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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling and simulation design of advanced Cu alloy interconnects (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 6089-6094 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We use modeling and simulation tools to determine the beneficial additives or dopants to Cu interconnect. We have designed a virtual simulation procedure to cover several important aspects in screening a potential dopant to Cu with the assumption that grain-boundary (GB) diffusion is dominant for Cu electromigration performance. The procedure investigates dopant segregation to GB, bulk diffusion, dopant and Cu self-diffusion at the GB, and the effect of the dopant's presence on Cu diffusion at the GB. Defect formation and migration energies as well as activation energies were calculated using the state of the art ab initio method. Two primary mechanisms for a dopant to be effective were identified, namely, dopant blocking and dopant dragging mechanisms. For dopant blocking mechanism the desired dopants occupy the GB interstitial sites and block the fast diffusion pathway for Cu. In the case where Cu atoms occupy the GB interstitial sites, the desired dopants segregate to the nearby substitutional sites and drag the fast diffusing Cu. Early experimental results have confirmed model prediction for several dopants identified so far. The mean time to failure has increased more than 60% with a dopant concentration as low as 0.01 at. % in Cu and the resistivity increase can be controlled below 15% compared to undoped Cu. We demonstrate that modeling and simulation have become valuable alternatives to experiment for design of advanced materials systems for technology research and development. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1459756
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Screening beneficial dopants to Cu interconnects by modeling (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 763-765 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present the results of first-principles simulations of dopant segregation to grain boundaries (GBs), dopant bulk diffusion, dopant and Cu self-diffusion at the GB, and the effect of the presence of a dopant on Cu diffusion at the GB for advanced Cu alloy interconnects. Several dopants that inhibit Cu GB diffusion were identified. Two primary mechanisms were found, namely, dopant blocking and dopant dragging. Early experimental results have confirmed model predictions for one of the several dopants (carbon) identified so far. The mean time to failure has increased more than 60% with a carbon concentration in Cu as low as 0.01 at. % and the resulting resistivity increase can be controlled below 15% compared to undoped Cu. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1445471
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ab initio modeling and experimental study of C–B interactions in Si (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 52-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present results of ab initio calculations for the structure and energetics of small boron-carbon-interstitial and carbon-interstitial clusters in silicon and a respective continuum model for the nucleation, growth, and dissolution of these clusters. To test our calculations, we also measure secondary-ion mass spectra of boron and carbon in a SiGeCB system, which our model reproduces well. For the considered concentration regime, we find rapid carbon diffusion, nearly immobile boron, and undersaturation of silicon self-interstitials, resulting mainly from two clusters suggested by our ab initio results, the dicarbon-interstitial cluster and the boron-carbon-interstitial cluster. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1430505
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning vectors for Streptococcus thermophilus derived from a native plasmid (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 216 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 3.5-kb native plasmid (pND103) was identified in Streptococcus thermophilus ST2-1. Preliminary sequence analysis indicated that pND103 belongs to group I S. thermophilus plasmids. A region of approximately 2 kb appears to contain three components: a plus origin of replication (ori) typical of plasmids that replicate via rolling circle replication; a gene encoding a replication protein (rep); and a gene encoding a small heat shock protein (hsp). pND103 was then used to construct S. thermophilus/Escherichia coli hybrid cloning vectors by ligating different portions of pND103 to an origin-probe vector (pND330) composed of pUC19 and a Gram-positive erythromycin resistance gene. The shuttle vectors (pND913, pND914 and pND915) were successfully introduced back into plasmid-free S. thermophilus ST3–1 as well as to Lactococcus lactis LM0230 and E. coli JM109. Segregational and structural stability study indicated that these vectors can be maintained in these hosts. The results indicated that pND913, pND914 and pND915 are potential shuttle cloning vectors for S. thermophilus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11412.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osmolality and ion balance in giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii subjected to changes in salinity: role of sex (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 34 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Haemolymph osmolality, chloride and sodium concentrations of giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii adults were determined 15 days after they were transferred from freshwater to 0 (control), 7, 14 and 21‰ salinity. Haemolymph osmolality, chloride and sodium concentrations of prawns transferred to 7, 14 and 21‰ reached a constant level within 0.5, 2 and 3 days respectively. Both male and female adults exhibited strongly hyper-osmotic and hyper-ionic over the range of 0–14‰. The isosmotic point was 14.5 and 15.6‰, the iso-ionic point of chloride was 14.5 and 14.7‰, and the iso-ionic point of sodium was 16.5 and 15.7‰ for males and females respectively. The adults lost their hyper-regulatory ability and became osmo-conformic over the media of 14.5–21‰ and 15.6–21‰ and ion-conformic with respect to sodium over the media of 16.5–21‰ and 15.7–21‰ for males and females respectively. The adults displayed hypo-ionic to the media at 21‰ with respect to chloride.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00853.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Existence of Solutions for the Ericksen-Leslie System (2000)
    Springer
    Archive for rational mechanics and analysis 154 (2000), S. 135-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract: We study the general Ericksen-Leslie system, which describes the flow of liquid crystal materials. The dissipation property of the system is established and is used to prove the global existence of weak solutions. We also study the existence of classical solutions and the asymptotic stability of the solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002050000102
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  • 7
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    Determination of dissolved nitric oxide in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea off Qingdao (2017)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Ocean Science, 13 (4). pp. 623-632.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: We developed a new method for the determination of dissolved nitric oxide (NO) in discrete seawater samples based on the combination of a purge-and-trap setup and a fluorometric detection of NO. 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) reacts with NO in seawater to form the highly fluorescent 2,3-naphthotriazole (NAT). The fluorescence intensity was linear for NO concentrations in the range from 0.14 to 19 nmol L−1. We determined a detection limit of 0.068 nmol L−1, an average recovery coefficient of 83.8 % (80.2–90.0 %), and a relative standard deviation of ±7.2 %. With our method we determined for the first time the temporal and spatial distributions of NO surface concentrations in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea off Qingdao and in Jiaozhou Bay during a cruise in November 2009. The concentrations of NO varied from below the detection limit to 0.50 nmol L−1 with an average of 0.26 ± 0.14 nmol L−1. NO surface concentrations were generally enhanced significantly during daytime, implying that NO formation processes such as NO2− photolysis are much higher during daytime than chemical NO consumption, which, in turn, lead to a significant decrease in NO concentrations during nighttime. In general, NO surface concentrations and measured NO production rates were higher compared to previously reported measurements. This might be caused by the high NO2− surface concentrations encountered during the cruise. Moreover, additional measurements of NO production rates implied that the occurrence of particles and a temperature increase can enhance NO production rates. With the method introduced here, we have a reliable and comparably easy to use method at hand to measure oceanic NO surface concentrations, which can be used to decipher both its temporal and spatial distributions as well as its biogeochemical pathways in the oceans.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.5194/os-13-623-2017
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    Nitric oxide (NO) in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea (2019)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Biogeosciences (BG), 16 (22). pp. 4485-4496.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived compound of the marine nitrogen cycle; however, our knowledge about its oceanic distribution and turnover is rudimentary. Here we present the measurements of dissolved NO in the surface and bottom layers at 75 stations in the Bohai Sea (BS) and the Yellow Sea (YS) in June 2011. Moreover, NO photoproduction rates were determined at 27 stations in both seas. The NO concentrations in the surface and bottom layers were highly variable and ranged from below the limit of detection (i.e., 32 pmol L−1) to 616 pmol L−1 in the surface layer and 482 pmol L−1 in the bottom layer. There was no significant difference (p〉0.05) between the mean NO concentrations in the surface (186±108 pmol L−1) and bottom (174±123 pmol L−1) layers. A decreasing trend of NO in bottom-layer concentrations with salinity indicates a NO input by submarine groundwater discharge. NO in the surface layer was supersaturated at all stations during both day and night and therefore the BS and YS were a persistent source of NO to the atmosphere at the time of our measurements. The average flux was about 4.5×10−16 mol cm−2 s−1 and the flux showed significant positive relationship with the wind speed. The accumulation of NO during daytime was a result of photochemical production, and photoproduction rates were correlated to illuminance. The persistent nighttime NO supersaturation pointed to an unidentified NO dark production. NO sea-to-air flux densities were much lower than the NO photoproduction rates. Therefore, we conclude that the bulk of the NO produced in the mixed layer was rapidly consumed before its release to the atmosphere.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-16-4485-2019
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 9
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    Cooling mechanical resonators to the quantum ground state from room temperature (2015)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-16
    Description: Author(s): Yong-Chun Liu, Rui-Shan Liu, Chun-Hua Dong, Yan Li, Qihuang Gong, and Yun-Feng Xiao Ground-state cooling of mesoscopic mechanical resonators is a fundamental requirement for testing of quantum theory and for implementation of quantum information. We analyze the cavity optomechanical cooling limits in the intermediate coupling regime, where the light-enhanced optomechanical coupling... [Phys. Rev. A 91, 013824] Published Thu Jan 15, 2015
    Keywords: Quantum optics, physics of lasers, nonlinear optics, classical optics
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 10
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    Genetic Variability and Phylogenetic Analysis of Han Population from Guanzhong Region of China based on 21 non-CODIS STR Loci (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-10
    Description: In the present study, we presented the population genetic data and their forensic parameters of 21 non-CODIS autosomal STR loci in Chinese Guanzhong Han population. A total of 166 alleles were observed with corresponding allelic frequencies ranging from 0.0018 to 0.5564. No STR locus was observed to deviate from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibriums after applying Bonferroni correction. The cumulative power of discrimination and probability of exclusion of all the 21 STR loci were 0.99999999999999999993814 and 0.999998184, respectively. The results of genetic distances, phylogenetic trees and principal component analysis revealed that the Guanzhong Han population had a closer relationship with Ningxia Han, Tujia and Bai groups than other populations tested. In summary, these 21 STR loci showed a high level of genetic polymorphisms for the Guanzhong Han population and could be used for forensic applications and the studies of population genetics. Scientific Reports 5 doi: 10.1038/srep08872
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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