Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Green Approach: Microbes for Removal of Dyes and Metals via Ion Binding -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Pollutants in the Environment -- 1.2.1 Toxic Metals -- 1.2.2 Triphenylmethane Dyes -- 1.3 Bioremediation Approaches in Removing Pollutants -- 1.3.1 Non-microbial Strategies -- 1.3.2 Microbial-Based Strategies -- 1.4 Mechanisms for Removal of Pollutant Ions -- 1.4.1 Mechanisms for Removal of Metal Ions -- 1.4.2 Mechanisms for Removal of Dyes -- 1.5 Innovations in the Removal of Pollutant Ions -- 1.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Removal of Heavy Metal from Wastewater Using Ion Exchange Membranes -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Heavy Metal -- 2.2.1 Chromium -- 2.2.2 Nickel -- 2.2.3 Copper -- 2.2.4 Zinc -- 2.2.5 Cadmium -- 2.2.6 Mercury -- 2.2.7 Lead -- 2.3 Physical Treatment Methods -- 2.3.1 Ultrafiltration -- 2.3.2 Nanofiltration -- 2.3.3 Reverse Osmosis -- 2.3.4 Forward Osmosis -- 2.3.5 Adsorption -- 2.4 Chemical Treatment Methods -- 2.4.1 Electrodialysis Method -- 2.4.2 Fuel Cell Method -- 2.5 Remaining Challenges and Perspectives -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Separation and Purification of Uncharged Molecules -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Separation and Purification of Vitamin B12 -- 3.2.1 Downstream Processing of Vitamin B12 for Measurement -- 3.3 Separation and Purification of Haemoglobin -- 3.4 Separation and Purification of Uncharged Dyes -- 3.4.1 Purification and Separation of Dyes -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Aluminosilicate Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers): Emerging Ion Exchangers for Removal of Metal Ions -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methodology and Calculations -- 4.2.1 Terminology: Ion Exchange or Adsorption -- 4.2.2 Evidence for Ion Exchange. , 4.2.3 Modeling of Adsorption of Metal Ions on Geopolymers -- 4.2.4 Geopolymer Preparation -- 4.2.5 Washing of the Geopolymeric Adsorbent -- 4.2.6 Comparison Between Geopolymers and Zeolites -- 4.2.7 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers -- 4.2.7.1 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Alkali Metal Ions -- 4.2.7.2 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Ammonium Ion -- 4.2.7.3 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Alkaline Earth Metals -- 4.2.7.4 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Heavy Metals -- Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers -- Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers -- Zeolite-Based Geopolymers -- 4.2.7.5 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers/Adsorbents for Cationic Organic Dyes -- 4.2.8 Comparison of Geopolymers with Zeolites -- 4.2.8.1 Synthesis Conditions -- 4.2.8.2 Crystallinity -- 4.2.8.3 Surface Area and Porosity -- 4.2.8.4 Cation Exchange Capacity -- 4.2.8.5 Selectivity for Metal Ions -- 4.2.8.6 Stability in Acidic Solutions -- 4.2.8.7 Thermal Stability -- 4.2.8.8 Mechanical Strength -- 4.2.8.9 Regeneration -- 4.2.9 Stabilization/Solidification/Encapsulation of Ion Exchangers in Geopolymers -- 4.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Agglomerated Spherical Zirconium Phosphate for Removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ Ions from Aqueous System -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Preparation of Agglomerated Spherical Zirconium Phosphate -- 5.2.2 Characterization -- 5.2.3 Ion Exchange Properties -- 5.2.4 Elution Behaviour -- 5.2.5 Distribution Studies -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Characterization -- 5.3.2 Powder X-ray Diffraction Studies -- 5.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive (EDS) Characterization -- 5.3.4 Zeta and Surface Area Analysis -- 5.3.5 Ion Exchange Characteristics -- 5.3.6 Mechanism of Sr2+ Interaction with Zirconium Phosphate -- 5.4 Conclusion. , Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Metal Hexacyanoferrates: Ion Insertion (or Exchange) Capabilities -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ion Exchange -- 6.2.1 Ion Exchange in MHCF at Work: Potentiometric Ion Sensors -- 6.2.2 An Ion Exchange-Based Approach for the Recovery of Metal Ions: The Case of Cesium and Thallium -- 6.2.3 Electrochemically Driven Ion Exchange -- 6.2.4 Reversible Ion Insertion in Battery Systems -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Biosorbents and Composite Cation Exchanger for the Treatment of Heavy Metals -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Agro-Based Biosorbents for Heavy Metal Removal -- 7.3 Biopolymers -- 7.3.1 Functional Groups -- 7.3.2 Cellulose -- 7.3.3 Chitosan -- 7.3.4 Nanofiber Membranes and Packed-Bed Adsorbers -- 7.4 Composite Ion Exchangers -- 7.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- 8 Rare Earth Elements-Separation Methods Yesterday and Today -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.1 General Characteristics -- 8.2.2 The Occurrence of Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.3 Physicochemical Properties of Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.4 Application of Rare Earth Metals -- 8.2.5 Production and Consumption of Rare Earth Elements in the World -- 8.3 Rare Earth Element Recovery from Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries -- 8.4 Rare Earth Element Recovery from Permanent Magnets -- 8.5 Separation of High-Purity Rare Earth Elements -- 8.5.1 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Cation Exchangers -- 8.5.2 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Anion Exchangers -- 8.5.3 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Chelating Ion Exchangers -- 8.6 Current Technologies -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Sequestration of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Using Composite Ion Exchangers -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ion-Exchange Materials. , 9.2.1 Organic Materials -- 9.2.2 Inorganic Materials -- 9.2.3 Composite Materials -- 9.2.3.1 Hybrid Materials -- 9.2.3.2 Nanocomposite -- 9.3 Mechanism of Ion-Exchange Process -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Applications of Organic Ion Exchange Resins in Water Treatment -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Removal of Heavy Metals -- 10.3 Removal of Organics -- 10.3.1 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) -- 10.3.2 Disinfection by-Products (DBPs) -- 10.3.3 Surfactants -- 10.3.4 Pharmaceuticals -- 10.3.5 Dyes -- 10.3.6 Small Organic Matter -- 10.4 Desalination -- 10.5 Boron Removal -- 10.6 Removal of Anions -- 10.7 Removal of Cations -- 10.7.1 Hardness -- 10.7.2 Ammonium -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Role of Nano-photocatalysis in Heavy Metal Detoxification -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Heavy Metals and Their Toxicological Effects -- 1.2.1 Cadmium -- 1.2.2 Chromium -- 1.2.3 Copper -- 1.2.4 Lead -- 1.2.5 Mercury -- 1.2.6 Nickel -- 1.2.7 Zinc -- 1.3 Overview of Photocatalysis -- 1.4 Mechanism of Photocatalysis -- 1.5 Types of Photocatalysis -- 1.5.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.5.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.6 Overview and Mechanism of Nano-photocatalysis -- 1.7 Photocatalytic Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 1.7.1 Organic Synthesis -- 1.7.1.1 Plant Extracts Aqueous Solutions -- 1.7.1.2 Microorganisms -- 1.7.2 Chemical Synthesis -- 1.7.2.1 Sol-Gel Method -- 1.7.2.2 Hydrothermal Method -- 1.7.2.3 Polyol Synthesis -- 1.7.2.4 Precipitation Method -- 1.7.3 Physical Synthesis -- 1.7.3.1 Ball Milling -- 1.7.3.2 Melt Mixing -- 1.7.3.3 Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) -- 1.7.3.4 Laser Ablation -- 1.7.3.5 Sputter Deposition -- 1.8 Mode of Operation on Nano-photocatalysis -- 1.9 Parameters Affecting the Photocatalytic Efficiency -- 1.9.1 Effect of pH of the Reaction Solution -- 1.9.2 Effect of Photocatalyst Concentration -- 1.9.3 Effect of Substrate Adsorption -- 1.9.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen -- 1.10 Application -- 1.10.1 Chromium -- 1.10.1.1 pH -- 1.10.1.2 Light Intensity -- 1.10.1.3 Photocatalyst Dosage -- 1.10.1.4 Presence of Organic Compounds -- 1.10.2 Mercury -- 1.10.3 Arsenic -- 1.10.4 Uranium -- 1.11 Disadvantages of Photocatalysis -- 1.12 Photocatalyst Modifications -- 1.12.1 Dye Sensitization -- 1.12.2 Ion Doping -- 1.12.3 Composite Semiconductor -- 1.13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Solar Photocatalysis Applications to Antibiotic Degradation in Aquatic Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Solar Photocatalysis Process. , 2.3 Solar Photocatalysis Treatment for Antibiotic Degradation -- 2.3.1 Trimethoprim -- 2.3.2 Sulfamethoxazole -- 2.3.3 Erythromycin -- 2.3.4 Ciprofloxacin -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Biomass-Based Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background of Biomass-Derived Carbon -- 3.2.1 Biochar -- 3.2.2 Activated Carbon (AC) -- 3.3 Synthesis Methods of Biomass-Derived Carbon -- 3.3.1 Pyrolysis -- 3.3.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization -- 3.3.3 Physical and Chemical Activation -- 3.4 Photocatalysts and Photocatalysis Reactions -- 3.5 Functionalized AC and Applications -- 3.5.1 Types of Functionalized AC -- 3.5.2 Functionalized AC Photocatalysts and Its Application -- 3.6 Future Challenges and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Application of Bismuth-Based Photocatalysts in Environmental Protection -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals in Water -- 4.2.1 Tetracycline -- 4.2.2 Ciprofloxacin and Other Antibiotics -- 4.2.3 Carbamazepine -- 4.2.4 Ibuprofen and Diclofenac -- 4.2.5 Other Pharmaceuticals -- 4.3 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Industrial Micropollutants -- 4.3.1 Bisphenol A -- 4.3.2 Oxidation of Other Industrial Pollutants -- 4.4 Oxidation of the Indoor Air Pollutant NOx -- 4.5 Photocatalytic Reduction of Pollutants in Water and Air -- 4.5.1 Reduction of Cr(VI) in Water -- 4.5.2 Reduction of CO2 in Air -- 4.6 Water Splitting -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Phosphors-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Phosphor Materials: A Historical Background -- 5.3 Inorganic Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.1 Types of Inorganic Phosphor Materials -- 5.3.2 Down-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.3 Up-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.4 Long-Persistent Phosphors in Photocatalysis. , 5.4 Organic Up-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- References -- Chapter 6: Nanocarbons-Supported and Polymers-Supported Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures as Efficient Photocatalysts for Remedi... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalysis -- 6.1.2 Potential TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.1.3 Limitations of the Fine Powder Form of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.1.3.1 Comparison of Synthesis Methods -- 6.1.3.2 Improvements in TiO2 Performance by Structural Change, Doping, and Hybridization -- 6.2 TiO2 Photocatalysts with Polymer-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.2.1 Need for Immobilization of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.2.1.1 Features of a Stable Substrate, and Available Substrates -- 6.2.1.2 Comparison of Polymeric Supports for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.3 TiO2 Photocatalysts Supported with Nanocarbons for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.3.1 TiO2-Functionalized Nanocarbon-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.3.1.1 Potential Photocatalytic Improvements with Carbon Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Investigation in Sono-photocatalysis Process Using Doped Catalyst and Ferrite Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Dependency of Catalytic Activity -- 7.2.1 Size-Dependent Catalytic Activity -- 7.2.2 Shape-Dependent Catalytic Effect -- 7.2.3 Interparticle Distance-Dependent Catalytic Effect -- 7.2.4 Support Interaction and Charge Transfer-Dependent Reactivity -- 7.3 Type of Nanoparticles -- 7.3.1 Non-metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.2 Metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.3 Semiconductor Nanoparticles -- 7.3.4 Ceramic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.5 Polymer Nanoparticles -- 7.3.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles -- 7.4 Types of Nanoparticles Based on Structure -- 7.5 Synthesis and Applications -- 7.5.1 Discussions -- 7.6 Synergetic Effect. , 7.7 Conclusion and Overview -- References -- Chapter 8: Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst for Antibacterial Application and Catalytic Performance -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Magnetic-Based Photocatalysts in Inactivation of the Microorganism -- 8.3 Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Bacterial Inactivation -- 8.3.1 Effect of Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst Concentration and Light Intensity -- 8.3.2 Nature of Microorganism -- 8.3.3 Solution pH of Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst Suspension -- 8.3.4 Initial Bacterial Concentration -- 8.3.5 Physiological State of Bacteria -- 8.4 Proposed Mechanism for Bacteria Disinfection by the Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst -- 8.5 Using Magnetic-Based Catalyst in Photocatalytic Abatement of Organics -- 8.6 Photocatalysis for the Simultaneous Treatment of Bacteria and Organics -- 8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 9: Antimicrobial Activities of Photocatalysts for Water Disinfection -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mechanisms of Photocatalytic Disinfection -- 9.3 Pure and Modified Photocatalysts -- 9.4 Photocatalytic Films and Biofilms -- 9.5 Photocatalytic Composites and Nanocomposites -- 9.6 Materials with Antimicrobial Activity in the Absence of Light -- 9.7 Case Study: Application of Supported Photocatalysts in Disinfection of Whey-Processing Water -- 9.8 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 10: Medicinal Applications of Photocatalysts -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Background -- 10.2 Antifungal Activity -- 10.3 Virucidal Activity -- 10.4 Antimicrobial Activity -- 10.5 Anticancer Activity -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Solvent Transport Phenomenon of Composite -- Natural Fiber Reinforced Synthetic Polymer Composites -- Ceramic Composites for Aerospace Applications -- Effect of Fiber Orientation and Modification on the Behavior of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced UPE/ESOA Hybrid Composite -- Graphene Composites -- Ionic Polymer Metal Composites -- Carbon Nanotube Composites -- Polymer Electrolyte Membranes -- Thermo Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Composites -- Ionic Transport in Sol-Gel Derived Organic-Inorganic Composites -- Membrane Transport for Gas Separation -- Mass Transport through Composite Asymmetric Membranes -- Transport Phenomenon of Nanoparticles in Animals and Humans -- Sorption and Diffusion Properties of Wood/Plastic Composites -- Graphite/UPE Nanocomposite: Transport, Thermal, Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties -- Diffusion of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes into Industrial Polymers -- Diffusion, Transport and Water Absorption Properties of Eco-Friendly Polymer Composites -- Keyword Index -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- frontpages -- 1 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The preparation of graphene -- 3. Graphene-metal compound composites -- 3.1 Graphene-MnO2 composites -- 3.2 Graphene-Mn3O4 composites -- 3.3 Graphene-ZnO composites -- 3.4 Graphene-CeO2 composites -- 3.5 Graphene-Co3O4 composites -- 3.6 Graphene-NiO composites -- 4. Graphene-polymer composites -- 4.1 Graphene-PPY based composites -- 4.2 Graphene-PAN based composites -- 4.3 Graphene-biopolymer composite materials -- 5. 3D graphene-based composites -- 6. Multifunctional graphene-based electrode materials -- 6.1 Ternary graphene-polymer-nanocarbon composites -- 6.2 Ternary graphene-polymer-metal oxide composites -- 6.3 Ternary graphene-polymer-polymer composites -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 -- 1. Biomass-derived carbon -- 2. Use of biomass based activated carbon in electrochemical capacitor -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Materials and instrumentation -- 2.2 Preparation of electrode and electrochemical characterization -- 2.3 Sonochemical synthesis of RuO2 nanogranules -- 2.4 Sonochemical synthesis of conducting polymer/RuO2 composite -- 3. Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamentals of supercapacitors -- 2.1 Types of supercapacitors -- 2.2 Parameters for supercapacitors -- 3. Synthesis methods -- 4. Electrode materials of transition metal oxides/hydroxides -- 4.1 Ruthenium oxide -- 4.2 Manganese oxide -- 4.3 Nickel oxide/Nickel hydroxide (NiO/Ni(OH)2) -- 4.4 Cobalt oxide/hydroxide (Co3O4/Co(OH)2) -- 4.5 Iron oxides (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) -- 4.6 Molybdenum oxides -- 4.7 Vanadium pentoxide -- 4.8 Tin oxide -- 4.9 Indium oxide (In2O3) -- 4.10 Bismuth oxide -- 4.11 Binary metal oxides -- 5. Application of supercapacitors -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Experimental -- 2.1 Materials and instrumentation -- 2.2 Preparation PANI-ZrO2 composite (PZA) by aqueous polymerization pathway -- 2.3 Preparation of PANI-ZrO2 composite (PZE) by emulsion polymerization pathway -- 2.4 Preparation of PANI-ZrO2 composite (PZI) by interfacial polymerization pathway -- 2.5 Ion exchange capacity (IEC) of PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3. Results and discussion -- 3.1 Synthesis and physical properties of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3.2 Spectral properties of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3.3 Thermal behavior of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3.4 Electrochemical performances of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbonaceous-CQDs composites -- 3. Inorganic-CQDs composites -- 4. Conducting polymer-CQDs composites -- 5. Summary and outlook -- References -- 7 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Supercapacitors -- 3.1 Classification of supercapacitors -- 3.1 Electrostatic capacitors -- 3.2 Pseudocapacitors -- 3.3 Hybrid electrochemical capacitors -- 4. Charge storage mechanism -- 5. Electrode materials -- 6. Transition metal oxides as pseudocapacitor electrodes -- 7. Synthesis of transition metal oxides based electrode material -- 8 Sol-Gel synthesis -- 9. Sol-gel synthesis of transition metal oxides based electrode materials -- 10. Metal oxide /carbon composites as pseudocapacitors electrode material -- 11. Binary metal oxide as electrode material -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1 Sample preparation -- 2.2 Characterization techniques -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- keywords_editors.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Nanophotocatalysts for Fuel Production -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Quantum Dot Semiconductors -- 1.3 Synthesis of Quantum Dots -- 1.4 Application of Quantum Dots for Fuel Production -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Highly Stable Metal Oxide-Based Heterostructured Photocatalysts for an Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production -- 2.1 Photocatalysis -- 2.1.1 Photocatalytic Mechanism -- 2.1.2 Band Edge Positions -- 2.2 Semiconducting Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic Water Splitting -- 2.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Heterostructured Photocatalysts -- 2.2.1.1 Energy Structure of TiO2 -- 2.2.1.2 Lattice Structure of TiO2 -- 2.3 The Challenges in Photocatalytic H2 Production Using TiO2 Particulate Systems -- 2.4 Strategies for Improving TiO2 Photocatalytic Activity -- 2.4.1 Addition of Sacrificial Reagents -- 2.4.2 TiO2-Based Semiconductors Under UV Light Irradiation -- 2.4.3 Photocatalytic Performance of TiO2 Under Visible Irradiation -- 2.4.4 Functionalization of TiO2 with Carbon Nanomaterials -- 2.4.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 2.4.4.2 Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) -- 2.5 Future Scope/Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Novelty in Designing of Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.1 Principles of CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.2 By-Products of CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.2.3.1 Doping of Photocatalyst -- 3.2.4 Commercial Challenges of CO2 Reduction -- 3.3 Water Splitting -- 3.3.1 The Basic Principle of Water Splitting -- 3.3.2 Photocatalyst for Water Splitting -- 3.3.2.1 Oxide-Based Photocatalyst -- 3.3.2.2 Nitride-Based Photocatalyst -- 3.3.3 Commercial Challenges of Water Splitting -- 3.4 Conclusion and Way Forward -- References. , Chapter 4: Z-Scheme Photocatalysts for the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide: Recent Advances and Perspectives -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Basic Principles of the Z-Scheme Reduction of CO2 -- 4.3 Advances in Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 -- 4.3.1 Z-Scheme Systems with Aqueous Shuttle Redox Mediator -- 4.3.2 All-Solid-State Z-Scheme Systems -- 4.3.3 Semiconductor/Metal-Complex Hybrid Z-Scheme Systems -- 4.3.4 Light Harvesting of Photocatalysts Utilized for the Z-Scheme CO2 Reduction -- 4.3.5 Cocatalyst Strategies for Z-Scheme CO2 Reduction -- 4.4 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5: Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 General Photosynthesis Mechanism -- 5.3 Covalently Linked Molecular Systems for Artificial Photosynthesis -- 5.3.1 Porphyrin-Based Donor-Acceptor Molecular Systems -- 5.3.2 Subphthalocyanine-Based Light-Harvesting Complexes -- 5.3.3 BODIPY-Based Light-Harvesting Systems -- 5.4 Supramolecular Artificial Photosynthetic Systems -- 5.4.1 Metal-Ligand Interactions of Porphyrins/Naphthalocyanines with Electron Acceptors -- 5.4.2 Supramolecular Photosynthetic Complexes Via Crown Ether-Ammonium Cation Interactions -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Polymeric Semiconductors as Efficient Photocatalysts for Water Purification and Solar Hydrogen Production -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Photocatalysis -- 6.2.1 Basic Principles of Photocatalytic Reaction -- 6.2.2 Photocatalytic Properties -- 6.2.3 Photocatalytic Mechanism -- 6.3 Photocatalytic Functional Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications -- 6.3.1 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) -- 6.3.1.1 Synthesis of Polymeric g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.2 Photocatalytic Mechanism of g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.3 Photodegradation of Chemical Pollutants Using g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.4 Graphene Oxide-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts. , 6.3.2 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.3.2.1 Principles -- 6.3.2.2 Photocatalytic Applications of MOFs -- 6.3.3 TiO2-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.1 Principles -- 6.3.3.2 Different Forms of TiO2 and Its Physicochemical Properties -- 6.3.3.3 Structure of TiO2 -- 6.3.3.4 Photocatalytic Mechanism of TiO2 -- 6.3.3.5 Hybrid Photocatalysts Based on TiO2 and Organic Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3.3.5.1 Properties of Polythiophene -- 6.3.3.5.2 Properties of Polyaniline -- 6.3.3.5.3 Properties of Polypyrrole -- 6.3.3.5.4 Synthesis of TiO2-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts with Different Organic Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3.3.5.5 Characterization of TiO2/Conjugated Polymer-Based Hybrid Catalysts -- 6.3.3.5.6 Antibacterial Activity of Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.6 Environmental Application of Different Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.6.1 Water Purification -- 6.3.4 Graphene Oxide (GO)-Based Photocatalyst for Dye Degradation and H2 Evolution -- 6.3.4.1 Photodegradation of Chemical Pollutants -- 6.3.4.2 Hydrogen (H2) Evolution Reaction by g-C3N4-Based Functional Photocatalysts -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Advances and Innovations in Photocatalysis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production -- 7.2.1 Nature of Different Sacrificial Agents and Typical Mechanism of Photoreforming -- 7.2.1.1 Methanol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.2 Ethanol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.3 Glycerol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.4 Glucose as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.2 Hydrogen Production from Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment -- 7.3 Photocatalysts Developed for the Synthesis of Organic Compounds in Mild Conditions -- 7.3.1 The Starting Point -- 7.3.2 The Effect of Supporting Metal Oxides on Titania on Selectivity -- 7.3.3 The Effect of Titania Dopant -- 7.3.4 The Effect of Titania Surface Area. , 7.3.5 The Effect of Substituting Titania -- 7.3.6 The Effect of Reactor and Illumination -- 7.3.7 Cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone by Gas-Phase Photocatalytic Oxidation? -- 7.4 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 7.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: Solar Light Active Nano-photocatalysts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mechanism of Semiconductor-Mediated Photocatalysis -- 8.2.1 Nano-TiO2 as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.2 Nano-ZnO as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.3 Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.4 Titanates as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.5 Nano-metal Sulphides as Photocatalysts -- 8.3 Strategies for Making Solar/Visible Light Active Photocatalysts -- 8.3.1 Metal/Non-metal Doping -- 8.3.2 Addition of Photosensitive Materials -- 8.3.3 Construction of Heterojunctions/Composites -- 8.3.4 Construction of Nanohybrid Materials -- 8.3.5 Surface Modification -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: High-Performance Photocatalysts for Organic Reactions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols -- 9.3 Selective Oxidation and Oxidative Coupling of Amines -- 9.4 Photocatalytic Cyanation -- 9.5 Photocatalytic Cycloaddition and C-C Bond Formation Reactions -- 9.6 Miscellaneous Reactions -- 9.7 Outlook -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Advanced Functional Materials: Properties and Applications, Vol. I -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Synthesis of Bioactives Coumarin Derivatives, Phthalocyanines and Terminal Conjugated Dienes via a Ruthenium Catalyzed Cross-Metathesis: Application to Renewable Resources -- Lead Poisoning - The Roman Scenario and Today's World -- Graphene Based Functional Hybrid Nanostructures: Preparation, Properties and Applications -- Electrical Conductivity, Dielectric, Modulus and Optical Studies of Ag2SO4 and TiO2 Composite Solid Electrolytes -- Fabrication, Characterization and Cytotoxicity of Guar Gum/Copper Oxide Nanocomposite: Efficient Removal of Organic Pollutant -- Engineered Wood Composite of Laminated Veneer Lumber: Physical and Mechanical Properties -- Studies on Influence of Chemical Modification, Plasticizer and Starch Concentration on Some Characteristics of Biodegradable Film -- Biomedical Implants and Tissues: Status and Prospects -- Green Analytical Methods in Analysis of Aflatoxins -- Carbohydrate-Based Advanced Biomaterials for Food Sustainability: A Review -- Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconium-Resorcinol Phosphate -- A New Hybrid Cation Exchanger and Dye Adsorbent for Water Treatment -- Keywords Index -- Authors Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Editors -- Chapter 1. Polythiophene-Based Battery Applications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Synthesis -- 1.2.1 Electrochemical Polymerization -- 1.2.2 Chemical Synthesis -- 1.3 Battery Applications of PTs -- 1.3.1 PTs as Cathodic Materials -- 1.3.1.1 PTs as Active Materials -- 1.3.1.2 PTs as Binder -- 1.3.1.3 PTs as Conduction-Promoting Agents -- 1.3.2 PTs as Air Cathode -- 1.3.2.1 Li-Air Batteries -- 1.3.2.2 Aluminum-Air Battery -- 1.3.2.3 Zinc-Air Battery -- 1.3.3 PTs as Anodic Materials -- 1.3.3.1 PTs as Active Materials for Anode -- 1.3.3.2 PTs as Binders -- 1.3.3.3 PTs as Conduction Promoting Agents (CPAs) -- 1.3.4 PTs as Battery Separators -- 1.3.4.1 Li-Ion Batteries -- 1.3.4.2 Li-S Batteries -- 1.3.4.3 Li-O2 Batteries -- 1.3.5 PTs as Electrolytes -- 1.3.6 PTs as Coin-cell Cases -- 1.3.7 PTs as Li-O2 Catalyst -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2. Synthetic Strategies and Significant Issues for Pristine Conducting Polymers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conduction Mechanism -- 2.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers -- 2.3.1 Synthesis through Polymerization -- 2.3.1.1 Chain-Growth Polymerization -- 2.3.1.2 Step-Growth Polymerization -- 2.3.2 Synthesis by Doping with Compatible Dopants -- 2.3.2.1 Types of Doping Agents -- 2.3.2.2 Doping Techniques -- 2.3.2.3 Mechanism of Doping -- 2.3.2.4 Influence of Doping on Conductivity -- 2.3.3 Electrochemical Polymerization -- 2.3.4 Photochemical Synthesis -- 2.4 Various Issues for Synthesis -- 2.4.1 Vapor-Phase Polymerization -- 2.4.2 Hybrid Conducting Polymers -- 2.4.3 Nanostructure Conducting Polymers -- 2.4.4 Narrow Bandgap Conducting Polymers -- 2.4.5 Synthesis in Supercritical CO2 -- 2.4.6 Biodegradability and Biocompatibility of Conducting Polymers -- 2.5 Applications. , 2.6 Future Scope for Applications -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3. Conducting Polymer Derived Materials for Batteries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Theory -- 3.3 Discussion on Conducting Polymer-Derived Materials -- 3.3.1 PEDOT Derivatives -- 3.3.1.1 Structural Properties -- 3.3.1.2 Electrochemical Studies of PEDOT and Its Derivatives -- 3.3.1.3 Magnetic Properties -- 3.3.2 PPy for the Energy-Storage Devices -- 3.3.2.1 Structural Property of PPy -- 3.3.2.2 Electrochemical Properties of Polypyrrol -- 3.3.2.3 Magnetic Properties -- 3.3.3 PANI for Battery Application -- 3.3.3.1 Structural Properties -- 3.3.3.2 Electrochemical Properties of PANI for Battery Electrode -- 3.3.3.3 Magnetic Properties of PANI -- 3.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. An Overview on Conducting Polymer-Based Materials for Battery Application -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Principle of Conducting Polymer Battery -- 4.3 Assortment of Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Battery Application -- 4.4 Mechanism of Conducting Polymers in Rechargeable Batteries -- 4.5 Organic Conducting Polymer for Lithium-ion Battery -- 4.5.1 Types of Organic Conducting Polymers -- 4.6 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer -- 4.6.1 Hard-template Method -- 4.6.2 Soft-template Method -- 4.6.3 Template-free Technique -- 4.6.4 Self-Assembly or Interfacial -- 4.6.5 Electrospinning -- 4.7 Characterization -- 4.7.1 Surface Characterization by AFM and AFMIR -- 4.7.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 4.7.3 Electrochemical Characterization -- 4.8 Applications of Various Conducting Polymers in Battery -- 4.8.1 Polyacetylene Battery -- 4.8.2 Polyaniline Batteries -- 4.8.3 Poly (p-phenylene) Batteries -- 4.8.4 Heterocyclic Polymer Batteries -- 4.9 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5. Polymer-Based Binary Nanocomposites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Binary Composites. , 5.3 Nanostructured CPs -- 5.4 Strategies to Improve Performance -- 5.4.1 Low-dimensional Capacitors -- 5.4.2 Hybrid Capacitors -- 5.4.2.1 Hybrid Electrode Material -- 5.5 CP/Carbon-based Binary Composite -- 5.6 CP/Metal Oxides Binary Composites -- 5.7 CP/Metal Sulfides Binary Complexes -- 5.8 Other Cp-supported Binary Complexes -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Polyaniline-Based Supercapacitor Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Polyaniline (PANI) and Its Application Potential -- 6.3 Supercapacitors -- 6.3.1 PANI in Supercapacitors -- 6.3.2 PANI and Carbon Composites -- 6.3.3 PANI/Porous and Carbon Composites -- 6.3.4 PANI/Graphene Composites -- 6.3.5 PANI/CNTs Composites -- 6.3.6 Polyaniline Activation/Carbonization -- 6.3.7 Composites of Polyaniline with Various Conductive Polymer Blends -- 6.3.8 Composites of Polyaniline with Transition Metal Oxides -- 6.3.9 Composites of Polyaniline Core-Shells with Metal Oxides -- 6.3.10 PANI-modified Cathode Materials -- 6.3.11 PANI-modified Anode Materials -- 6.4 Redox-active Electrolytes for PANI Supercapacitors -- 6.5 Examples of Various Polyaniline-based Supercapacitor -- 6.5.1 Composites of Polyaniline Doped with CoCl2 as Materials for Electrodes -- 6.5.2 Composites of Polyaniline Nanofibers with Graphene as materials for electrodes -- 6.5.3 Composites of Polyaniline (PANI) with Graphene Oxide as Electrode Materials -- 6.5.4 Hybrid Films of Manganese Dioxide and Polyaniline as Electrode Materials -- 6.5.5 Composites of Activated Carbon/Polyaniline with Tungsten Trioxide as Electrode Materials -- 6.5.6 PANI- and MOF-based Flexible Solid-state Supercapacitors -- 6.5.7 Polyaniline-based Nickel Electrodes for Electrochemical Supercapacitors -- 6.5.8 Hydrogel of Ultrathin Pure Polyaniline Nanofibers in Supercapacitor Application -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Chapter 7. Conductive Polymer-derived Materials for Supercapacitor -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Types of Supercapacitor -- 7.3 Parameters of Supercapacitors -- 7.4 Conducting Polymers (CPs) as Electrode Materials -- 7.4.1 Class of Conducting Polymer as Supercapacitor Electrode -- 7.5 Polyaniline (PANI)-based Electrode -- 7.6 Polypyrrole (PPy)-based Electrode -- 7.7 Polythiophene (PTh)-based Electrode -- 7.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 8. Conducting Polymer-Metal Based Binary Composites for Battery Applications -- 8.1 Conducting polymer (CPs) -- 8.2 Conducting polymers conductivity -- 8.3 Conducting polymer composites -- 8.3.1 Metal center nanoparticles -- 8.3.2 Metal nanoparticles -- 8.4 Conducting Polymer Based Binary Composites -- 8.4.1 Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) -- 8.4.2 Poly (Thiophene) composite -- 8.4.3 Poly (Para-Phenylene Vinylene) composite -- 8.4.4 Poly (Carbazole) composite -- 8.4.5 Vanadium oxide based conducting composite -- 8.4.6 PANI-V2O5 composite -- 8.4.7 Poly(N-sulfo propyl aniline)-V2O5 composite -- 8.5 Conducting polymer composite battery applications -- 8.5.1 Conducting polymer composite for Lithium-ion (Li+) based battery -- 8.5.2 Conducting polymer composites for Sodium-ion (Na+) based Battery -- 8.5.3 Conducting Polymer composite for Mg-Ion (Mg+2) Based Battery -- 8.6 Conducting polymer based composites for electrode materials -- References -- Chapter 9. Novel Conducting Polymer-Based Battery Application -- 9.1 Conducting Polymers (CPs) -- 9.1.1 Poly(Acetylene) -- 9.1.2 Poly(Thiophene) -- 9.1.3 Poly(Aniline) -- 9.1.4 Poly(Pyrrole) -- 9.1.5 Poly(Paraphenylene) and Poly(Phenylene) -- 9.2 Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- 9.2.1 Lithium Sulfide batteries -- 9.2.2 Binder for Lithium sulfide battery cathode -- 9.2.3 Sulfur encapsulation for electrode materials. , 9.2.4 Sulfur Encapsulation through Conductive Polymers -- 9.2.5 Conducting polymer anodes for Lithium sulfide battery -- 9.2.6 Conducting polymer as materials interlayer -- 9.3 Li+-ion-based Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- 9.4 Na+- ion-based Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- 9.5 Mg+2-ion-based Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- References -- Chapter 10. Conducting Polymer-Carbon-Based Binary Composites for Battery Applications -- Abbreviations -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Batteries -- 10.2.1 Types of Batteries -- 10.2.2 Electrode Materials -- 10.3 Conducting Polymer-Carbon-Based Binary Composite in Battery Applications -- 10.3.1 Polyaniline PANI-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.3.2 Polypyrrole (PPy)-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.3.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.3.4 Others Conducting Polymer-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11. Polyethylenedioxythiophene-Based Battery Applications -- 11.1 Chemistry of PEDOT -- 11.1.1 PEDOT Synthesis and Morphology -- 11.1.1.1 Synthetic Techniques to Achieve Desired Morphologies -- 11.1.2 PEDOT-Based Nanocomposites -- 11.2 PEDOT-Based Polymers in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries -- 11.3 Lithium-Air Battery Based on PEDOT or PEDOT:PSS -- 11.3.1 PEDOT-Based Nanocomposites for Li-O2 Batteries -- 11.3.2 PEDOT:PSS-Based Li-O2 Battery Cathodes -- 11.4 Lithium and Alkali Ion Polythiophene Batteries -- 11.4.1 Cathodes -- 11.4.1.1 Cathode Binders and Composites -- 11.4.2 Anodes -- 11.4.2.1 Anode Binders and Composites -- 11.4.3 All-Polythiophene and Metal-Free Batteries -- References -- Chapter 12. Polythiophene-Based Supercapacitor Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Properties of Polythiophene (PTh) -- 12.3 Synthesis of Polythiophene -- 12.4 Charge Storage in Polythiophene Electrochemical Capacitors. , 12.5 Polythiophene Electrode Fabrication.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- MXenes for Sensors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of MXenes -- 3. MXenes for sensing applications -- 3.1 Electronic sensors -- 3.2 Biosensing -- 4. Characterization -- 5. Final Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 -- A Newly Emerging MXene Nanomaterial for Environmental Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Physiochemical properties of MXenes nanomaterials -- 2.1 Crystal structure -- 2.1.2 Surface chemical structure -- 2.1.3 Band gap structure -- 2.2 Synthesis of MXenes nanomaterials -- 3. MXenes for environmental application -- 3.1 Adsorption -- 3.1.1 Adsorption of organic pollutants -- 3.1.2 Adsorption of inorganic pollutants -- 3.1.3 Adsorption of gaseous pollutants -- 3.1.4 Adsorption of other pollutants -- 3.2 Photocatalysis -- 3.3 Antimicrobial activity -- 3.4 Membrane filtration -- Conclusion and remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 -- Two-Dimensional MXene as a Promising Material for Hydrogen Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Family of Mxenes -- 3. Structural properties of Mxenes -- 4. Preparation of Mxenes -- 5. Mxenes for hydrogen storage -- 6. Computational and theoretical study on hydrogen storage over MXenes -- 7. Experimental study of Mxenes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 -- MXenes for Electrocatalysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MXenes forHER -- 2.1 The mechanism of HER -- 2.2 MXene-based catalysts for HER -- 3. MXene for OER -- 3.1 The mechanism of OER -- 3.2 MXene-based catalysts for OER -- 4. MXene for NRR -- 4.1 The mechanism of NRR -- 4.2 MXene-based catalysts for NRR -- Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 5 -- MXenes Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Significance of MXenes composites -- 3. MAX phases in MXenes -- 4. Processing of MXene composites -- 4.1 Synthesis of MXenes -- 4.2 Surface modifications. , 5. Structural and mechanical properties -- 6. Electronic properties -- 7. Surface state properties -- 8. Transport and optical properties -- 9. Magnetic properties -- 10. Applications of MXenes in different fields -- 10.1 Low work function emitters -- 10.2 Catalysts and photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution -- 10.3 Energy conversion for thermoelectric devices -- 10.4 Energy storage -- 10.5 Biomedical applications -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- MXenes for Supercapacitors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Supercapacitor background -- 3. Synthesis approaches -- 3.1 MXene -- 3.2 Element doped MXenes -- 3.3 MXene-based nanocomposites -- 3.4 MXene quantum dots -- 4. Structures, properties and supercapacitor applications -- 4.1 Single/few-layered MXene-based supercapacitors -- 4.2 Element doped MXenes -- 4.3 MXene composites-based supercapacitors -- Summary and outlook -- References -- 7 -- MXenes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Na-ion batteries -- 3. Summary -- References -- 8 -- MXenes for Biomedical Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MXenes as antibacterial agent -- 3. MXenes as biosensors -- 4. MXenes in bio-imaging -- 5. Therapeutic applications of MXenes -- Discussion -- References -- 9 -- MXene and its Sensing Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MXenes based sensors -- 2.1 MXene for electrochemical (bio) sensing -- 2.2 MXenes for optical sensing -- 2.3 MXene for gas sensing -- 2.4 MXene for piezoresistive sensing -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Separation and Purification of Amino Acids -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Ion Exchange Chromatography in the Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.3 Ion Exchange Chromatography of Amino Acids -- 1.4 Ion Exchange Resins -- 1.5 Buffer Systems in IEC for Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.5.1 Sodium Citrate Buffer System -- 1.5.2 Lithium Citrate Buffer System -- 1.6 The Relation Between the Concentration of Eluent and Retention Time of Amino Acids -- 1.7 Effect of Temperature on Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.8 Effect of pH on Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.9 Effect of the Flow Rate of the Eluting Buffer on the IEC of Amino Acids -- 1.10 Regeneration of the Ion Exchange Column -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Ion Exchange Chromatography for Enzyme Immobilization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Enzyme Immobilization -- 2.2.1 Immobilization Approaches -- 2.3 Ion-Exchange as an Immobilization Tool -- 2.4 Enzyme Immobilization Research and Application by Ion-Exchange in the Laboratory and Industry -- 2.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 3 Determination of Morphine in Urine -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Structural Features of Morphine -- 3.1.2 Physical Properties -- 3.1.3 Various Routes of Morphine Administration -- 3.1.4 Stay Period of Morphine in the Body -- 3.2 What Is Drug Abuse? -- 3.2.1 Fatal Dose of Morphine -- 3.2.2 Statistics Towards Morphine Addiction -- 3.2.3 Adverse Effect of Morphine -- 3.3 Samples Used for Detection of Morphine -- 3.3.1 Sample Collection/Preparation Prior to Detection -- 3.3.2 Extraction and Derivatization -- 3.4 Detection of Morphine in Urine -- 3.4.1 Chromatographic Methods -- 3.4.2 Liquid Chromatography (LC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 3.4.3 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) -- 3.4.4 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) -- 3.4.5 Electrochemical Detection. , 3.4.6 Combination of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer with Chromatography -- 3.4.7 Some Miscellaneous Detection Techniques -- 3.5 Conclusion and Future Scope -- References -- 4 Chromatographic Separation of Amino Acids -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 History -- 4.1.2 Classification of Amino Acids -- 4.2 Separation -- 4.2.1 What is Separation? -- 4.2.2 Why Need to Do Separation of Amino Acids? -- 4.2.3 What is Chromatography? -- 4.2.4 Classification of Chromatographic Methods -- 4.2.5 Advantages of Chromatographic Methods Over Other Methods -- 4.3 Separation of Amino Acids by Gas Chromatography (GC) -- 4.4 Liquid Chromatography (LC) -- 4.4.1 Separation of Amino Acids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 4.4.2 Advantages of Liquid Chromatography Over the Gas Chromatography -- 4.5 Amino Acid Separation by Countercurrent Chromatography (CCC) -- 4.6 Separation of Amino Acids by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) -- 4.6.1 Preparation of Thin Plates -- 4.6.2 Sample Spotting on the Thin-Layer Plate -- 4.6.3 Detection of Amino Acids on the Thin-Layer Plate -- 4.7 Separation of Amino Acids by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) -- 4.7.1 Various Modes for Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) -- 4.8 Separation of Amino Acids by the Hyphenated Technique -- 4.8.1 List of Hyphenated Techniques -- 4.8.2 Separation of Amino Acids Using GC-MS -- 4.8.3 Separation of Amino Acids by LC-MS -- 4.8.4 Separation of Amino Acids by LC-MS-MS -- 4.8.5 Separation of Amino Acids by CE-MS -- 4.9 Conclusion and Future Scope -- References -- 5 Applications of Ion-Exchange Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Application of Ion-Exchange Chromatography in Quantitative Analysis -- 5.2.1 Single-Mode Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 5.2.2 Analysis of Small Molecules (Organic and Inorganic Ions) -- 5.2.3 Mixed-Mode Chromatography. , 5.3 Pretreatment and Separation Prior to Analysis -- 5.3.1 Ionic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 5.3.2 Mixed-Mode Ion-Exchange Solid-Phase Extraction -- 5.3.3 Flow Injection Ion-Exchange Preconcentration -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- 6 Thermodynamic Kinetics and Sorption of Bovine Serum Albumin with Different Clay Materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Experimental -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 The Effect of Some Specific Physicochemical Properties BSA onto Adsorption -- 6.3.2 Analyses of FTIR, TGA, and SEM Images -- 6.3.3 Kinetic Analysis -- 6.3.4 Thermodynamic Parameters -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Sorbitol Demineralization by Ion Exchange -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Industrial Application of Sorbitol -- 7.3 Importance of Demineralization/Deashing of Sorbitol -- 7.4 Role of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.5 Different Types of Ion Exchangers for Sorbitol Demineralization -- 7.5.1 Cation-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.5.2 Anion-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Separation and Purification of Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Purine and Pyrimidine Bases by Ion Exchange -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.2.1 Mechanism of Ion Exchange -- 8.2.2 Components of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.3 Nucleotides -- 8.4 Nucleosides -- 8.5 Purines and Pyrimidines -- 8.6 Column Preparation and Operation -- 8.7 Operation -- 8.8 Impact of Separation Parameters -- 8.9 Separation of Nucleotides -- 8.9.1 Fractionation of Nucleotides -- 8.9.2 Cation-Exchange Resin -- 8.9.3 Anion-Exchange Materials -- 8.10 Separation of Nucleosides -- 8.10.1 Purification of Nucleosides -- 8.10.2 Cation-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.10.3 Anion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.11 Separation of Purines and Pyrimidines -- 8.11.1 Cation-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.11.2 Anion-Exchange Chromatography. , 8.12 Applications of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.13 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Separation and Purification of Vitamins: Vitamins B1, B2, B6, C and K1 -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Significance of Vitamins -- 9.3 Classification of Vitamins -- 9.3.1 Water-Soluble Vitamins -- 9.3.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins -- 9.4 Sources of Vitamins -- 9.4.1 B Vitamins -- 9.4.2 Vitamin C -- 9.4.3 Vitamin K -- 9.5 Vitamin Deficiency Disorders -- 9.6 B Vitamins -- 9.6.1 Vitamin B1 -- 9.6.2 Vitamin B2 -- 9.6.3 Vitamin B6 -- 9.7 Vitamin C -- 9.8 Vitamin K1 -- 9.9 Separation and Purification of Vitamin -- 9.10 Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 9.11 Mechanism of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 9.12 Separation and Purification of Vitamins B1, B2 and B6 -- 9.13 Separation and Purification of Vitamin C -- 9.14 Ion-Exchange Separation and Purification of Vitamin K1 -- 9.15 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Colour Removal from Sugar Syrups -- 10.1 Colourants in Sugar Solutions -- 10.1.1 Determination of Colour in Sugar and Sugar Juices -- 10.1.2 Colour Substances in Sugar and Sugar Solutions -- 10.1.3 Formation of Beet and Cane Colourants During the Technological Process -- 10.1.4 Removal of Colourants from Beet and Cane Sugar and Sugar Solution -- 10.2 Decolourisation with Ion-Exchange Resins -- 10.2.1 The Terminology Used in Ion-Exchange Technology -- 10.2.2 Types of Ion-Exchange Resins -- 10.2.3 Set-up of Industrial Chromatographic Systems for Colour Removal -- 10.2.4 Comparison of Ion-Exchange Technology with Other Decolourising Techniques -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Use of Ion-Exchange Resins in Dehydration Reactions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Catalytic Processes of Dehydration -- 1.2.1 Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes -- 1.2.2 Dehydration of Alcohols to Ethers -- 1.2.3 Dehydration of Carbohydrates -- 1.2.4 Other Dehydration Processes -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- 2 The Application of Ion-Exchange Resins in Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ion-exchange resin as a catalyst and support in reaction processes -- 2.2.1 Hydrogenation reactions and catalysis -- 2.3 Ion-Exchange Resins as Catalyst and Support for Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3.1 Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Compounds Using Ion-Exchange Resins -- 2.3.2 Reduction, Removal, and Hydrogenation of Nitrates Using Ion-Exchange Resin -- 2.3.3 Hydrodechlorination Reaction Using Ion-Exchange Resin -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Use of Ion-Exchange Resins in Alkylation Reactions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Aspects of Ion-Exchange Resins for the Alkylation Reaction -- 3.3 Alkylation Process Using Ion-Exchange Resins -- 3.3.1 Reactors and Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 3.3.2 Alkylation Process -- 3.3.3 A Process for Continuous Alkylation of Phenol Using Ion-Exchange Resin -- 3.3.4 Process for Alkylating Benzene with Tri- and Tetra-substituted Olefins with a Sulfonic Acid Type Ion-Exchanger Resin -- 3.4 Alkylation of Alkenes with Isoalkanes -- 3.5 The Reaction of Alkylation of Sulfur Compounds with Olefins -- 3.6 Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds -- 3.6.1 The Reaction of Aromatic Compounds with Olefins -- 3.6.2 The Reaction of Aromatic Compounds with Alkyl Halides and Alcohols -- 3.7 Alkylation of Phenol -- 3.8 Alkylation of Furan and Indol Derivatives -- 3.8.1 Indole Alkylation -- 3.8.2 Furan Alkylation -- 3.9 Conclusions -- References. , 4 Ion Exchange Resins Catalysed Esterification for the Production of Value Added Petrochemicals and Oleochemicals -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Ion Exchange Resin Catalysed Esterification for the Production of Petrochemicals -- 4.2.1 Esterification of Acetic Acid -- 4.2.2 Esterification of Acrylic Acid -- 4.2.3 Esterification of Lactic Acid -- 4.2.4 Esterification of Maleic Acid -- 4.3 Ion Exchange Resin Catalysed Esterification for the Production of Oleochemicals -- 4.3.1 Esterification of Oleic Acid -- 4.4 Esterification of Butyric Acid -- 4.5 Esterification of Palmitic Acid -- 4.6 Esterification of Nanonoic Acid -- 4.7 Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Plant Oil -- 4.8 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 5 Synthesis and Control of Silver Aggregates in Ion-Exchanged Silicate Glass by Thermal Annealing and Gamma Irradiation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Glass Composition -- 5.2.2 Ion Exchange -- 5.2.3 Gamma Irradiation and Thermal Treatment -- 5.2.4 UV-Vis Optical Absorption Spectrometry -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Effect of Ion Exchange Conditions -- 5.3.2 Effect of Thermal Annealing Conditions -- 5.3.3 Effect of Gamma Irradiation -- 5.3.4 Combined Effects of Gamma Irradiation and Thermal Annealing -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Use of Ion-Exchange Resin in Reactive Separation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Use of Ion-Exchange Resin in Reactive Separation -- 6.2.1 Reactive Distillation (RD) -- 6.3 Reactive Chromatography (RC) -- 6.4 Reactive Extraction (RE) -- 6.5 Reactive Absorption (RA) -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Chromatographic Reactive Separations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Reactive Distillation (RD) -- 7.1.2 Reactive Chromatography (RC) -- 7.1.3 Reactive Extraction (RE) -- 7.1.4 Reactive Membranes (RM) -- 7.1.5 Reactive Crystallization (RCr) -- 7.2 Concluding Remarks -- References. , 8 Ion-Exchange Chromatography in Separation and Purification of Beverages -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ion-Exchange Resins -- 8.2.1 Properties of Ion-Exchange Resins Used for Industrial Applications -- 8.2.2 Applications in Drinking Water Treatment -- 8.2.3 Major Ion-Exchange Processes in Water Treatment -- 8.2.4 Applications in Nonalcoholic Beverages -- 8.2.5 Applications in Alcoholic Beverages -- 8.3 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Ion Exchange Resin Technology in Recovery of Precious and Noble Metals -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Recovery of Metals from Their Pregnant Solutions -- 9.2.1 Gold -- 9.2.2 Recovery and Removal of Silver from Aqueous Industrial Solutions by Ion Exchange Technology -- 9.2.3 Removal of Copper from Industrial Effluents by Ion Exchange Technology -- 9.2.4 Uranium -- 9.2.5 Removal of Iron and Sulfate Ions from Copper Streams by Ion Exchange Technology -- 9.3 Conclusions -- References.