mind -- 10.1 Further reading -- Contributor biographies -- Index.