Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Matrix Games with Interval Payoffs -- 1.1 Matrix Games with Interval Payoffs -- 1.2 Existing Mathematical Formulation of Matrix Games with Interval Payoffs -- 1.3 Literature Review of Matrix Game with Interval Payoffs -- 1.4 Arithmetic Operations over Intervals -- 1.5 Flaws of the Existing Methods -- 1.6 Invalidity of Existing Mathematical Formulation of Matrix Games with Interval Payoffs -- 1.6.1 Existing Method to Obtain Mathematical Formulation of Matrix Games with Interval Payoffs -- 1.6.2 Mathematically Incorrect Assumptions Considered in the Existing Method -- 1.7 Minimum and Maximum of Intervals -- 1.7.1 Minimum of Intervals -- 1.7.2 Maximum of Intervals -- 1.8 Proposed Gaurika Method -- 1.8.1 Minimum Expected Gain of Player I -- 1.8.2 Maximum Expected Loss of Player II -- 1.9 Numerical Examples -- 1.9.1 Existing Numerical Example Considered by Nayak and Pal -- 1.9.2 Existing Numerical Example Considered by Li et al. -- 1.10 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Matrix Games with Fuzzy Payoffs -- 2.1 Matrix Games with Fuzzy Payoffs -- 2.2 Preliminaries -- 2.2.1 Some Basic Definitions -- 2.2.2 Arithmetic Operations of Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers -- 2.2.3 Comparison of Fuzzy Numbers -- 2.3 Existing Mathematical Formulation of Matrix Games with Fuzzy Payoffs -- 2.4 Literature Review of Matrix Games with Fuzzy Payoffs -- 2.5 Flaws of the Existing Methods -- 2.6 Invalidity of Existing Mathematical Formulation of Matrix Games with Fuzzy Payoffs -- 2.7 Proposed Mehar Method -- 2.7.1 Minimum Expected Gain of Player I -- 2.7.2 Maximum Expected Loss of Player II -- 2.8 Numerical Example -- 2.8.1 Minimum Expected Gain of Player I -- 2.8.2 Maximum Expected Loss of Player II -- 2.9 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Constrained Matrix Games with Fuzzy Payoffs -- 3.1 Constrained Matrix Games with Fuzzy Payoffs. , 3.2 Existing Mathematical Formulation of Constrained Matrix Games with Fuzzy Payoffs -- 3.3 Literature Review of Constrained Matrix Games with Fuzzy Payoffs -- 3.4 Flaws of the Existing Methods -- 3.5 Proposed Vaishnavi Method -- 3.5.1 Minimum Expected Gain of Player I -- 3.5.2 Maximum Expected Loss of Player II -- 3.6 Numerical Examples -- 3.6.1 Existing Numerical Example Considered by Li and Hong -- 3.6.2 Existing Numerical Example Considered by Li and Cheng -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Matrix Games with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Payoffs -- 4.1 Matrix Games with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Payoffs -- 4.2 Preliminaries -- 4.2.1 Basic Definitions -- 4.2.2 Arithmetic Operations over Trapezoidal Vague Sets -- 4.3 Existing Mathematical Formulation of Matrix Games with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Payoffs -- 4.4 Literature Review of Matrix Games with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Payoffs -- 4.5 Flaws of the Existing Methods -- 4.6 Proposed Ambika Methods -- 4.6.1 Ambika Method-I -- 4.6.2 Ambika Method-II -- 4.6.3 Ambika Method-III -- 4.6.4 Ambika Method-IV -- 4.7 Numerical Examples -- 4.7.1 Existing Numerical Example Considered by Nan et al. -- 4.7.2 Existing Numerical Example Considered by Li et al. -- 4.7.3 Existing Numerical Example Considered by Nan et al. -- 4.7.4 Existing Numerical Example Considered by Nan et al. -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Bimatrix Games with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Payoffs -- 5.1 The Difference-Index Based Ranking Method -- 5.2 Maximum of Trapezoidal Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers -- 5.3 Flaws in the Existing Mathematical Formulation of Bimatrix Games with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Payoffs -- 5.3.1 Mathematical Formulation of Bimatrix Games with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Payoffs -- 5.3.2 Mathematically Incorrect Assumption Considered by Li and Yang -- 5.4 Exact Solution of Bimatrix Games with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Payoffs. , 5.4.1 Exact Mathematical Formulation of Bimatrix Games with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Payoffs -- 5.4.2 Proposed Mehar Method -- 5.4.3 Convergence of the Proposed Mehar Method -- 5.5 Numerical Example -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Future Scope -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 -- Biopolymers in Devices for Environmental Monitoring and Protection -- Abstract -- 1. Materials for Electronics and Photonics -- 1.1. Substrates and Insulators -- 1.2. Semi-Conductors -- 1.3. Conductors -- 1.4. Photonic Materials -- 2. Materials with Envisaged Use Both in Electronics and Photonics -- 3. Biopolymer-Based Materials for Preparing Components for RES and Batteries -- 3.1. membranes for Fuel Cells -- 3.2. solid Polymer Electrolyte System for Rechargeable Batteries -- 3.3. materials for Solar Cells Application -- 4. Biopolymer-Based Materials for Environment Monitoring Sensors -- 4.1. Chitosan -- 4.2. Other Polysaccharides -- 4.3. deoxyribonucleic Acid -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Biopolymers for in Vivo and in Vitro Controlled Drug Delivery -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Modification of Biopolymers -- 1.2. Modification of Chitosan -- 1.3. Modification of Alginate -- 1.3.1. Graft Polymerisation of Alginates -- 1.3.2. Acetylation of Alginates -- 1.3.3. Sulfation of Alginates -- 1.3.4. Phosphorylation of Alginates -- 1.3.5. Hydrophobic Modification of Alginates -- 1.3.6. Covalent Cross Linking of Alginates -- 1.3.7. Modification by Cell Signalling Molecule -- 1.3.8. Modification of Gelation -- 1.4. Application of Biopolymer -- 1.5. Application of Chitosan -- 1.6. Application of Alginate -- 1.7. Application of Gelatin -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Removal of Heavy Metal Ions by Adsorption through Biopolymers -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effect of Different Heavy Metals on Environment -- 2.1. Copper -- 2.2. Cadmium -- 2.3. Lead -- 2.4. Arsenic -- 2.5. Mercury -- 3. Different Methods Used for the Removal of Heavy Metals -- 3.1. Chemical Precipitation -- 3.2. Solvent Extraction -- 3.3. Coagulation-Flocculation -- 3.4. Reverse Osmosis. , 3.5. Evaporation -- 3.6. Ultrafiltration -- 3.7. Electrodialysis -- 3.8. Flotation -- 3.9. Ion Exchange -- 3.10. Adsorption -- 3.11. Bioadsorption -- 3.11.1. Seaweeds -- 3.11.2. Alginate -- 3.11.3. Chitin and Chitosan -- 3.11.4. Chitosan/a-Alumina Composite -- 3.11.5. Manganese Copper Ferrite/Polymer (AA, MA, VA) Composite -- 3.11.6. Gum Tragacanth Based Biopolymer -- Concluding Remarks and Future Scope -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Biopolymer Drived Hydrogels and Their Diverse Applications: A Review -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Classification of Hydrogel Products -- 1.1.1. Classification Based on Source -- 1.1.2. Classification According to Polymeric Composition -- 1.1.3. Classification Based on Configuration -- 1.1.4. Classification Based on Type of Cross-Linking -- 1.1.5. Classification Based on Physical Appearance -- 1.1.6. Classification According to Network Electrical Charge -- 1.2. Hydrogel Product Sensitive to Environmental Conditions -- 1.3. Utilization of Hydrogel Products -- 1.4. Preparation of Hydrogels -- 1.4.1. Use of Crosslinkers -- 1.4.2. Use of Gelling Agent -- 1.4.3. Use of Irradiation and Freeze Thawing -- 1.4.4. Synthesis of Hydrogel in Industry -- 2. Characterization -- 2.1. Solubility -- 2.1.1. Method A -- 2.1.2. Method B -- 2.2. Swelling Measurement -- 2.2.1. Method A -- 2.2.2. Method B -- 2.2.3. Method C -- 2.3. FTIR -- 2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 2.5. Light Scattering -- 2.6. Other Techniques -- 3. Application of Hydrogels -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Waste Derived Biochar Based Bio Nanocomposties: Recent Progress in Utilization and Innovations -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Biochar -- 1.2. Magnetic Biochar -- 2. Production of Biochar -- 2.1. From Agricultural Wastes -- 2.2. From Industrial Waste -- 2.3. From Household Waste -- 3. Modification of Biochar. , 3.1. Chemical Modification -- 3.2. Physical Modification -- 3.3. Slow Pyrolysis -- 3.4. Fast Pyrolysis -- 3.5. Gasification -- 4. Synthesis of Magnetic Biochar Based Material -- 4.1. In-situ Synthesis -- 4.2. Impregnation -- 4.3. Coating -- 5. Application as Adsorbent -- 5.1. Removal of Heavy Metals: Effects of Functional Groups and Mechanism -- 5.2. Removal of Dyes and Organic Pollutants: Factors and Mechanisms -- 6. Soil Enrichment and Detoxification -- 7. Porosity and Surface Area -- 8. Cation Exchange Capacity -- 9. Other Applications -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Naturally Occurring Biodegradable Polymers -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Biodegradable Polymers -- 1.2. Naturally Occurring Biodegradable Polymers -- 1.2.1. Starch -- 1.2.2. Cellulose -- 1.2.3. Pectin -- 1.2.4. Chitosan -- 1.2.5. Guar Gum -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Progress from Composite Materials to Biocomposite Materials and Their Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of Composite Materials -- 2.1. Organic Matrix Composites (OMCs) -- 2.1.1. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) -- 2.1.2. Carbon Carbon Composites -- 2.2. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) -- 2.3. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) -- 2.3.1. Fibre Reinforced Composites (FRCs) -- 2.3.2. Laminar Composites -- 2.3.3. Particulate Composites -- 3. Biopolymer Based Composites -- 3.1. Starch Based Biocomposites -- 3.2. Pectin Based Biocomposites -- 3.3. Cellulose Based Biocomposites -- 3.4. Chitosan Based Biocomposites -- 3.5. Guargum Based Biocomposites -- 4. Applications of Biocomposite Materials -- 4.1. Environmental Protection -- 4.2. Optical Applications -- 4.3. Magnetic Applications -- 4.4. Biomedical Applications -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8. , Biological Traits of Nanocomposites: Nanofertilizers, Nanopesticides, Anticancer and Antimicrobials -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Nanocomposites and Their Antimicrobial Activity -- Chitosan/Ag Nanocomposites -- Polyacrylic Acid/Silver Nanocomposite Hydrogels -- Polyaniline/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Ag Nanocomposites -- Copper-Polymer Nanocomposites -- Nanocomposite as a Potential Anticancer Agent -- Nanocomposite as a Potential Anticancer Agent -- Nanofertilizers and Nanopesticides -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Biobased-Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biopolymers -- 2.1. Polysaccharide Films -- 2.1.1. Applications of Polysaccharide Films -- 2.2. Protein Films -- 2.2.1. Applications of Protein-Based Films -- 3. Modification of Biopolymer Films towards Better Properties -- 3.1. Biopolymer Based Nanocomposites -- 3.1.1. Properties of Bio- Nanocomposite Films -- 3.1.1.1. Antimicrobial ability -- 3.1.1.2. Oxygen Inhibitors -- 4. Food Packaging Applications -- 5. Impression on Human Health -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 -- Natural Fibre Reinforced Biodegradable Composite Materials -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural Fibres -- 2.1. Classification of Natural Fibres -- 2.1.1. Animal Fibres -- 2.1.2. Mineral Fibres -- 2.1.3. Plant Fibres -- 2.2. Composition of Natural Fibres -- 2.3. Advantages of Natural Fibre -- 2.4. Limitations of Natural Fibres -- 2.5. Surface Modification of Natural Fibres -- 2.5.1. Graft Copolymerization -- 2.5.2. Chemical Methods -- 2.5.2.1. Alkaline Treatment -- 2.5.2.2. BenzoylationTreatment -- 2.5.2.3. SilaneTreatment -- 2.5.2.4. Acetylation Treatment -- 2.5.2.5. Isocyanate Treatment -- 2.5.2.6. Sodium Chlorite Treatment -- 2.5.2.7. Maleated Coupling Agents -- 2.5.2.8. Permanganate Treatment -- 2.5.2.9. Peroxide Treatment -- 3. Biodegradable Polymeric Materials. , 4. Natural Fibre Reinforced Biopolymer Based Composites -- References -- Chapter 11 -- Bio-Inspired Polymer Composites: Robust Biomedical Application Podium -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biopolymer Oriented Smart Drug Delivery Systems -- 3. Biopolymer-Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery -- 4. Situate Explicit or Selective Targeting -- 5. Biopolymer Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 6. Magnetic Nanoferrites Based Hyperthermia -- 6.1. Nanoferrites as Fascinating Carrier for Targeted Drug Delivery -- 6.2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 6.3. Functionalized Magnetic Nano-Ferrites in Bio-Sensing -- References -- Chapter 12 -- Biopolymer Modifications Using Ionic Liquids for Industrial and Environmental Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biopolymers -- Pectin -- Chitosan -- Xylan -- Galactoglucomannan -- Lignin -- 3. Modification of Biopolymers -- Plasticization -- Physical blending -- 4. Need for Modification of Biopolymers -- 5. Ionic Liquids Modified Biopolymers -- Modification Types of Ionic Liquids -- Modification of Cellulose in Ionic Liquids -- Modification of Chitosan in Ionic Liquids -- 6. Synthetic Approaches of Modified Biopolymers -- Synthetic Approaches for Polymer-Protein Hybrid Structures -- 7. Applications of Biopolymers -- Medical Applications -- Agricultural Applications -- Packaging -- Cellulose-Based Packaging Materials -- Food Industry -- Environmental Applications -- 8. Environmental Benefits of Biopolymers -- Conclusion -- References -- Editor Contact Information -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Graphene and Graphene/TiO2 Nanocomposites for Renewable Dye Sensitized Solar Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical overview of DSSCs -- 2.1 Material Selection for DSSCs -- 3. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) -- 3.1 Electronic properties of rGO based bilayer systems -- 3.2 Thermal conductivity of rGO -- 3.3 Optical properties of rGO -- 3.4 Electrochemical performance of rGO -- 4. TiO2-rGO NC material -- 4.1 TiO2-rGO NC material's properties -- 4.2 Formation mechanism of TiO2-rGO NC material -- 4.4 Preparation of TiO2-rGO NC -- 4.4.1 Sol-Gel synthesis -- 4.4.2 Solution mixing synthesis -- 4.4.3 In-Situ growth synthesis -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 -- Carbon Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbonaceous nanomaterials -- 2.1 Origin -- 2.2 Fullerenes -- 2.3 Carbon nanotubes -- 2.4 Graphene -- 2.5 Nitrogen doped carbon nanomaterial -- 2.6 Carbon gels -- 3. Energy storage system -- 3.1 Electrochemical storage system -- 3.1.1 Binder free electrodes -- 3.1.2 Super capacitors -- 3.1.3 Lithium-ion batteries -- 3.2 Nanomaterials as electrodes -- 3.3 Hydrogen storage system -- 3.4 Thermal energy storage -- 3.5 Nanomaterials as Fuel cells -- 3.6 Capture of carbondioxide and methane -- 4. Conclusion and future development -- References -- 3 -- Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Capped Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes and their Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and method -- 2.1 CNT -- 2.2 Polymer -- 2.3 Simulation strategy -- 3. Total potential energies and inter-atomic forces -- 4. Stiffness of SWCNTs -- 4.1 Modeling of SWCNTs -- 4.2 Geometry optimization -- 4.3 Dynamics -- 4.4 Mechanical properties -- 5. Results and discussion -- 6. Polymer/CNT Composites -- 6.1 Molecular model of polymer matrix -- 6.2 Elastic moduli of polymer. , 6.3 PMMA/CNT composite system -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- 4 -- Fullerenes and its Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fullerenes -- 2.1 Types of fullerenes -- 2.1.1 Nanotubes -- 2.1.2 Mega tubes -- 2.1.3 Bucky ball clusters -- 2.1.4 Polymers -- 2.1.5 Nano onion -- 2.1.6 Linked "ball and chain" dimers -- 3. Structure of fullerene -- 3.1 Bucky ball structure -- 3.2 Cylindrical structure -- 4. Synthesis -- 4.1 Arc discharge vaporization of graphite -- 4.2 Low - pressure Benzene/Oxygen diffusion flame method -- 4.3 Combustion process -- 4.4 Laser ablation -- 4.5 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) -- 4.6 Chemical synthesis of fullerene -- 5. Properties -- 5.1 Physical properties -- 5.2 Size -- 5.3 Solubility -- 5.4 Chemical properties -- 5.5 Optical properties -- 5.6 Mechanical properties -- 5.7 Vibrational properties -- 5.8 Electrical properties -- 5.9 Magnetic properties -- 5.10 Lubricating properties -- 6. Composites of fullerenes -- 7. Applications -- 7.1 Fullerenes as wires -- 7.2 Medicinal applications -- 7.3 Fullerenes in organo photovoltaics -- 7.4 Fullerenes as hydrogen gas storage -- 7.5 Fullerenes as sensors -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Graphene Oxide Composites and their Potential Applications -- 1. Supercapacitors or electrochemical capacitors -- 2. Lithium-ion batteries -- 3. Glucose sensors -- 4. H2O2 sensors -- 5. Photodegradation of organic pollutants -- 6. Cancer therapy -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment: -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- 6 -- Bioceramics, Carbonaceous Composite and its Biomedical Applications -- 1. Introduction (Types of implant materials) -- 1.1 Stainless Steel -- 1.2 Cobalt-Chromium Alloys -- 1.3 Titanium Alloys -- 1.4 Commercially Pure Titanium (CP Ti) -- 1.5 Tantalum -- 1.6 Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) -- 1.7 Ceramics -- 1.8 Composite Materials -- 1.9 Trabecular Metal. , 1.10 Bioabsorbable Materials -- 1.11 Silicone -- 2. Features of an ideal medical implants material -- 3. History of bioceramics origin -- 4. Bioceramics and its early uses -- 5. Overview of bioceramics applications -- 6. Subdivision of bioceramics -- 6.1 Bioinert -- 6.1.1 Alumina (Al2O3) -- 6.1.2 Zirconia (ZrO2) -- 6.2 Bioactive -- 6.2.1 Synthetic hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] -- 6.2.3 Bioactive glass (e.g. 45S5 Bioglass) -- 6.2.4 Apatite-wollastonite (A-W) glass-ceramic -- 6.3 Bioresorbable -- 6.4 Porous ceramics -- 7. Ceramic Materials for Artificial Joints -- 8. Coatings for medical implants -- 8.1 Carbon coating -- 8.2 Hydroxyapatite coating -- 9. Failure of metals used for biomedical devices -- 9.1 Corrosion -- 9.2 Fatigue and fracture -- 9.3 Wear -- 9.4 Metal ions release -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 -- Purification of Industrial Effluent by Ultrafiltration Ceramic Membrane based on Natural Clays and Starch Powder -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Characterization of the starting materials -- 2.1 Chemical composition of the powder -- 2.2 Particle size distribution (PSD) of the kaolin powder used in the tubular support elaboration -- 2.3 Phase identification -- 2.4 Thermal analysis -- 3. Support elaboration and characterization -- 3.1 Tubular porous support elaboration -- 3.2 Support characterization -- 4. Ultrafiltration layer deposition and characterization -- 4.1 Ultrafiltration layer deposition -- 4.2 Characterization of the slip -- 4.3 Membrane characterization -- 4.3.1 SEM analysis and pore size distribution -- 4.3.2 Water permeability -- 5. Application to the treatment of the industrial wastewater -- 5.1 Wastewater characteristics -- 5.2 Ultrafiltration treatment -- 5.3 Wastewater characterization -- 5.4 Membrane regeneration -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Environmental Detoxification Using Carbonaceous Composites. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbon based materials -- 2.1 Fullerenes -- 2.2 Carbon Nanotubes -- 2.3 Graphene based material -- 3. Engineered carbon nanomaterials (ECNM) -- 4. Removal of ionic pollutants -- 5. Removal of organic pollutants -- 6. Removal of air pollution -- 7. Properties -- 8. Photocatalysis and sorbents -- 9. Carbonaceous nanomaterials as sorbents -- 10. Composite filters -- 11. Renewable energy -- 12. Antimicrobials agents -- 13. Sensor based on carbon nanomaterials -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Recent Innovation and Advances in Utilization of Graphene Oxide Based Photocatalysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Graphene oxide (GO) -- 2.1 Synthesis of GO from graphite powder/flakes -- 3. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) -- 3.1 RGO synthesis -- 3.2 Thermal reduction -- 3.3 Chemical reduction -- 3.4 Photoreduction of GO -- 3.5 Solvothermal method -- 3.6 Green reduction strategies -- 4. Chemical modification or functionalization -- 5. Utilization and application of GO and RGO -- 5.1 Role in photocatalysis -- 5.2 Role of GO/RGO in the photocatalytic hydrogen generation and oxidation reduction processes -- 6. Mode of biomedical application -- 7. Future perspective and exploration -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- 10 -- A Critical Review on Spectroscopic Characterization of Sustainable Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Nano Fillers -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Carbon nano-fillers -- 1.2 Polymer nanocomposites -- 2. Characterization of nanomaterials -- 2.1 X-ray diffraction -- 2.2 Raman spectroscopy -- 2.3 Scanning tunneling microscopy and transmission electron microscopy -- 2.3.1 Principle of scanning tunneling microscopy -- 2.3.2 Transmission electron microscopy -- 2.3.3 Examples of STM and TEM -- 2.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- 2.4.1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. , 2.4.2 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy -- 2.4.3 Examples of measurements of XPS and FTIR -- 2.5 UV-Visible spectroscopy -- 2.6 Other techniques -- 3. Future trend -- Conclusions -- References -- 11 -- Biochar and its Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biochar structure and composition -- 3. Biomass conversion methodology -- 4. Biochar production -- 4.1 Pyrolysis -- 4.2.1 Materials required for pyrolysis process -- 4.2.2 Working principle -- 4.2.3 Factors influencing the process of pyrolysis -- 4.3 Biomass gasification -- 4.3 Hydrothermal carbonisation -- 5. Biochar characterization -- 5.1 Physical characterization -- 5.2 Chemical characterization -- 6. Biochar composites -- 7. Environmental impacts of biochar -- 8. Applications -- 8.1 Biochar as sorbents -- 8.2 Biochar in agriculture -- 8.3 Carbon sequestration -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index.

Note: Intro -- Nano Hybrids and Composites Vol. 20 -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- WO3-TiO2 Nanocomposite and its Applications: A Review -- Nanocomposites in Controlled & -- Targeted Drug Delivery Systems -- Nanocomposites of Chalcogenide and their Applications -- Nanocomposites: Recent Trends and Engineering Applications -- Role of Nanocomposites in Agriculture -- Nanocomposite for Solar Energy Application -- Fabrication of Gelatin-Zr (IV) Phosphate and Alginate-Zr (IV) Phosphate Nanocomposite Based Ion Selective Membrane Electrode -- Development and Physico-Chemical Characterization of Conducting Polymeric Zirconium Based Advanced Nanocomposite Ion-Exchangers for Environmental Remediation -- Magnetic Nano-Сomposites and their Industrial Applications -- Keyword Index -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Introduction and Applications of Microbial Products in the Food Processing Industry -- Abstract -- 1. Aspartase -- 2. Asparaginase -- 3. Naringinase -- 4. Inulinases -- 5. Pullulanases -- 6. Proteases -- 7. Cellulases, Xylanases and Pectinase -- 8. Laccase -- 9. Microbial Polysaccharides -- 10. Amylase -- 11. Microbial Pigments -- 12. Lipase -- 13. Organic Acids -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Microbial Inulinases and Pullulanases in the Food Industry -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Inulinases -- 3. Microbial Inulinase Producers -- 4. Applications of Inulinases -- 4.1. High Fructose Syrup -- 4.2. Fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) -- 4.3. Miscellaneous Applications -- 5. Pullulanases -- 6. Microbial Sources of Pullulanases -- 7. Applications of Pullulanases -- 7.1. Starch Saccharification -- 7.2. Preparation of Resistant Starch -- 7.3. As an Antistaling Agent in Bakery Products -- 7.4. Miscellaneous Applications -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- The Role of Microbial Proteases in Food Industry: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of Microbial Proteases -- 2.1. Serine Proteases -- 2.1.1. Chymotrypsin-Like protesases -- 2.1.2. Subtilisin-Like serine proteases -- 2.2. Aspartate Proteases -- 2.3. Cysteine Proteases/Thiol Proteases -- 2.4. Metalloproteases -- 2.5. Threonine Proteases -- 2.6. Glutamic Acid Proteases -- 3. Sources of Proteases -- 3.1. Animal Proteases -- 3.2. Plant Proteases -- 3.3. Microbial Proteases -- 4. Protease Production from Microbes -- 5. Downstream Processing -- 6. Improving Protease Performance for Industrial Applications -- 6.1. Enzyme Immobilization -- 6.2. Improving Protease Performance by Directed Evolution and Protein Engineering -- 7. Protease Assay. , 8. Applications of Proteases in Food Industry -- 8.1. Baking Industry -- 8.2. Dairy Industry -- 8.3. Meat Industry -- 8.4. Hydrolysis of Soybean Protein -- 8.5. Beverage Industry -- 9. Miscellaneous Applications of Proteases -- 10. Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Laccases: A Polyphenol Oxidase for the Fruit Processing Industry -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Inducers for Fungal Laccase: Properties and Activity -- 3. Polyphenol Oxidase -- 3.1. Laccase -- 3.2. Catechol Oxidase -- 3.3. Tyrosinase -- 4. Laccase Applications -- 5. Laccase in Fruit Processing Industry -- 6. Problem of Enzymatic Browning in Fruit Juice -- 7. Prevention of Enzymatic Browning -- 7.1. Fruit Juice Stabilization by Elimination/Transformation of Phenolic Compounds Using Free Laccase -- 7.2. Fruit Juice Stabilization by Elimination/Transformation of Phenolic Compounds Using Immobilized Laccase -- 7.3. Inactivation of Natural Polyphenol Oxidase -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- α-Amylase: Microbial Sources, Production and Applications in the Food Processing Industry -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Broad Categories of Amylases -- 3. Microbial sources of α-amylase -- 4. Microbial Production of α-Amylase -- 5. Applications ofα-Amylase in Food Industry -- 6. Applications of Amylases in Other Industries -- 6.1. Starch Hydrolysis -- 6.2. Inhibition and Removal of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms by Use of Alpha-Amylase -- 6.3. Paper Industry and Textile Industry -- 6.4. Detergent Industry -- 6.5. Fuel Alcohol Production -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Food Industry Based Applications of Cellulases, Xylanases and Pectinases -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cellulases, Xylanases -- and Pectinases Production -- 3. Applications of Cellulases, Xylanases and Pectinases -- 3.1. Cellulases, Xylanases and Pectinases in Food Industry. , 3.1.1. Fruit and Vegetable Juices Extraction and Clarification -- 3.1.2. Improvement of Aroma and Volatile Properties Fruits and Vegetables -- 3.1.3. Improvement of Bakery Products Quality -- 3.1.4. Oil Extraction -- 3.1.5. Improved Tea and Coffee Fermentation -- 3.2. Lignocellulolytic Enzymes in Animal Feed Industry -- 3.3. Lignocellulolytic Enzymes in Beer and Wine Industry -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Microbial Pigments as Potent Bicolor and Their Applications in Food Industries -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microbial Pigments -- 3. Role of Pigments in Living Organism -- 3.1. Role of Pigments in Microbes -- 3.2. Role of Pigments in Animals -- 3.3. Role of Pigments in Plants -- 3.4. Pigments as Indicators of Pollution -- 3.5. Pigments in Disease Control and Human Health -- 4. Classification of Pigments -- 4.1. Types and Classes of Microbial Pigments -- 4.1.1. On the Basis of Origin -- 4.1.2. On the Basis of Color -- 4.1.3. On the Basis of Solubility -- 4.1.4. On the Basis of Production -- 5. Advantages of Microbial Pigments over Synthetic Pigments -- 6. Substrates for Production of Microbial Pigments -- 7. Extraction and Characterization of Microbial Pigments -- 8. Application of Biocolors -- 8.1. Pharmaceutical Industry -- 8.2. Pigments in Food and Nutrition -- 8.3. Textile Industry -- 8.4. Nutritional Supplements -- 8.5. Printing Industry -- 8.6. Food Colorants -- 8.7. Bio-Indicators -- 9. Future Perspective and Scope of Advancement of Microbial Pigments -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- The Role of Microbial Polysaccharides in the Food Industry -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Xanthan Gum -- 3. Pullulan -- 4. Curdlan -- 5. Gellan -- 6. Alginates -- 7. Dextran -- 8. Bacterial Cellulose -- 9. Role of Different Microbial Polysaccharides in Food Processing -- 9.1. Xanthan Gum -- 9.2. Pullulan -- 9.3. Curdlan. , 9.4. Gellan -- 9.5. Alginate -- 9.6. Dextran -- 9.7. Bacterial Cellulose -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Organic Acids: Microbial Sources, Production and Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microbial Sources and Production of Organic Acids -- 3. Applications of Organic Acids in Food Industry -- References -- Chapter 10 -- Aspartase, Asparaginase and Naringinase: Current Status and Perspectives for the Food Industry -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Aspartase -- 2.1. Aspartase Producing Bacterial Strains -- 2.2. Production of Microbial Aspartase -- 2.3. Applications of Aspartase in Food Industry -- 3. Asparaginase -- 3.1. Microbial Sources of Asparaginase -- 3.2. Applications of Asparaginase in Food Industries -- 4. Naringinase -- 4.1. Naringin: A Flavonoid -- 4.2. Naringin Hydrolysis -- 4.3. Production of Naringinase -- 4.4. Application of Naringinase in Food Industry -- 5. Future Perspectives -- References -- About the Editors -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Authors -- 1. DNA Manipulative and Ingratiative Techniques -- Isolation of Total Genomic DNA -- Isolation of Plant DNA Using the CTAB Method -- Introduction -- Experimental Outline -- Materials Required -- Pre-Lab Preparation -- Isolation of Plant DNA Using the SDS Method -- Introduction -- Materials Required -- Method -- Precautions -- To Isolate Plasmid DNA from Bacteria -- Introduction -- Materials Required -- Method -- Precautions -- Isolation of Chloroplasts -- Introduction -- Experimental Outline -- Materials Required -- Pre-Lab Preparation -- Method -- Results -- Precautions -- Isolation of Chloroplast DNA -- Introduction -- Experimental Outline -- Materials Required -- Pre-Lab Preparation -- Method -- Results -- Precautions -- Isolation of Yeast Genomic DNA -- Introduction -- Materials Required -- Method -- Isolation of Bacterial Genomic DNA -- Introduction -- Materials Required -- Method -- Large-Scale Isolation of Cosmid DNA -- Isolation -- Purification -- Miniprep Double-Stranded DNA Isolation -- Principle -- Isolation -- Standard Alkaline Lysis Purification -- Diatomaceous Earth-Base Purification -- Plasmid Miniprep by Birnboim Method -- Materials Required -- Plasmid Miniprep by Boiling Method -- Materials Required -- Method -- Isolation of Lambda (.) DNA -- Materials Required -- Method -- Quick Method for isolation of Lambda (.) DNA -- Materials Required -- Single-Stranded M13 DNA Isolation Using Phenol -- Method -- Biomek-Automated Modified-Eperon Isolation Procedure for Single-Stranded M13 DNA -- Method -- Isolation of Aspergillus DNA -- Materials Required -- Method -- Isolation of Aspergillus DNA by the Qiagen Method -- Materials Required -- Method -- Purification of Genomic DNA -- Introduction -- Principle -- Materials Required. , Method -- Materials Required -- Isolation of RNA from Plant Tissues -- Introduction -- Extraction of Total RNA -- Materials Required -- Method -- Precautions -- Extraction of Polysomal RNA of Nuclear Sequences -- Materials Required -- Chemicals -- Glassware and Other -- Equipment -- Isolation of Total RNA form Bacterial Cells -- Introduction -- Materials Required -- Method -- Quantitative Determination of DNA and RNA by a Spectrophotometric Method -- Introduction -- Materials Required -- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis -- Introduction -- Preparation of Agarose Gel -- Electrophoresis of DNA Fragments -- Visualization of DNA Fragments -- Materials Required -- Chemicals -- Glassware and Other -- Equipment -- Electrophoresis of DNA: Linear, Circular, and Super Coiled -- Introduction -- Experimental Outline -- Materials Required -- Method -- Precautions -- Elution of Plant DNA Fragment from Agarose Gel -- Introduction -- Materials Required -- Method -- Precautions -- Hybridization and Autoradiography of DNA -- Introduction -- Experimental Outline -- Materials Required -- Method -- Hybridization -- Autoradiography -- Precautions -- PCR in Outline -- Introduction -- Choice Between Cloning and PCR -- Experimental Outline -- Materials Required -- Method -- Precautions -- PCR Amplification of Specific Target Sequence from Genomic DNA -- PCR Consist of 3 Basic Steps -- Materials Required -- Method -- Gel Analysis -- Precautions -- Isolation of Total Plant RNA from Rice Plants and Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction -- Introduction -- Nuclear Genes -- Necessary Conditions for Reaction -- Materials Required -- Pre-Lab Preparation -- Method -- Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction -- Precautions -- Isolation of Gene of Interest by PCR -- Isolation of Genomic DNA -- Materials Required -- Chemicals -- Glassware and Other -- Equipment -- Precautions. , Isolation of pUC18 plasmid from TOP10 pUC18 E. coli cells -- Materials Required -- Chemicals -- Glassware and Other -- Equipment -- Method -- Precautions -- Transformation of the Desired Bacterial Strain with Plasmid DNA -- Materials Required -- Chemicals -- Glassware and Other -- Equipment -- Pre-Lab Preparation -- Method -- Preparation of Competent Cells -- Purifying pUC18/Hind III/EcoRI Digest by Gel Elution -- Introduction -- Materials Required -- Chemicals -- Glassware and Other -- Equipment -- Precautions -- Dephosphorylation of Restriction-Enzyme-Digested Vector pUC18 -- Introduction -- Materials Required -- Method -- Precautions -- Restriction Digestion of pUC 18 and A-DNA -- Materials Required -- Chemicals -- Glassware and Other -- Equipment -- Method -- Precautions -- Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) -- DAS-ELISA -- DAC-ELISA -- PAC-ELISA -- Materials Required -- Chemicals -- Pre-Lab Preparation -- Procedure for DAC-ELISA (Transgenic Rice) -- DAC-ELISA -- Precautions -- Electrophoretic Separation of Plasma Protein -- Materials Required -- Chemicals -- Glassware -- Equipment -- Method -- Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis -- Materials Required -- Chemicals -- Glassware and Other -- Equipment -- Pre-Lab Preparation -- Preparation of the Separating Gel -- Preparation of the Stacking Gel -- Loading and Running the Gels -- Staining and Destaining the Gels -- Method -- Production of Antibodies from Laboratory Animals -- Preparation of Immunizing Material -- Protein Solution -- Use of Adjuvants -- Alum Precipitation -- Oil in Water -- Inoculation and Bleeding of Animals -- Purification of Enzymes for Immobilization -- Equipment -- Method -- Purification of Hemoglobin -- Purification of Fungal a-Amylase -- Purification of Protease -- Enzyme Immobilization in Polyacrylamide Gel -- Equipment -- Materials Required. , Chemicals -- Materials Required -- Chemicals -- Equipment -- 2. Regulative Techniques -- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) -- Experimental Outline -- Materials and Pre-Lab Preparations -- Method -- DNA Fragment Separation on Agarose Gel -- Hybridization -- Southern Blotting Procedure -- Probe Labelling -- Autoradiography -- Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism -- Summary of the AFLP Analysis System -- Restriction Endonucleases Digestion -- Ligation of Adapter -- Amplification Reaction -- Method -- Additional Materials Required -- Restriction Digestion of Genomic DNA -- DNA Blotting Techniques -- Precautions -- Experimental Outline -- Materials -- Pre-Lab Preparations -- Method -- Results -- Discussion -- RNA Separation of Species by Ion Exchange Column Chromatography on Methylated Albumin Kiesselguher Columns (MAK) -- Experimental Outline -- Materials -- Pre-Lab Preparations -- Method -- Preparation of Radio-Labelled Probe by Random Primer Method -- Experimental Outlines -- Materials -- Pre-Lab Preparations -- Method -- Precautions -- Detection of a Specific Fragment of Plant DNA from Restriction Digest by Hybridization with a Labelled Probe -- Experimental Outline -- Materials -- Pre-Lab Preparations -- Method -- Hybridization -- Autoradiography -- Precautions -- In Vitro Transcriptions -- Experimental Outline -- Materials -- Enzymes and Buffers -- Equipment -- Method -- To Purify RNA by Ethanol Precipitation -- Troubleshooting -- In vitro Translation of mRNA -- Experimental Outline -- Materials -- Procedure -- Prepare the mRNA by in vitro Transcription -- Prepare the Protein by in vitro Translation -- Reagents and Solutions -- Reticulocytes and Their Use in the Study of Protein Synthesis -- Experimental Outline -- Materials and Pre-lab Preparation -- Method -- Precautions -- Protein Synthesis in Intact Rabbit Reticulocytes. , Experimental Outline -- Materials and Pre-Lab Preparations -- Method -- Calculations -- Precautions -- Metabolic Labelling of Proteins and Immunoprecipitation -- Experimental Outline -- Materials and Other -- Equipment -- Method -- Western Blots -- Precautions -- Marker-Assisted Pyramiding of Leaf Rust Resistance Gene in Wheat -- Method -- PCR Reactions -- STS Marker-Based Detection of 1B/1R Translocation -- Reagents -- Method -- STS Marker-Based Detection of Lr 26 Gene -- Reagents -- Method -- Microsatellite Markers -- Advantages of Microsatellite Markers -- Applications -- Method -- Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) -- Reaction Mixture for ISSR -- Amplification -- Isolation of Specific Full-Length cDNAs By RT-PCR Method -- Isolation or RNAs by TRIzol Method -- Design and Synthesis of Specific Forward and Reverse Primers -- Amplification of cDNA of Interest by RT-PCR -- Purification Products by High-Speed Centrifugation of Agarose Gel Slices of PCR -- High Yield and Cleaner Elution of DNA -- Construction of Genetic Linkage Maps and the Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) -- Mapmaker for the Construction of the Genetic Map, Plabstat for the Analysis of Phenotypic Data, PlaybQTL for the Interval Mapping QTL Analysis -- Transposons and Their Mutagenesis -- Site-Specific Transposon (Tn5) Mutagenesis -- Strain -- Generalized Transposon (Tn5) Mutagenesis -- Requirements -- Medium Composition -- Preparation of Antibiotic Stock Solution -- Procedure -- On 2-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis for Analysis of Gene Expression -- Sample Preparation -- Equipment and Reagents -- Method -- Rehydration of IPG Strips -- Equipment and Reagents -- Method -- Isoelectric Focusing -- Equipment and Reagents -- Method -- Equilibration of Isoelectric Focusing Strip before Transfer to SDS-PAGE -- Equipment and Reagents -- Method -- Casting the 2-Dimensional Gel. , Equipment and Reagents.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 A Brief Literature Review -- 1.2 Outline of the Book -- References -- 2 A Brief Introduction to Fuzzy Sets -- 2.1 Basic Definitions and Properties of Fuzzy Sets -- 2.2 Basic Set-Theoretic Operations on Fuzzy Sets -- 2.3 Fuzzy Relations -- 2.4 Fuzzy Numbers and Fuzzy Arithmetic -- 2.5 Fuzzy Events and Their Probabilities -- 2.6 Defuzzification of Fuzzy Sets -- References -- 3 A Brief Introduction to Fuzzy Optimization and Fuzzy Mathematical Programming -- 3.1 Introductory Remarks -- 3.2 Main Approaches to Fuzzy Optimization -- 3.3 Bellman and Zadeh's General Approach to Decision Making Under Fuzziness -- 3.4 Using the α-cuts of the Fuzzy Feasible Set -- 3.5 Fuzzy Mathematical Programming -- 3.6 Fuzzy Linear Programming -- 3.7 Fuzzy Linear Programming with Fuzzy Constraints -- 3.8 Fuzzy Coefficients in the Objective Function -- 3.9 Fuzzy Coefficients in the Technological Matrix -- References -- 4 New Methods for Solving Fully Fuzzy Transportation Problems with Trapezoidal Fuzzy Parameters -- 4.1 Preliminaries -- 4.1.1 Basic Definitions Related to Fuzzy Numbers -- 4.1.2 Arithmetic Operations on the Trapezoid Fuzzy Numbers -- 4.2 A Fuzzy Linear Programming Formulation of the Balanced Fully Fuzzy Transportation Problem -- 4.3 Existing Methods for Finding a Fuzzy Optimal Solution of the Fully Fuzzy Transportation Problem -- 4.4 Liu and Kao's Method -- 4.4.1 Fully Fuzzy Transportation Problems with the Inequality Constraints -- 4.4.2 Fully Fuzzy Transportation Problems with Equality Constraints -- 4.5 A Critical Analysis of the Existing Methods -- 4.6 On Some New Methods for Solving the Fully Fuzzy Transportation Problem -- 4.6.1 A New Method Based on a Fuzzy Linear Programming Formulation -- 4.6.2 Method Based on the Tabular Representation -- 4.6.3 Advantages of the Proposed Methods over the Existing Methods. , 4.7 An Illustrative Example -- 4.7.1 Fuzzy Optimal Solution Using the Method Based on Fuzzy Linear Programming Formulation -- 4.7.2 Fuzzy Optimal Solution Using the Method Based on Tabular Representation -- 4.7.3 Interpretation of Results -- 4.8 Case Study -- 4.8.1 Description of the Problem -- 4.8.2 Results Obtained -- 4.8.3 Interpretation of Results -- 4.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 New Methods for Solving the Fully Fuzzy Transportation Problems with the LR Flat Fuzzy Numbers -- 5.1 Preliminaries -- 5.2 Basic Definitions -- 5.3 Arithmetic Operations on the LR Flat Fuzzy Numbers -- 5.4 Solution of the Fully Fuzzy Transportation Problems with Parameters Represented by the LR Fuzzy Numbers or LR Flat Fuzzy Numbers -- 5.5 New Methods -- 5.5.1 Method Based on Fuzzy Linear Programming -- 5.5.2 Method Based on the Tabular Representation -- 5.5.3 Main Advantages of the Proposed Methods -- 5.6 Illustrative Example -- 5.6.1 Determination of the Fuzzy Optimal Solution Using the Method Based on the Fuzzy Linear Programming -- 5.6.2 Determination of the Fuzzy Optimal Solution Using the Method Based on the Tabular Representation -- 5.6.3 Interpretation of Results -- 5.7 A Comparative Study -- 5.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 New Improved Methods for Solving the Fully Fuzzy Transshipment Problems with Parameters Given as the LR Flat Fuzzy Numbers -- 6.1 Fuzzy Linear Programming Formulation of the Balanced Fully Fuzzy Transshipment Problems -- 6.2 Outline of the Ghatee and Hashemi Method -- 6.3 On Some Limitations of the Existing Methods -- 6.4 New Methods -- 6.4.1 New Method Based on the Fuzzy Linear Programming Formulation -- 6.4.2 New Method Based on the Tabular Representation -- 6.4.3 Advantages of the New Methods -- 6.5 Illustrative Example. , 6.5.1 Determination of the Optimal Solution Using the Method Based on the Fuzzy Linear Programming Formulation -- 6.5.2 Determination of the Optimal Solution Using the Method Based on the Tabular Representation -- 6.5.3 Interpretation of Results -- 6.6 A Comparative Study -- 6.7 A Case Study -- 6.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 New Methods for Solving Fully Fuzzy Solid Transportation Problems with LR Fuzzy Parameters -- 7.1 Fuzzy Linear Programming Formulation of the Balanced Fully Fuzzy Solid Transportation Problems -- 7.2 Liu and Kao's Method -- 7.3 Some Shortcomings of Liu and Kao's Method -- 7.4 Limitations of the Methods Proposed in the Previous Chapters -- 7.5 New Methods -- 7.5.1 New Method Based on the Fuzzy Linear Programming Formulation -- 7.5.2 New Method Based on the Tabular Representation -- 7.5.3 Advantages of the New Methods -- 7.6 Illustrative Example -- 7.6.1 Determination of the Fuzzy Optimal Solution Using the New Method Based on the Fuzzy Linear Programming Formulation -- 7.6.2 Determination of the Fuzzy Optimal Solution Using the New Method Based on the Tabular Representation -- 7.6.3 Interpretation of Results -- 7.7 A Comparative Study -- 7.8 A Case Study -- 7.8.1 Problem Description -- 7.8.2 Results -- 7.8.3 Interpretation of Results -- 7.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8 New Methods for Solving Fully Fuzzy Solid Transshipment Problems with LR Flat Fuzzy Numbers -- 8.1 New Fuzzy Linear Programming Formulation of the Balanced Fully Fuzzy Solid Transshipment Problem -- 8.2 Limitations of the Existing Method and Methods Proposed in Previous Chapters -- 8.3 New Methods -- 8.3.1 New Method Based on the Fuzzy Linear Programming Formulation -- 8.3.2 New Method Based on the Tabular Representation -- 8.3.3 Advantages of the New Methods -- 8.4 Illustrative Example. , 8.4.1 Determination of the Fuzzy Optimal Solution of the Fully Fuzzy Solid Transshipment Problem Using the Method Based on the Fuzzy Linear Programming Formulation -- 8.4.2 Determination of the Fuzzy Optimal Solution of the Fully Fuzzy Solid Transshipment Problem Using the Method Based on the Tabular Representation -- 8.4.3 Interpretation of Results -- 8.5 A Comparison of Results Obtained -- 8.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9 Conclusions and Future Research Directions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abstract -- 1 State of the Art -- References -- 2 Non-negative Fuzzy Optimal Solution of Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems with Equality Constraints -- 2.1 Preliminaries -- 2.1.1 Basic Definitions -- 2.1.2 Arithmetic Operations -- 2.2 Existing Method for Solving Fully Fuzzy Linear -- 2.3 Limitations and Shortcoming of the Existing Method -- 2.3.1 Limitations of the Existing Method -- 2.3.2 Shortcoming of the Existing Method -- 2.4 Product of a Non-negative Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number with Unrestricted Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number -- 2.5 Kumar et al.'s Method to Find the Non-negative Fuzzy Optimal Solution of Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems with Equality Constraints -- 2.6 Illustrative Examples -- 2.6.1 Fuzzy Optimal Solution of the Chosen Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems -- 2.7 Advantages of the Kumar et al.'s Method -- 2.8 Comparative Study -- 2.9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fuzzy Optimal Solution of Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems with Equality Constrains -- 3.1 Limitations of the Previous Presented Method -- 3.2 Product of Unrestricted Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers -- 3.2.1 Particular Cases of the Product of Unrestricted Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers -- 3.3 Kaur and Kumar's Method for Solving Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems with Equality Constraints -- 3.4 Illustrative Examples -- 3.4.1 Fuzzy Optimal Solution of the Chosen Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems -- 3.5 Advantages of Kaur and Kumar's Method -- 3.6 Real Life Application of Kaur and Kumar's Method -- 3.6.1 Description of the Problem -- 3.7 Comparative Study -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Fuzzy Optimal Solution of Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems with Equality Constraints Having LR Flat Fuzzy Numbers -- 4.1 Preliminaries -- 4.1.1 Basic Definitions -- 4.1.2 Arithmetic Operations. , 4.2 Product of Unrestricted LR Flat Fuzzy Numbers -- 4.2.1 New Product Corresponding to the Existing Product otimes -- 4.2.2 New Product Corresponding to the Existing Product -- 4.3 Limitations of Previous Presented Method -- 4.4 Kaur and Kumar's Method for Solving Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems with Equality Constraints Having LR Flat Fuzzy Numbers -- 4.5 Illustrative Examples -- 4.5.1 Fuzzy Optimal Solution of the Chosen Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems -- 4.6 Advantages of the Kaur and Kumar's Method -- 4.7 Comparative Study -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Fuzzy Optimal Solution of Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems with Inequality Constraints Having LR Flat Fuzzy Numbers -- 5.1 Existing Method for Solving Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems with Inequality Constraints -- 5.2 Applicability of the Existing Methods -- 5.3 Limitations of the Existing Methods -- 5.3.1 Limitations of the Existing Methods for Solving Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems -- 5.3.2 Limitations of the Existing Method for Solving Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems -- 5.4 Kumar and Kaur's Methods for Solving Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems with Inequality Constraints Having LR Flat Fuzzy Numbers -- 5.4.1 Kumar and Kaur's Method -- 5.4.2 Alternative Method -- 5.4.3 Verification of the Presented Methods -- 5.5 Illustrative Example -- 5.5.1 Fuzzy Optimal Solution of the Chosen Problem by Using the Kumar and Kaur's Method -- 5.5.2 Fuzzy Optimal Solution of the Chosen Problem by Using the Alternative Method -- 5.6 Advantages of the Presented Methods -- 5.7 Comparative Study -- 5.8 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Unique Fuzzy Optimal Value of Fully Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems with Equality Constraints Having LR Flat Fuzzy Numbers -- 6.1 Limitations of the Previous Presented Method. , 6.2 Kaur and Kumar's Method Based on RMDS Approach -- 6.2.1 RMDS Approach -- 6.2.2 Kaur and Kumar's Method -- 6.3 Illustrative Example -- 6.4 Advantages of the Kaur and Kumar's Method -- 6.5 Comparative Study -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Future Scope.