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  • 1
    Keywords: Environmental Remediation ; Forensic Sciences methods ; Environmental Pollutants analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Electronic books ; Umweltwissenschaften ; Forensik
    Description / Table of Contents: This exciting book gives an overview of environmental forensics and related topics with contributions from worldwide experts, 'Environmental forensics' is a combination of analytical and environmental chemistry, which is useful in the court room context. It therefore involves field analytical studies and both data interpretation and modelling connected with the attribution of pollution events to their causes. Recent decades have seen a burgeoning of legislation designed to protect the environment and, as the costs of environmental damage and clean-up are considerable, not only are there prosecutions by regulatory agencies, but the courts are also used as a means of adjudication of civil damage claims relating to environmental causes or environmental degradation. As a result is the increasing number of prosecutions of companies who have breached regulations for environmental protection and in civil claims relating to harm caused by excessive pollutant releases to the environment. Such cases can become extremely protracted as expert witnesses provide their sometimes conflicting interpretations of environmental measurement data and their meaning. It is in this context that environmental forensics is developing as a specialism, leading to greater formalisation of investigative methods which should lead to more definitive findings and less scope for experts to disagree. Now a significant subject in its own right, at least one journal devoted to the field and a number of degree courses have sprung up. As a result of the topicality and rapid growth of the subject area, is the publication of this book - the 26th volume in the highly acclaimed Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Series. This volume contains authoritative articles by a number of the leading practitioners across the globe in the environmental forensics field and aims to cover some of the main techniques and areas to which environmental forensics are being applied. The content is comprehensive and describes a number of the key areas within environmental forensics - topics covered by the authors include: - Source identification issues - Microbial techniques - Metal contamination and methods of assigning liability - The use of isotopes to determine sources and their applications - Molecular biological methods - Hydrocarbon fingerprinting techniques - Oil chemistry and key compound identification - The emerging role of environmental forensics in groundwater pollution Additionally, the volume considers specific pollutants and long-lived pollutants of groundwater such as halocarbons which have presented particular problems and which are described in some depth, as well as the way in which chemical degradation processes can lead to compositional changes which provide valuable information. The book provides a comprehensive overview of many of the key areas of environmental forensics written by some of the leading experts in the field. It will be both of specialist use to those seeking expert insights into the field and its capabilities as well as of more general interest to those involved in both environmental analytical science and environmental law
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    ISBN: 9780854049578
    Series Statement: Issues in environmental science and technology 26
    Language: English
    Note: Chapter 1: Environmental Forensics and the Importance of Source Identification-- Chapter 2: Microbial Techniques for Environmental Forensics-- Chapter 3: Using Stable Isotopes to Determine Sources-- Chapter 4: Diagnostic Compounds for Fingerprinting Petroleum in the Environment-- Chapter 5: Perchlorate: Is Nature the Main Manufacturer-- Chapter 6: Tracking Chlorinated Solvents in the Environment-- Chapter 7: Groundwater Pollution: The Emerging Role of Environmental Forensics--.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La Vergne :RSC,
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: An in-depth introduction to the chemical processes influencing the atmosphere, freshwaters, salt waters and soils.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (375 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781847557780
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La Vergne :RSC,
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: An up-to-date discussion of the development of alternatives to animal testing, ideal for professionals and academics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (137 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781847552457
    Series Statement: ISSN Series
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La Vergne :RSC,
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Comprehensive coverage of urban air pollution from sources through atmospheric processes, to human exposure and effects on health and the policy response.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (163 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781847559654
    Series Statement: ISSN Series
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La Vergne :Royal Society of Chemistry, The,
    Keywords: Air - Pollution - Health aspects. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Comprehensive coverage of urban air pollution from sources through atmospheric processes, to human exposure and effects on health and the policy response.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (163 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781847559654
    Series Statement: Issn Series
    DDC: 363.7392091732
    Language: English
    Note: Air Quality in Urban Environments -- Contents -- Urban Air Pollution Climates throughout the World -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Emission and Formation of Urban Air Pollution -- 1.2 Urban Pollution Levels and Indicators -- 2 Sources in the Vicinity of the City -- 3 Impact of the Geography, Topography and Meteorology -- 3.1 Geography -- 3.2 Topography -- 3.3 Meteorology -- 4 Pollutant Dispersion in Urban Streets (see also chapter by Salmond and McKendry) -- 5 Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution in Urban Areas (see also chapter by Bloss) -- 6 Particle Pollution in Urban Areas -- 6.1 Particle Mass Concentrations -- 6.2 Particle Number Concentrations -- 6.3 Importance of Measurement Location -- 6.4 Contribution from Natural Processes -- 7 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Urban Areas -- 7.1 Sources and Emissions -- 7.2 Sampling Artefacts -- 7.3 Long Range Transport -- 7.4 Future Requirements -- 8 Trace Elements, including Heavy Metals in Urban Areas -- 8.1 Heavy Metals -- 8.2 Trace Elements -- 8.3 Recommendations for Modelling -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Influences of Meteorology on Air Pollution Concentrations and Processes in Urban Areas -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Polluted Urban Atmosphere -- 3 The Urban Canopy Layer -- 3.1 Emissions, Intra-Urban Variability and Data Sources -- 3.2 Flow Patterns within the Urban Canopy Layer -- 3.3 Street Canyons -- 3.4 Vertical Exchange Processes: Coupling the UCL to the UBL -- 4 Larger Scale Processes Affecting Urban Air Pollution -- 4.1 Mesoscale Flows -- 4.2 Regional Transport -- 4.3 Synoptic Scales -- 4.4 Global Scales and "Chemical Weather" -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Atmospheric Chemical Processes of Importance in Cities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Emissions in the City Environment -- 3 Dynamic Considerations -- 4 Gas-phase Chemical Processing -- 4.1 NOx-Ozone Interactions. , 4.2 Oxidant Radicals and Ozone Production -- 4.3 Night-Time Processes -- 4.4 Timescales of Ozone Production -- 4.5 Analysis of Ozone Sources -- 4.6 Limits on Ozone Production: NOx-Limited and VOC-Limited -- 5 Modifications Particular to the Urban Environment -- 5.1 Radical Sources -- 5.2 VOC Speciation and Abundance -- 5.3 Primary Emissions of NO2 -- 6 Particulate Phase Chemistry -- 6.1 Chemical Composition -- 6.2 Secondary Particle Formation -- 6.3 Other Impacts of Aerosol -- 7 Modelling Urban Atmospheric Chemistry -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Air Pollution in Underground Railway Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physical and Chemical Properties -- 2.1 Particle Mass and Number Concentrations -- 2.2 Time Variation -- 2.3 Chemical Composition -- 2.4 Size Distributions -- 2.5 Morphology and Speciation -- 3 Emission Sources -- 4 Consequences for Human Health -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Human Exposure: Indoor and Outdoor -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characteristics of Outdoor and Indoor Exposure -- 2.1 Outdoor Exposure -- 2.2 Indoor Exposure -- 2.3 Time-Activity Patterns -- 2.4 Indoor-Outdoor Relationships -- 3 Exposure Assessment -- 3.1 Exposure Monitoring -- 3.1.1 Monitoring Networks -- 3.1.2 Personal Monitoring -- 3.1.3 Biomonitoring -- 3.2 Exposure Modelling -- 3.2.1 Proximity and Buffer Zone Models -- 3.2.2 Dispersion and Photochemical Air Quality Models -- 3.2.3 Geostatistical Interpolation and Land-Use Regression Models -- 3.2.4 Receptor-Oriented Models -- 3.2.5 Time-Activity (or Micro-Environmental) Modelling -- 3.3 Modelling Uncertainty -- 4 Evidence from Personal Exposure Surveys in Urban Areas -- 4.1 North American Studies -- 4.2 European Studies -- 5 Role of Exposure Assessment in Regulatory Control of Air Pollution -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Health Effects of Urban Pollution -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Exposure to Air Pollutants -- 3 Epidemiological Approaches -- 3.1 Time-Series Studies -- 3.2 Intervention Studies -- 3.3 Cohort Studies -- 4 Particulate Matter -- 5 Nitrogen Dioxide -- 6 Sulfur Dioxide -- 7 Ozone -- 8 Carbon Monoxide -- 9 Carcinogenic Air Pollutants found in Urban Areas -- References -- The Policy Response to Improving Urban Air Quality -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Policy and the Evidence Base after the Smog Episodes of 1952 and 1962 -- 3 The Development of Strategies in the UK and Europe -- 4 Policy Instruments which Reduce Emissions -- 5 Future Developments in Air Quality Management Policies -- 5.1 Exposure Reduction -- 5.2 Links and Co-benefits with Climate Change Policies -- Disclaimer -- References -- Subject Index.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La Vergne :RSC,
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: As an up-to-date and authoritative summary of the state of this highly complex science, this book will be welcomed by all practitioners and researchers in the field.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (138 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781847550354
    Series Statement: ISSN Series
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La Vergne :Royal Society of Chemistry, The,
    Keywords: Ciencias sociales -- Cuba -- Publicaciones periódicas. ; Historia -- Cuba -- Publicaciones periódicas. ; Cultura -- Cuba -- Publicaciones periódicas. ; Humanities -- Cuba -- Periodicals. ; History -- Periodicals. ; Culture -- Periodicals. ; Libros electronicos. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: An in-depth introduction to the chemical processes influencing the atmosphere, freshwaters, salt waters and soils.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (375 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781847557780
    DDC: 551.9
    Language: English
    Note: Principles of Environmental Chemistry -- Contents -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction -- 1.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES -- 1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL PROCESSES -- 1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS -- 1.4 UNITS OF CONCENTRATION -- 1.4.1 Atmospheric Chemistry -- 1.4.2 Soils and Waters -- 1.5 THE ENVIRONMENT AS A WHOLE -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2 Chemistry of the Atmosphere -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 SOURCES OF TRACE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE -- 2.3 INITIATION OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY BY LIGHT -- 2.4 TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY -- 2.5 TROPOSPHERIC OXIDATION CHEMISTRY -- 2.5.1 Nitrogen Oxides and the Photostationary State -- 2.5.2 Production and Destruction of Ozone -- 2.5.3 Role of Hydrocarbons -- 2.5.4 Urban Chemistry -- 2.6 NIGHT-TIME OXIDATION CHEMISTRY -- 2.7 OZONE-ALKENE CHEMISTRY -- 2.8 SULFUR CHEMISTRY -- 2.9 HALOGEN CHEMISTRY -- 2.9.1 Tropospheric Halogens and Catalytic Destruction of Ozone -- 2.10 STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY -- 2.10.1 The Antarctic Ozone Hole -- 2.11 SUMMARY -- QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3 Chemistry of Freshwaters -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF AQUATIC CHEMISTRY -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Dissolution/Precipitation Reactions -- 3.2.3 Complexation Reactions in Freshwaters -- 3.2.4 Species Distribution in Freshwaters -- 3.2.5 Modelling Aquatic Systems -- 3.3 CASE STUDIES -- 3.3.1 Acidification -- 3.3.2 Metals and Metalloids in Water -- 3.3.3 Historical Pollution Records and Perturbatory Processes in Lakes -- 3.3.4 Nutrients in Water and Sediments -- 3.3.5 Organic Matter and Organic Chemicals in Water -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- FURTHER READING -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4 Chemistry of the Oceans -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.1.1 The Ocean as a Biogeochemical Environment -- 4.1.2 Properties of Water and Seawater -- 4.1.3 Salinity Concepts -- 4.1.4 Oceanic Circulation -- 4.2 SEAWATER COMPOSITION AND CHEMISTRY -- 4.2.1 Major Constituents. , 4.2.2 Dissolved Gases -- 4.2.3 Nutrients -- 4.2.4 Trace Elements -- 4.2.5 Physico-Chemical Speciation -- 4.3 SUSPENDED PARTICLES AND MARINE SEDIMENTS -- 4.3.1 Description of Sediments and Sedimentary Components -- 4.3.2 Surface Chemistry of Particles -- 4.3.3 Diagenesis -- 4.4 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN ESTUARIES -- 4.5 MARINE CONTAMINATION AND POLLUTION -- 4.5.1 Oil Slicks -- 4.5.2 Plastic Debris -- 4.5.3 Tributyltin -- QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5 The Chemistry of the Solid Earth -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 MINERAL COMPONENTS OF SOIL -- 5.2.1 Inputs -- 5.2.2 Primary Minerals -- 5.2.3 Secondary Minerals -- 5.2.4 Weathering Processes (See Also Chapter 3) -- 5.3 ORGANIC COMPONENTS OF SOIL -- 5.4 SOIL PH AND REDOX POTENTIAL -- 5.4.1 pH and Buffering -- 5.4.2 Soil Acidity -- 5.4.3 Soil Alkalinity (See Also Section 3.2.4) -- 5.4.4 Influence of pH on Soils -- 5.4.5 Redox Potential -- 5.4.6 Reduction Processes in Soil -- 5.5 CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN SOIL -- 5.5.1 Reactions in Soil Solution -- 5.5.2 Ion Exchange (Physisorption) -- 5.5.3 Ligand Exchange (Chemisorption) -- 5.5.4 Complexation/Chelation -- 5.5.5 Precipitation/Dissolution -- 5.5.6 Soil Processes -- QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6 Environmental Organic Chemistry -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 THE DIVERSITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- 6.2.1 Identifying Sources of Hydrocarbons -- 6.3 THE FATE OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS -- 6.4 CHEMICAL PARTITIONING -- 6.4.1 Important Partitioning Coefficients -- 6.4.2 Temperature Dependence -- 6.4.3 Partition Maps -- 6.5 CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION AND DEGRADATION -- 6.6 CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION THROUGH PHOTOCHEMISTRY -- 6.6.1 Light Absorption and the Beer-Lambert Law -- 6.6.2 Photolysis in Aqueous Systems -- 6.6.3 Photochemistry of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) -- 6.7 CONCLUSIONS -- 6.8 QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7 Biogeochemical Cycling of Chemicals. , 7.1 INTRODUCTION: BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING -- 7.1.1 Environmental Reservoirs -- 7.1.2 Lifetimes -- 7.2 RATES OF TRANSFER BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS -- 7.2.1 Air-Land Exchange -- 7.2.2 Air-Sea Exchange -- 7.3 TRANSFER IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS -- 7.4 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES -- 7.4.1 Case Study 1: The Biogeochemical Cycle of Nitrogen -- 7.4.2 Case Study 2: Aspects of Biogeochemical Cycle of Lead -- 7.5 BEHAVIOUR OF LONG-LIVED ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Glossary -- Subject Index.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La Vergne :RSC,
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: The basics of environmental pollution, drawing upon chemistry, physics and biological sciences.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (345 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781847555410
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: This unique introductory text is essential reading for students on undergraduate and first year postgraduate courses dealing with pollution and environmental chemistry, as well as for scientists and engineers in industry, public service and consultancy who require a basic understanding of environmental processes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (468 pages)
    Edition: 3rd ed.
    ISBN: 9781847552235
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2015-10-08
    Description: Concentrations of dissolved iron (DFe) and Fe-binding ligands were determined in the tropical Northeast Atlantic Ocean (12-30°N, 21-29°W) as part of the UK-SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study) cruise Poseidon 332 (P332) in January-February 2006. The surface water DFe concentrations varied between 0.1 and 0.4 nM with an average of 0.22 ± 0.05 nM (n = 159). The surface water concentrations of total Fe-binding ligands varied between 0.82 and 1.46 nM with an average of 1.11 ± 0.14 nM (n = 33). The concentration of uncomplexed Fe-binding ligands varied between 0.64 and 1.35 nM with an average of 0.90 ± 0.14 nM (n = 33). Thus, on average 81 of the total Fe-binding ligand concentration was uncomplexed. The average logarithmic conditional stability constant of the pool of Fe-binding ligands was 22.85 ± 0.38 with respect to Fe 3+ (n = 33). A transect (12°N, 26°W to 16°N, 25.3°W) was sailed during a small Saharan dust event and repeated a week later. Following the dust event, the concentration of DFe increased from 0.20 ± 0.026 nM (n = 125) to 0.25 ± 0.028 (n = 17) and the concentration of free Fe-binding ligands decreased from 1.15 ± 0.15 (n = 4) to 0.89 ± 0.10 (n = 4) nM. Furthermore, the logarithmic stability constants of the Fe-binding ligands south of the Cape Verde islands were distinctively lower than north of the islands. The absence of a change in the logarithmic stability constant after the dust event south of the Cape Verde islands suggests that there was no significant atmospheric input of new Fe-binding ligands during this dust event.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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