Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Small Molecule Fluorescent Sensors for Copper Ions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Small Molecule Fluorescent Sensors -- Anthracene Derived Fluorophores -- Coumarin Derived Fluorophores -- Dansyl Derived Fluorophores -- Fluorescein Derived Fluorophores -- Naphthalimide Derived Fluorophores -- Pyrene Derived Fluorophores -- Quinazoline Derived Fluorophores -- Quinoline Derived Fluorophores -- Rhodamine Derived Fluorophores -- Other Small Molecules as Fluorophores -- Conclusion -- Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Preparation of High-Performance Polymers by Click Chemistry and Their Membrane-Based Application -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classifications of Click Polymerization -- 2.1. Copper(I) Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Click Polymerization (CuAACP) -- 2.1.1. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Polymers -- 2.1.1.1. Mechanism of CuAAC -- 2.1.1.2. Linear Aromatic Based Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.1. Aromatic, Non-Fluorinated Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.2. Fluorinated Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.3. Crosslinked Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.4. Copoly(Triazole Imide)s -- 2.1.1.2.5. Phosphorus Containing Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.3. Hyperbranched Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.4. Star-Shaped Polytriazoles Using Click Polymerization -- 2.2. Thiol Based Click Polymerization -- 2.2.1. Polymer Synthesis Approaches -- 2.2.1.1. Thio-Michael Type Polymerization -- 2.2.1.2. Radical Thiol-Ene Polymerization -- 2.2.1.2.1. Photoinitiator -- 2.2.1.2.1.1. Direct Photoinitiation by Irradiation -- 2.2.1.2.1.2. Molecular Photoinitiation -- 2.2.1.3. Synthesis and Properties of High-Performance Polymers of Thiol Based Click Reaction -- 2.3. Amino-Yne Click Polymerization -- 2.4. Diels-Alder Click Polymerization -- 3. Membrane Based Application of the Polymers Prepared by Click Polymerizations. , 3.1. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Based Applications of Polytriazoles -- 3.1.1. Proton Transportation Mechanisms in PEMs -- 3.1.2. PEM Related Parameters -- 3.1.2.1. Ion Exchange Capacity -- 3.1.2.2. Water Uptake and Swelling Ratio Measurements -- 3.1.2.3. Proton Conductivity -- 3.1.2.4. Morphological Investigation -- 3.1.2.5. Oxidative and Hydrolytic Stability -- 3.1.2.6. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Performance -- 3.1.3. PEM Properties of Sulfonated Copolytriazoles -- 3.1.3.1. Fluorinated Sulfonated Copolytriazoles -- 3.1.3.2. Non-Fluorinated Sulfonated Copolytriazoles -- 3.2. Membrane-Based Applications of Polymers through Thiol Based Click Polymerization -- 3.2.1. Proton Exchange Membrane Application -- 3.2.2. Application as Anion Exchange Membranes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Steroids and Triterpenoids: Achievements and Prospects -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Transformation of Steroids Via the CuAAC Reaction -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Bile Acids -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Cholesterol Derivatives -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Steroid Sex Hormones -- Transformation of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Using the CuAAC Reaction -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Lupane Type Triterpenoid Derivatives -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Triazolyl-Containing Oleanane and Ursane Type Triterpenoids -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Adsorption of Cationic Dye Methylene Blue by the Polystyrene Filled with Inorganic Particles on Base of Bentonite -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Section 1 -- Structure and Properties of Bentonite and Bentonite/Magnetite Powders -- Materials -- Granulometric Composition of the Researched Powders -- Surface Morphology and Elemental Composition -- porous Structure -- Crystal Structure -- Section 2 -- Structure and Properties of the Polystyrene/Bentonite and Polystyrene/Bentonite/Magnetite Composite Films -- Preparation of the PS/Bentonite and PS/Bentonite/Magnetite Composite Films -- Crystal Structure -- Thermal Behavior of the Polystyrene/Bentonite Composite Materials -- Infra-Red (IR) Spectroscopy -- Section 3 -- Adsorption of Methylene Blue by the Polystyrene/Bentonite and Polystyrene/Bentonite/Magnetite Composite Films -- Adsorption Experiments -- Adsorption Models -- MB Adsorption Kinetics on PS and PS/Bentonite Composites -- MB Adsorption Equilibrium on PS and PS/Bentonite Composites -- Study of the Adsorbents Surface Morphology after Adsorption Test -- IR Spectroscopy after Adsorption Test -- Adsorption Kinetics of Methylene Blue on Polystyrene/Bentonite/ Magnetite Film Composites -- Effect of the Adsorbed MB on IR Spectra of the PS/Bentonite/ Magnetite -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 2 -- Carbon Tetrachloride: Dielectric Relaxation Study and Uses -- Chapter 3 -- Hydrogen Peroxide, an Important Green Chemical: Traditional and New Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Hydrogen Peroxide as Oxidant -- Water and Wastewater Pollution Treatment -- Oxidative Functionalization (O Donor) -- Oxidation of a Double Bond -- Oxidation of Alcohols -- Alkane Oxygenation [31] -- Hydrogen Peroxide as Reductant -- Extraction from Ores. , In the Leaching Process -- H2O2 in Nanochemistry -- Nanoparticle Synthesis -- Microemulsions Based Metal Peroxide Preparation -- Nanocatalyst for the Selective Oxidation with H2O2 -- Hydrogen Peroxide in Biology and Medicine -- Biocatalysis -- In Biology -- H2O2 as a Signaling Molecule -- H2O2 as Hydrogen Atom Donor -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 4 -- A Yeast Apoptosis-Inducing Characteristic of Hydrogen Peroxide -- Abstract -- Introduction -- ROS-Inducing Yeast Apoptosis -- H2O2: A Major Apoptosis Inducer -- Caspase-Independent Yeast Apoptosis -- AIF1: An Apoptosis Inducing Factor in Yeast -- NDE1: A Ros-Related Yeast Apoptotis Inducer -- NUC1: Yeast Apoptosis-Inducing Endonuclease -- Nma111p: A Nuclear Mediator of Yeast Apoptosis -- Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Hydrogen Peroxide to Oxidize Terpenic Alcohols in Keggin Heteropolyacid Salts-Catalyzed Reactions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Chemicals -- Catalytic Tests -- Main Results -- Borneol Oxidation -- β-Citronellol Oxidation -- Geraniol Oxidation -- Nerol Oxidation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Diamines: Types, Methods of Synthesis and Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Benzilbisthiosemicarbazone [24] -- 2.1.1. Synthesis of Diamine -- 2.1.1.1. Benzilbisthiosemicarbazone LH6 [15] -- 2.1.1.2. Benzilbis (Thiosemicarbazonato) Copper (II) CuLH4 -- 2.1.2. Results and Discussion -- 2.1.2.1. IR and Elemental Analysis of Ligand and Diamine -- 2.2. Diamino-Terephthalic Acid [25] -- 2.2.1. Dinitroterephthalic Acid (DNTPA) and Diaminoterephthalic Acid (DATPA) -- 2.2.1.1. Synthesis of Mono- and Dinitroterephthalic Acid (MNTPA and DNTPA) -- 2.2.1.1.1. Synthesis of Diaminoterephthalic Acid (DATPA) -- 2.2.2. Results and Discussion. , 2.2.2.1. MNTPA and DNTPA -- 2.3. QuinoxalineDiamine [26] -- 2.3.1. Synthesis of 2, 3-bis-p-Aminophenylquinoxaline (IV) -- 2.3.2. Results and Discussion -- 2.4. Benzilbisthiosemicarbazone and Its Complexes [27] -- 2.4.1. Asynthesis of Benzilbisthiosemicarbazone (LH6) and Its Complexes -- 2.4.2. Results and Discussion -- 2.4.2.1. IR, 1HNMR and Elemental Analysis of Monomers -- 2.5. Acenaphtohydrazinomercaptotriazoldiamine (AHTD) [28] -- 2.5.1. Synthesis of Monomer -- 2.5.2. IR, 1HNMR and Elemental Analysis of Diamine (AHTD) -- 2.6. Fluorene Based Diamine [29] -- 2.6.1. Synthesis of 2, 7-Dinitrofluorene (Scheme 7) -- 2.6.1.1. Synthesis of 2, 7- Diaminofluorene (Scheme 6.2) -- 2.6.2. Fluorene Based Dinitro Synthesis (Scheme 6.3) -- 2.6.2.1. Fluorene Based Diamine Synthesis -- 2.6.3. Results and Discussion -- 2.6.3.1. Monomer Synthesis and Characterization -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Diamines as Tunable Chemicals in Thin Film Composite Membrane Formation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Thin-Film Polyamide Composite Membrane -- Different Diamines -- Trends and Future Directions -- To Develop Chlorine Resistance -- To Develop Fouling Resistance -- To Improve Performance -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Gas Hydrate: Applications, Structure, Formation, Separation Processes and Thermodynamics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Results and Discussions -- 2.1. The Process of Forming Gas Hydrates -- 2.2. Hydrate Gas Structure -- 2.2.1. Structure I -- 2.2.2. Structure II -- 2.2.4. Structure H -- 3. Hydrate Formation and Stability -- 4. Clathrate Sediments -- 5. Gas Hydration Applications -- 5.1. The Effect of Slope on the Stability of the Underlying Layers -- 5.2. Hydrate Crystals in Separation Processes -- 5.3. Oxygen Enrichment Using the Formation of Gas Hydrates -- 5.4. Concentration for the Formation of Hydrate. , 5.5. Gas Hydrates and Sea Water Sweetening -- 5.6. Hydrate Crystals in the Environment -- 5.7. A Future Energy Source -- 5.8. Thermodynamics -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Description and Application of Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Potential Applications of Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Practical Application of Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- The Analysis of Mössbauer Spectra -- Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Mineralogy and Geology -- Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry -- Nuclear Decay-Induced Excited Spin State Trapping (NIESST): Mössbauer Emission Spectroscopy -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 2 -- Oligomerization of Alkenes with Transition Metal Catalysts - Reaction Chemistry and Kinetics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Features of Oligomérization Reactions -- 3. Oligomerization of 1-Alkenes with Metallocene Catalysts -- 3.1. Chemical Structure of Alkene Oligomers -- 3.2. Oligomerization Kinetics -- 3.3. Post-Reactions of 1-Alkene Oligomers -- 4. Alkene Oligomerization Reactions with Nickel Complexes -- 4.1. Ethylene Oligomerization with Ni Ylide Complexes -- 4.1.1. Chemistry of Ethylene Oligomerization and Co-Oligomerization Reactions -- 4.1.2. Kinetics of Ethylene Oligomerization Reactions with Ni Ylide Complexes -- 4.2. Oligomerization of 1-Alkenes with Ni Complexes -- 4.3. Alkene Oligomerization Reactions with Ni Diimine Complexes -- 4.3.1. Ethylene Oligomerization Reactions -- 4.3.2. Propylene Oligomerization Reactions -- 5. Oligomerization Reactions with Titanium and Zirconium Compounds -- 5.1. TiCl4-Based Catalysts -- 5.2. Zr(OR)4 -Based Catalysts -- 6. Formation of Oligomers in Alkene Polymerization Reactions -- 6.1. General Reaction Scheme -- 6.2. Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 6.3. Chromium-Based Catalysts -- 6.3.1. Chromium Oxide Catalysts -- 6.3.2. Organochromium Catalysts -- 6.4. Metallocene Catalysts -- References -- Chapter 3. , Recent Advances in the Application of Glycan-Modified Self-Assembled Monolayers -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Source of Glycans -- Chemical and Enzymatic Synthesis -- Isolation from Natural Glycoconjugates -- Selection of Solid Supports -- Immobilization Chemistry -- Characterization -- Applications -- Glyconanoparticles -- Colorimetric Bioassay/Biosensing -- Inhibitor of Virus -- Vaccines -- Glycosylation -- Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Mixed Metal Oxides ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3 Nanoparticles for the Xanthine Sensor Development -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methodology -- Materials and Method -- Synthesis of Mixed Metal ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3 NPs -- Fabrication of Working GCE -- Result and Discussion -- Optical and Structural Properties of ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3 NPs -- XPS Analysis of ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3 NPs -- Morphological and Elemental Analysis of ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3 NPs -- Analytical Performances of XNT Sensor -- Possible Sensing Mechanism of XNT -- Validity of XNT Sensor in Real Environmental Samples -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Piperidine Analogs as Antioxidants and Anticancer Agents -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Anti-Oxidant Activity of Piperidine Derivatives -- 2.1. Piperidin-4-One Derivatives -- 2.2. Unsaturated Piperidine Derivatives -- 2.2.1. General Synthesis Tetrahydropyridine Derivatives (9-14) -- 2.3. N-Aryl-2,6-Dioxopiperidine Derivatives -- 2.3.1. General Synthesis of N-aryl-2,6-Dioxopiperidine Derivatives -- 2.4. N-Acylated Piperidine Derivatives -- 2.5. Alkyl Piperidine Derivatives -- 2.6. Spiro Piperidine Derivatives -- 2.6.1. Synthesis of N-alkylatedSpiro-Piperidinyl Pyrazolones(33) a-s -- 2.6.2. Synthesis of N-Alkylated Spiro-Piperidine Acetamides (35) a-d -- 2.6.3. Synthesis of Spiropiperidine Carboxamide (37) a-c -- 2.7. Piperamides Bearing Piperidine Derivatives. , 2.7.1. Synthesis of Piperamide with Substituted Piperidines (38)g-n -- 2.8. Diaryl Substituted Piperidinones -- 2.8.1. Synthesis of Diaryl Substituted Piperidones (39) a-e -- 2.8.2. Synthesis of Diarylpiperidone and Its Alcohol -- 2.8.3. Synthesis of 1,2,3-Thiadiazole-5-Carbohydrazide of Piperidones -- 2.9. Piperidone Oxime Derivatives -- 2.9.1. Synthesis of Piperidin-4-One Oxime Esters (49) -- 2.10. Piperidine Based Sulfonyl Hydrazones -- 2.10.1. Synthesis of Piperidine Based Sulfahydrazones (50-66) -- 2.11. Benzisoxazole Derivatives -- 2.11.1. Synthesis of Benzisoxazole Piperidine Derivatives (71) -- 2.11.2. Synthesis of Benzisoxazole Piperidine Urea/Thiourea Derivatives (72) and (73) -- 2.12. Piperidine Nitroxides Derivatives -- 2.12.1. Synthesis of TEMPO SubstitutedPiperidineDerivatives -- 2.13. N-Substituted Piperidine Derivatives -- 3. Anti-Cancer Activity of Piperidine Derivatives -- 3.1. Benzylidene Piperidone Derivatives -- 3.1.1. General Synthesisof 3,5-Bis(Benzylidene)-1-[3-(2-Hydroxyethylthio)Propanoyl]Piperidin-4-Ones (84)a-e -- 3.2. s-Triazine Based Piperidine Derivatives -- 3.2.1. Synthesis of s-Triazine Based Piperidine Derivatives -- 3.3. Disubstituted Ureide Derivatives of Pyrimidinopiperidines -- 3.3.1. Synthesis Isomeric Ureide 2,4-Disubstituted Pyrimidinopiperidines(91) a-w -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Synthesis and Applications of Piperidine -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of Piperidine -- 2.1. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Piperidines -- 2.2. Piperidine as Anti-Cancer Agent -- 2.3. Piperidine as Anti-Diabetic Agent -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- An Overview of Piperidine Derivatives as Antipsychotics -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthesis and AntipsycoticProperties of Piperidine Derivatives -- Conclusion -- Aknowledgments -- References. , Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- A Review on the Production of Light Olefins from Hydrocarbons Cracking and Methanol Conversion -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The U.S. Methanol Market -- 1.2. Global Marketing and Production -- 1.3. Methanol Manufacturing in Iran -- 2. Olefins Global Marketing -- 2.1. Global Propylene Production and Marketing -- 2.2. Ethylene Global Marketing and Production -- 2.3. OLEFINS Production Processes (Olefins Production Overview) -- 2.3.1. Steam Cracking -- 2.3.2. Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) -- 2.3.3. Oxidative Coupling of Methane -- 2.3.4. The Methanol to Olefins Process -- 2.4. Olefin Productions: Processes Detailed Review -- 2.4.1. Ethylene Production Licenses -- 2.4.1.1. China Petrochemical Technology Co -- 2.4.1.2. Lummus Technology -- 2.4.1.3. Linde Technology -- 2.4.1.4. The Shaw Group Technology -- 2.4.1.5. The Technip (I) Technology -- 2.4.1.6. The Technip (II) Technology -- 2.4.1.7. The UOP LLC- Honeywell Co. Technology -- 3. Propylene Production -- 3.1. Axens Technology (I) -- 3.2. The Axens Technology (II) -- 3.3. China Petrochemical Technology Co. -- 3.4. The Kellogg Brown & -- Root LLC Technology -- 3.5. The Lummus Technology -- 3.6. The UOP LLC, Honeywell Technlogy -- 3.7. The Lummus Technology (II) -- 4. Fundamental to Zeolits -- 4.1. Zeolite Materials: A Definition -- 4.2. Brønsted Acidity in Metallo Silicate Zeolites -- 4.3. Brønsted Acidity in Aluminophosphates -- 4.4. Zeolite Selection for Processes -- 4.5. Structures of Commercially Significant Zeolites -- 4.6. ZSM - 5 (MFI) -- Conclusion -- References -- Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase in Higher Plants: A Key Enzyme for Plant Development -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure, Localization and Kinetics -- 3. PAL Genes and Differential Regulation -- 4. PAL Assay -- 5. Phenylpropanoids -- 5.1. Flavonoids. , 5.2. Lignin -- 5.3. Coumarins -- 5.4. Tannins -- 5.5. Lignans -- 6. Factors Influencing PAL Activity -- 6.1. Intrinsic Factors -- 6.2. Infections Caused by Pathogens and Insect Attack -- 6.3. Wounding -- 6.4. Light -- 6.5. Ethylene -- 6.6. Carbohydrates -- 6.7. Methyl Jasmonate -- 6.8. Salinity -- 6.9. Temperature -- 6.10. Mineral Deficiency -- 6.11. UV Radiation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chalcogenated Ligands/ Nanoparticles and Transfer Hydrogenation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Chalcogen Ligated Metal Complexes -- Organochalcogen Ligands with Chalcogenoether Functionality -- Organochalcogen Ligands with Triazole Core -- Organochalcogen Ligands with Pyridine Framework -- Organochalcogen Ligands with Imine Functionality -- Comparison AMONG Catalytic Efficiency -- Nanocatalysts Stabilized with Organochalcogen Ligands -- Summary of Insights of Catalytic Processes of Transfer Hydrogenation -- Conclusion and Future Scope -- References -- Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theory in Electrochemistry -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Electrochemical Similarity Criterion Characterizing the Uniformity of Current Distribution -- Dimensional Analysis of Electrochemical Mass Transfer Problems -- Dimensional Analysis of Charge Transfer Processes -- Dimensional Analysis of Electrochemical Processes Involving Consecutive Charge Transfer -- Dimensional Analysis in Applied Electrochemistry -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Micro Extraction: An Ecocompatible Extraction Technique -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Types of Sample Preparation Techniques -- Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)/Liquid Phase Micro-Extraction (LPME) -- Classification of LPME -- Single Drop Micro-Extraction (SDME) -- Head Space Hanging-Drop Micro-Extraction (HS-HDME) -- Direct Immersion SDME -- Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Micro-Extraction (HF-LPME). , Results and Discussion -- Hollow Fiber Drop to Drop Microextraction: (HF-DDME) -- Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Micro-Extraction (DLLME) -- Solid Phase Microextraction(SPME) -- Conclusion -- References -- Bis-Azides -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Functional Interconversion Employing -- Bis-Azides -- Bis-Azides and CuAAC Reaction -- Synthesis of Functionalized Macrocycles -- Use of Bis-Azides in Polymer Chemistry -- Preparation of Cross-Linked DNA -- Concluding Remarks -- Conflict of Interests -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Potential Bioactive Compounds Derived from Cannabis Plant (Cannabis sativa L.) and It's Extraction Methods -- Abstract -- 1. Overview -- 2. Chemical Composition of Cannabis Plant (Cannabis sativa L.) -- 2.1. Types and Location of Cannabis Crops and Its Common Uses -- 2.2. Valuable Compounds and Applications from Cannabis Inflorescence -- 3. Bioactive Compounds for Human Health -- 3.1. Cannabis Oil Composition and Its Benefits for Human Health -- 3.1.1. Fatty Acid Composition -- 3.1.2. Description of the Main Cannabinoids Found in Cannabis -- 3.1.2.1. Phytocannabinoids -- 3.1.2.2. Endocannabinoids -- 3.1.2.3. Synthetic Cannabinoids -- 3.1.2.4. Receptors Cannabinoids -- 3.2. Cannabinoids with Possible Applications for the Treatment of Diseases -- 3.2.1. Antiemetic Effect -- 3.2.2. Appetite Stimulation -- 3.2.3. Analgesic -- 3.2.4. Multiple Sclerosis -- 3.2.5. Spinal Cord Injuries -- 3.2.6. Giles de la Tourette's Syndrome -- 3.3. The Synergy between Cannabinoids and Terpenes for Human Health -- 3.3.1. Myrcene -- 3.3.2. Limonene -- 3.3.3. Beta Caryophillene -- 3.3.4. Pinene -- 3.3.5. Linalool -- 4. Methods of Extracting Value-Added Compounds (Cannabinoids and Terpenes) from Cannabis -- 4.1. State of the Art about Oil Extraction -- 4.1.1. Drying Process -- 4.1.2. Oil Extraction Process -- 4.1.3. Purification Process -- 4.2. Butane for Oil Extraction -- 4.3. Extraction by Supercritical Fluids -- 4.4. Oil Extraction by Solvents (Technology, Operating Conditions, Yields, Oil Quality, etc.) -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Novel Technologies for Milk Powder Disinfection -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Intense Pulsed Light -- Principles -- Hardware Development -- Performance and Analysis of the Intense Pulsed Light Technology on Milk Powder -- Conclusion -- Non-Thermal Plasma (NTP) -- Principles. , Hardware Development -- Air Flow Reactive Chamber -- Vibratory Shaker -- Conveying Brushes -- Performance and Analysis of Non-Thermal Plasma on Milk Powder -- Conclusion -- Other Novel Technologies -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- α- and β-Pinene Rich Essential Oils and their Biological Importance -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biosynthesis of Pinene -- 2.1. Synthesis of 5 Carbon Units (IPP or DMAPP) -- 2.1.1. MEP Pathway -- 2.1.2. MVA Pathway -- 2.2. Condensation of IPP and DMAPP to Form Pinenes -- 3. Properties of Pinene -- 3.1. Physical and Chemical Properties -- 3.2. Biological Properties -- 3.2.1. Antibacterial Activity -- 3.2.2. Antifungal Activity -- 3.2.3. Antioxidant Activity -- 3.2.4. Antinociceptive and Antidepressant Activity -- 3.2.5. Molluscicidal and Spasmolytic Activity -- 3.2.6. Antiallergic and Antiosteoarthritic Activity -- 3.2.7. Anti-Inflammatory Activity -- 3.2.8. Anticancer Activity -- 3.2.9. Anticonvulsant and Insect Repellent Activity -- 4. Biotransformation of Pinene -- 4.1. Biotransformations Using Fungal Strains -- 4.2. Biotransformation Using Bacterial Strains -- 5. Use of Pinenes -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Introduction to the Mechanistic Scenario in Water Oxidation Catalysis by Transition Metal Complexes -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Mechanistic Challenges in Water Oxidation -- Water Oxidation Catalysts -- General Mechanistic Aspects of Water Oxidation Catalyzed by Transition Metal Complexes -- O-H Bond Oxidative Activation -- O-O Bond Formation -- O2 Release -- Mechanism Elucidation: The Synergy between Experimental and Computational Chemistry -- Electrochemistry -- Raman Spectroscopy -- Kinetic Experiments -- Isotopic Labelling Experiments -- Computational Chemistry -- Traditional Mechanisms Based on Ruthenium Complexes. , New Avenues for First Row Transition Metal Complexes -- Copper-Based Water Oxidation Catalysis: Single Electron Transfer-Water Nucleophilic Attack Mechanism -- Overview and Perspective -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Catalytic Aspects and Mechanisms of Water Oxidation by Mononuclear Ruthenium(II) Aquo Complexes -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Catalytic Aspects of Complexes for Water Oxidation -- Chemical Water Oxidation by Complexes Using a CeIV Oxidant -- Substitution Effect on Catalytic Activities for Water Oxidation -- Comparison in Water Oxidation Catalysis between Isomers -- Distal-/Proximal-[Ru(tpy)(pynp)OH2]2+ (d-/p-2) Isomers -- Mechanistic Investigation on Water Oxidation Catalysis Using a Multi Potential-Step Chronocoulospectrometry Tequnique -- Homogeneous Solution Systems -- Heterogeneous Electrode Systems -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Transition Metal Chalcogenides as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- Abstract -- Introduction to Transition Metal Chaclogenides -- Structure of Transition Metal Chalcogenides -- Preparation Methods of Transition Metal Chalcogenides -- Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- Mechanism of Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- Mechanism 1 -- Mechanism 2 -- Optimization of Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- Transition Metal Chalcogenides as Electrocatalysts for ORR -- VIB Transition Metals TMDs Electrocatalysts for ORR -- Heterogenous Atoms Doping in VIB Transition Metals TMDs Electrocatalysts for ORR -- Heterostructures of VIB Transition Metals TMDs with Conductive Materials as Electrocatalysts for ORR -- VB Transition Metals TMCs as Electrocatalysts for ORR -- Late Transition Metal Chalcogenides as Electrocatalysts for ORR -- Hybrid Structures of Different Group TMCs as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 7 -- Acetoxylation of Alpha-Pinene over Activated Carbons -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- New Ways to Use Charged Particles -- Abstract -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- Electrostatic Precipitation of Aerosol Particles -- Use of Electrostatic Field for Air Purification from Aerosol Particles -- Calculation of Particle Drift Velocity in Electric Field -- Experimental Study -- Conclusion -- Typical Precipitation Rates of Aerosol Particles under External Fields -- Theoretical Calculations of Particle Precipitation Rates -- Experimental Study of Particle Precipitation Rates -- Conclusion -- Effect of External Conditions on Aerosol Particle Precipitation Rate -- Calculational and Experimental Results for Aerosol Particle Precipitation -- Conclusion -- Electrostatic Spraying and Sorption Capacity of Particles -- Acquirable Charge and Size Distribution of Particles -- Theoretical Expressions -- Material and Methods -- Measurement Results for Particle Charge under Electrostatic Deposition -- Particle Size Distribution by Electrostatic Spraying -- Conclusion -- Electrostatic Interaction of Particles -- Mathematical Model for Electrostatic Interaction of Particles -- Experiment on Visualization of Electrostatic Interaction of Particles -- Improvement in Sorption Velocity and Sorption Efficiency of Harmful Particles on Surfaces by Charged Sorbent Particles -- Conclusion -- Electrostatic Coagulation -- Mathematical Model for Electrostatic Coagulation of Aerosols -- Experimental Study on Electrostatic Coagulation of Aerosols. Comparison with Ultrasound Coagulation -- Conclusion -- Electrostatic Charge and Surface Wetting -- Effect of Surface Electrostatic Charge on Wetting Angle -- Theoretical Expressions -- Materials and Methods -- Measurement Results for Wetting Angle of Charged Surface -- Conclusion -- Incorporation of Electrostatically Charged Particles into Molten Metal. , Mathematical Description -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental Results on Incorporation of Electrostatically Charged Aluminum Oxide Particles into Alloy -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Fluorescein: Chemistry, Synthesis and Application in Metal Ion Detection -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis -- 2.1. Synthesis of Xanthene Ring -- 2.2. Modifications of Fluorescein Structure -- 2.2.1. Modifications at the Ortho-Positions to Hydroxyl Groups -- 2.2.2. Modifications of Hydroxyl Groups -- 2.2.3. Modifications of Benzene Moiety -- 2.2.4. Derivatization of the Carboxylic Acid Group -- 2.2.5. Reduction of 9-Position of Xanthene -- 2.3. Hybrids of Fluorescein -- 3. Metal Ion Sensing and Detection -- 3.1. Iron -- 3.1.1. Iron(II) -- 3.1.2. Iron(III) -- 3.2. Copper -- 3.2.1. Copper(I) -- 3.2.2. Copper(II) -- 3.3. Zinc(II) -- 3.4. Mercury(II) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Oligomerization and Adsorption Orientation of Amyloidogenic Peptides Over Nano-Gold Colloidal Particle Surfaces -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. TEM Imaging -- 2.3. Methods -- 2.3.1. pH-Dependent UV-Vis Absorption Band -- 2.3.2. Correlation Relation between ΔpHo and dpH and Extraction of Coverage Ratio -- 3. Simulations -- 3.1 Simulation Process for Calculating the Coverage Fraction -- 3.2. Single Layer Model -- 3.2.1 Counting Maximum Oval Centers over a Sphere -- 3.2.2. Axial Axis Counting -- 3.2.3. Equatorial Axis Counting -- 3.2.4. Total Numbers of Adsorption Centers -- 3.2.5. Extraction of ( for the First Layer -- 3.3. Second Layer Model. , 3.3.1. Counting of Adsorption Center at Axial Axis of the Second Layer for a Lie-Down Orientation, a Targeted Sphere Lies 3a Nm above the Original Sphere. As for a Spiking-Out Orientation, a Targeted Sphere Lies 3b Nm above the Original Sphere (Figure... -- 3.3.2. Counting of Oval Center at Equatorial Axis of the Second Layer -- 3.3.3. Area Covered by Specifically Second Layer Ovals -- 3.3.4. Coverage Ratio Contributed by the Second Layer -- 4. Results -- 4.1. Extraction of Θ -- 4.2. Distance between Colloidal Particles -- 4.3. Simulation of Θ and Orientation -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1. Elucidation of Θ and Spectroscopic Measurement -- 5.2. Orientation of the Peptide over the Surface of Gold Colloidal Surface -- 5.3. Networking of the Peptide at an Interfacial Area -- 5.4. Verification of the Relationship between Physical Displacement and Coverage Ratio -- 5.5. Justification of Lower Coverage Ratio and Associated Prolate Shape -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Techniques and Its Analytical Application in Pharmaceutical Industries -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Analytical Techniques in Pharmaceutical Industry -- Near-Infrared Spectroscopy -- Principle -- Region I -- Region II -- Region III -- Instrumentation of NIR Spectroscopy -- Detection -- Importance of Chemometrics -- Chemometric Models -- Bilinear Models -- Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- Partial Least Squares (PLS) -- Multiway Models -- Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) -- Parallel Factor Analysis-2 (PARAFAC-2) -- Tucker-3 -- N-Partial Least Square (N-PLS) -- NIR Spectroscopy - Practical Aspects in Qualitative Method Development -- Sampling and Data Pre-Processing -- Library Management (Calibration Set Management) -- Calibration Transfer and Model Update -- Qualitative Analyses by NIR Spectroscopy. , Pharmaceutical Applications of NIR Spectroscopy -- Applications of Chemometric in Medical Profession -- Starting Material (Raw Material) Analysis -- Polymorphism -- Determination of Moisture Content -- Flow Properties -- Blending -- Content Uniformity -- Hardness and Disintegration Time -- Dissolution -- Coating -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Adsorption Characteristics of Methylene Blue on Bagasse Bottom Ash -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Materials -- Instrumentation -- Preparation and Purification of Bagasse Bottom Ash -- Application of Purified Bagasse Bottom Ash as Adsorbent for Methylene Blue -- Effect of pH -- Effect of Adsorption Time -- Effect of Initial Concentration of Methylene Blue -- Results and Discussion -- Preparation and Purification of Bagasse Bottom Ash -- Application of Purified Bagasse Bottom Ash as Adsorbent for Methylene Blue -- Effect of pH -- Effect of Adsorption Time -- Adsorption Isotherm -- Adsorption Mechanism -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Chiral Silicon-Chitosan-Containing Glycerohydrogels Obtained by Biomimetic Mineralization -- Abstract -- Introduction -- 1. Biomimetic Mineralization of Polysaccharides -- 1.1. Overview of Biomineralization -- 1.2. Biomimetic Sol-Gel Chitosan Mineralization -- 1.3. Pharmacological Activity of Silicon-Chitosan-Containing Glycerohydrogels -- 1.3.1. Hemostatic Activity -- 1.3.2. Antibacterial Activity -- 1.3.3. Wound Healing Activity -- 2. Influence of the Chirality of Biomimetics on Their Functional Properties -- 3. Influence of Chitosan Ascorbate Chirality on the Gelation Kinetics and Properties of Silicon-Chitosan-Containing Glycerohydrogels -- 3.1. Salt Formation in Chitosan Solutions in L- and D-Ascorbic Acids -- 3.2. Chirality Analysis of Chitosan L- and D-Ascorbates -- 3.3. Biomimetic Sol-Gel Synthesis of Silicon-Chitosan-Containing Glycerohydrogels on the Basis of Chitosan L- and D-Ascorbates -- 3.4. Physicochemical Properties of Glycerohydrogels Plates of Chitosan L- and D-Ascorbates -- 3.5. Comparative Analysis of the Biological Activity of Glycerohydrogels Based on Chitosan L- and D-Ascorbates -- 3.5.1. Antibacterial Activity of L- and D-Diastereomerically Enriched Chitosan Salts -- 3.5.2. Evaluation of the Viability of NHDF Cells in the Presence of L- and D-Diastereomerically Enriched Chitosan Salts -- 3.5.3. Assessment of the Wound Healing Activity of CSHCLL-(D-) AscA Hydrogels -- 3.5.4. Applications of the Chiral Silicon-Chitosan-Containing Glycerohydrogels in the Treatment of the Mucous Membranes Inflammation and Soft Tissues Therapy of the Oral Cavity in Dental Practice -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- A Comparison and Assessment on Performance of Zeolite Catalyst Based Selective for the Process Methanol to Gasoline: A Review -- Abstract -- Abbreviations. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 3. Zeolites -- 3.1. Zeolites Structure -- 3.1.1. Low-Silica Zeolites -- 3.1.2. Intermediate-Silica Zeolites -- 3.1.3. High-Silica Zeolites -- 3.1.4. Other Elements -- 3.2. Application of Zeolites -- 3.3. Zeolites as Catalyst -- 3.3.1. Zeolite as the Catalyst for Dialkylation of Naphthalene -- 3.3.2. Zeolite as the Catalyst for the Production of Light Olefins -- 3.3.3. Transition Metals Supported Catalysts -- 3.3.4. Zeolite Supported Catalyst -- 3.4. Acidity and Basicity -- 3.5. Shape Selectivity -- 3.6. Modification of Zeolites -- 3.6.1. Modification by Ion-Exchange -- 3.6.2. Modification by Changing Si/Al Ratio -- 3.7. Effect of Different Solvents -- 3.8. Pore Size Effect -- 3.9. Effect of Temperature -- 3.10. Effect of Pressure -- 3.11. Effect of Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) -- 3.1.2. Effect of Mole Ratio of Reactants -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Aldehydes Use: Prins Cyclization as a Useful Tool for Formation of Dihydropyranic and Tetrahydropyranic Structures -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Catalysts for Prins Cyclization -- Homogeneous Lewis Acids for Prins Cyclization -- Acid Halogenides Excluding Boron Trifluoride -- Boron Trifluoride -- Triflates -- Iodine -- Rhenium Based Compounds -- Homogeneous Brønsted Acids for Prins Cyclization -- Heterogenized Homogeneous Lewis and Brønsted Acids for Prins Cyclization -- Heterogeneous acids for Prins Cyclization -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Enhanced Light Olefins Production via Methanol Dehydration over Promoted SAPO-34 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experiment -- Reactor Test -- Results and Discussion -- Characterization Analysis. XRD Analysis -- SEM-TEM, BET Analysis -- Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD) -- Catalyst Performance -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5. , Casuarina equisetifolia Fruit: A Potential Activated Carbon Material for Water Pollutants Removal -- Abstract -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Casuarina equisetifolia L. -- 1.3. Characteristics of Casuarina Fruit -- 1.4. Potential Applications in Wastewater Treatment -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Synthesis of Characterization Nanoparticles Isophthalic Acid/Aluminum Nitrate (CAU-10-H) Using Method Hydrothermal -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Synthesis of Nanoparticles is Phthalic Acid/Aluminum Nitrate (CAU-10-H) -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Nanoparticles Are Phthalic Acid/Aluminum Nitrate Characterization -- 3.2. FTIR Analysis -- 3.3. SEM, EDX, TEM Analysis -- Conclusion -- Compliance with Ethical Standards -- Funding -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Water-in-Oil Microemulsions: An Overview -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Background -- 3. Properties -- 3.1. Definition -- 3.2. Components -- 3.2.1. Water -- 3.2.2. Oil -- 3.2.3. Surfactants -- 3.2.4. Cosurfactants -- 3.3. Formation Theories -- 4. Characterization -- 4.1. Phase Diagrams -- 4.2. Physical-Chemical Methods -- 5. Applications -- 5.1. Electroanalysis -- 5.2. Organic and Inorganic Electrosynthesis -- 5.3. Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics -- 5.4. Food Applications -- 5.5. Miscellaneous -- 6. Surfactant-Free Water-in-Oil Microemulsions -- 6.1. Components -- 6.2. Formation Theory -- 6.3. Application in Electroanalysis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Understanding and Resolving the Manifested Resistance to Azoles -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Resistance to Azole Compounds -- 2.1. Molecular Basis of Azole Action Mechanism -- 2.2. Target Site Modulation Driven Attenuated Functioning of Azoles -- 2.3. Resistance Mechanisms of Azoles -- 2.3.1. Azole Import -- 2.3.2. ERG11 Mutation -- 2.3.3. Erg11 Overexpression -- 2.3.4. Variations in Ergosterol Bio-formation -- 2.3.5. Azole Efflux -- 2.3.6. Sterol Import -- 2.3.7. Biofilms -- 2.3.8. Genetic Abnormalities -- 2.3.9. Heat-Shock Proteins -- 3. Resistance Mechanisms Functional in Clinical Drugs -- 4. Prominent Applications of Azole Compounds -- 4.1. Antimicrobial Action -- 4.2. Pharmacokinetics of Azoles -- 4.3. Anti-inflammatory Action of Azoles -- 4.4. Azoles for Cancer Treatment -- 4.5. Azoles for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis -- 4.6. Peptide-Azole Conjugate: A Potential Agent against Cryptococcosis -- 4.7. Agricultural Significance of Azoles -- 4.8. Aminoisoxazoles as Potent Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase 2 (TDO2) Inhibitors -- 4.9. Stereochemistry Dictated Antiangiogenic and Antifungal Actions of Itraconazole. , 4.10. Potential Antimicrobial Isopropanol-Conjugated Carbazoles as Dual Targeting Enterococcus Faecalis Inhibitors -- 4.11. Special Study on Medicinal Aspects of Azoles -- Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Total Syntheses of Biologically Active Natural Products Directed Toward Drug Discovery -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Total Synthesis of Lipid-Related Compound -- Total Synthesis of Shizostatin, a Potent Squalene Synthase Inhibitor -- Total Synthesis of Plaunotol, an Antibacterial Agent against Helicobacter Pylori -- Total Synthesis of Plaunotol via Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling -- Total Synthesis of Plaunotol via Wittig reaction -- Synthesis of Plaunotol Thiourea Derivatives and Their Antibacterial Activities against H. Pylori -- Total Synthesis of Alutacenoic Acids A and B, a Potent Factor XIIIa Inhibitors -- Total Synthesis of Lissoclinolide via Regioselective 5-Exo Lactonization -- Total Synthesis of Cyclic Depsipeptide Antibiotics -- Total Synthesis of Globomycin, a Signal Peptidase II Inhibitor -- Retrosynthetic of Analysis of Globomycin -- Synthesis of Fragment A and B -- Synthesis of Fragment C -- Synthesis of Globomycin via Macrolactonization -- Antibacterial Activities of Globomaicin Analogues -- Total Synthesis of Pleofungin A, a Potent Inositol Phosphorylceramide Synthase Inhibitor -- Retrosynthetic of Analysis of Pleofungin A -- Synthesis of Tetrapeptide Component 2-23 -- Synthesis of Hexapeptide Component -- Synthesis of Pleofungin A via Macrocyclization -- Total Synthesis of Nitrogen Containing Heterocyclic Natural Products -- Total Synthesis of Benzastatin E -- Synthesis of Benzastatin E via Diastereoselective Grignard Addition -- Total Synthesis of Virantmycin -- Hypothetical Biosynthetic Pathway from Benzastatin to Virantmycin. , Stereospecific Rearrangement from Indoline to Tetrahydroquinoline Skeleton Based on Biosynthetic Hypothesis -- Total Synthesis of (-)-Virantmycin via the Ring Expansion Rearrangement -- Total Synthesis of Phaeosphaeride Family -- Structure Elucidation of Phaeosphaeride A, an Inhibitor of STAT3 -- Total Synthesis of (-)-Phaeosphaeride A -- Synthesis of (-)-Phaeosphaeride B by a Biomimetic Conversion -- Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Paraphaeosphaeride C -- Total Synthesis of Epoxy- -Lactam Natural Product -- Total Synthesis of Epolactaene, a Nuritogenic Agent -- Retrosynthetic Analysisi of Epolactaene -- Development of Diastereoselective Aldol Reaction between -alkoxy aldeyde and Malonate Ester -- Synthesis of the Left Part of Epolactaene -- Synthesis of Wittig Reagent -- Completion of the Total Synthesis of Epolactaene -- Total Synthesis of L-755,807, a Nuritogenic Agent -- Initial Stereochemical Consideration of L-755,807 -- Retrosynthetic Analysis of L-755,807 -- Development of Diastereoselective Darzens Condensation -- Synthesis of Phosphonate 4-25 via Darzens Condensation -- Synthesis of Side-Chain Segment of L-755,807 -- Completion of the Total Synthesis of L-755,807 -- Amyloid Aggregation Inhibitory Activity of the Synthetic Compounds -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 4 -- Methanol to Gasoline: A Sustainable Transport Fuel -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The U.S. Methanol Market -- 1.2. Global Marketing and Production Methanol -- 1.3. Methanol Manufacturing in Iran -- 2. Methanol Synthesis Catalysts from Gas Synthesis -- 3. Methanol Properties -- 4. Methanol Applications -- 5. The Methanol to Olefins Process -- 6. The Methanol to Gasoline Process -- Conclusion -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.